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Zhou Y, Wang C, Nie Y, Wu L, Xu A. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene causes mitochondrial toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans by affecting electron transport. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118820. [PMID: 38555093 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
As a typical energetic compound widely used in military activities, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) has attracted great attention in recent years due to its heavy pollution and wide distribution in and around the training facilities, firing ranges, and demolition sites. However, the subcellular targets and the underlying toxic mechanism of TNT remain largely unknown. In this study, we explored the toxic effects of TNT biological reduction on the mitochondrial function and homeostasis in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). With short-term exposure of L4 larvae, 10-1000 ng/mL TNT reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, which was associated with decreased expression of specific mitochondrial complex involving gas-1 and mev-1 genes. Using fluorescence-labeled transgenic nematodes, we found that fluorescence expression of sod-3 (muls84) and gst-4 (dvls19) was increased, suggesting that TNT disrupted the mitochondrial antioxidant defense system. Furthermore, 10 ng/mL TNT exposure increased the expression of the autophagy-related gene pink-1 and activated mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mt UPR), which was indicated by the increased expression of mitochondrial stress activated transcription factor atfs-1, ubiquitin-like protein ubl-5, and homeobox protein dve-1. Our findings demonstrated that TNT biological reduction caused mitochondrial dysfunction and the development of mt UPR protective stress responses, and provided a basis for determining the potential risks of energetic compounds to living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhou
- Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China.
| | - Lijun Wu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - An Xu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Science, Anhui, Hefei, 230031, PR China.
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Corredor D, Duchicela J, Flores FJ, Maya M, Guerron E. Review of Explosive Contamination and Bioremediation: Insights from Microbial and Bio-Omic Approaches. TOXICS 2024; 12:249. [PMID: 38668472 PMCID: PMC11053648 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Soil pollution by TNT(2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX(hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane), and HMX(octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine), resulting from the use of explosives, poses significant challenges, leading to adverse effects such as toxicity and alteration of microbial communities. Consequently, there is a growing need for effective bioremediation strategies to mitigate this damage. This review focuses on Microbial and Bio-omics perspectives within the realm of soil pollution caused by explosive compounds. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, reviewing 79 articles meeting bibliometric criteria from the Web of Science and Scopus databases from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, relevant patents were scrutinized to establish a comprehensive research database. The synthesis of these findings serves as a critical resource, enhancing our understanding of challenges such as toxicity, soil alterations, and microbial stress, as well as exploring bio-omics techniques like metagenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics in the context of environmental remediation. The review underscores the importance of exploring various remediation approaches, including mycorrhiza remediation, phytoremediation, bioaugmentation, and biostimulation. Moreover, an examination of patented technologies reveals refined and efficient processes that integrate microorganisms and environmental engineering. Notably, China and the United States are pioneers in this field, based on previous successful bioremediation endeavors. This review underscores research's vital role in soil pollution via innovative, sustainable bioremediation for explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Corredor
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
| | - Jessica Duchicela
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
| | - Francisco J. Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería e Industrias, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador
| | - Maribel Maya
- Departamento de Ciencias Económicas, Administrativas y de Comercio, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
| | - Edgar Guerron
- Departamento de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
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Preethi PS, Hariharan NM, Kumar SD, Rameshpathy M, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N. Actinobacterial peroxidase-mediated biodeterioration of hazardous explosive, 2, 4, 6, trinitrophenol by in silico and in vitro approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:102. [PMID: 38433158 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01903-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Explosives are perilous and noxious to aquatic biota disrupting their endocrinal systems. Supplementarily, they exhibit carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects on humans and animals. Henceforth, the current study has been targeted to biotransform the explosive, 2, 4, 6 trinitrophenol (TNP) by wetland peroxidase from Streptomyces coelicolor. A total peroxidase yield of 20,779 mg/l with 51.6 folds of purification was observed. In silico molecular docking cum in vitro appraisals were accomplished to assess binding energy and interacting binding site residues of peroxidase and TNP complex. TNP required a minimal binding energy of-6.91 kJ/mol and was subjected to biodeterioration (89.73%) by peroxidase in purified form, with 45 kDa and a similarity score of 34 by MASCOT protein analysis. Moreover, the peroxidase activity was confirmed with Zymogram analysis. Characterization of peroxidase revealed that optimum values of pH and temperature as 6 and 40 °C, respectively, with their corresponding stability varying from 3.5 to 7. Interestingly, the kinetic parameters such as Km and Vmax on 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and H2O2 were 19.27 µm and 0.41 µm/min; 21.4 µm and 0.1 µm/min, respectively. Among the diverse substrates, chemicals and trace elements, ABTS (40 mM), citric acid (5 mM) and Fe2+ (5 mM) displayed the highest peroxidase activity. Computational docking and in vitro results were corroborative and UV-Vis spectroscopy, HPLC, FTIR and GC-MS indicated the presence of simple metabolites of TNP such as nitrophenols and benzoquinone, showcasing the efficacy of S. coelicolor peroxidase to biotransform TNP. Henceforth, the current study offers a promising channel for biological treatment of explosive munitions, establishing a sustainable green earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasath Sai Preethi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600123, India
| | - N M Hariharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600123, India
| | - Shanmugam Dilip Kumar
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 119, India
| | - Manian Rameshpathy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 007, India.
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Geris R, Malta M, Soares LA, de Souza Neta LC, Pereira NS, Soares M, Reis VDS, Pereira MDG. A Review about the Mycoremediation of Soil Impacted by War-like Activities: Challenges and Gaps. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:94. [PMID: 38392767 PMCID: PMC10890077 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The frequency and intensity of war-like activities (war, military training, and shooting ranges) worldwide cause soil pollution by metals, metalloids, explosives, radionuclides, and herbicides. Despite this environmentally worrying scenario, soil decontamination in former war zones almost always involves incineration. Nevertheless, this practice is expensive, and its efficiency is suitable only for organic pollutants. Therefore, treating soils polluted by wars requires efficient and economically viable alternatives. In this sense, this manuscript reviews the status and knowledge gaps of mycoremediation. (2) Methods: The literature review consisted of searches on ScienceDirect and Web of Science for articles (1980 to 2023) on the mycoremediation of soils containing pollutants derived from war-like activities. (3) Results: This review highlighted that mycoremediation has many successful applications for removing all pollutants of war-like activities. However, the mycoremediation of soils in former war zones and those impacted by military training and shooting ranges is still very incipient, with most applications emphasizing explosives. (4) Conclusion: The mycoremediation of soils from conflict zones is an entirely open field of research, and the main challenge is to optimize experimental conditions on a field scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Geris
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Jeremoabo Street, s/n, Campus Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Marcos Malta
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Jeremoabo Street, s/n, Campus Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Luar Aguiar Soares
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Bahia State University, Silveira Martins Street, N. 2555, Cabula, 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Cardoso de Souza Neta
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Bahia State University, Silveira Martins Street, N. 2555, Cabula, 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Natan Silva Pereira
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Bahia State University, Silveira Martins Street, N. 2555, Cabula, 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Miguel Soares
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Jeremoabo Street, s/n, Campus Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Vanessa da Silva Reis
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Bahia State University, Silveira Martins Street, N. 2555, Cabula, 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Madson de Godoi Pereira
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Bahia State University, Silveira Martins Street, N. 2555, Cabula, 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Zhou X, Yao Q, Li N, Xia M, Deng Y. Multi-Omics Strategies to Investigate the Biodegradation of Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine in Rhodococcus sp. Strain DN22. Microorganisms 2023; 12:76. [PMID: 38257903 PMCID: PMC10820124 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) is an energetic and persistent explosive with long-lasting properties. Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22 has been discovered to be a microbe capable of degrading RDX. Herein, the complete genome of Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22 was sequenced and analyzed. The entire sequences of genes that encoded the two proteins participating in RDX degradation in Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22 were obtained, and were validated through proteomic data. In addition, few studies have investigated the physiological changes and metabolic pathways occurring within Rhodococcus sp. cells when treated with RDX, particularly through mass spectrometry-based omics. Hence, proteomic and metabolomic analyses were carried out on Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22 with the existence or lack of RDX in the medium. A total of 3186 proteins were identified between the two groups, with 115 proteins being significantly differentially expressed proteins. There were 1056 metabolites identified in total, among which 130 metabolites were significantly different. Through the combined analysis of differential proteomics and metabolomics, KEGG pathways including two-component system, ABC transporters, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, purine metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and phosphotransferase system (PTS), were observed to be significantly enriched. These findings provided ponderable perspectives on the physiological alterations and metabolic pathways in Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22, responding to the existence or lack of RDX. This study is anticipated to expand the knowledge of Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22, as well as advancing understanding of microbial degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhe Zhou
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Z.)
| | - Qifa Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nuomin Li
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Z.)
| | - Min Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Z.)
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Luo J, Li Y, Cao H, Zhu Y, Liu X, Li H, Liao X. Variations of microbiota in three types of typical military contaminated sites: Diversities, structures, influence factors, and co-occurrence patterns. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130290. [PMID: 36335906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Contamination with energetic compounds (ECs) is common in military sites and poses a great risk to the environment and human health. However, its effects on the soil bacterial communities remain unclear. This study assessed the variations of bacterial communities, co-occurrence patterns, and their influence factors in three types of typical military-contaminated sites (artillery range, military-industrial site, and ammunition destruction site). The results showed that the most polluted sites were ammunition destruction sites, followed by military-industrial sites, whereas pollution in the artillery ranges was minimal. The average concentrations of ECs including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in the study sites ranged 120-1.67 × 105, 20-7.20 × 104, and 180-2.38 × 105 μg/kg, respectively. Bacterial diversity and community structure in military-industrial and ammunition destruction sites were significantly changed, but not in artillery ranges. TNT, pH, and soil moisture are the critical factors affecting bacterial communities in contaminated military sites. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that the pressure of ECs affected bacterial interactions and microbiota function. Our findings provide new insights into the variations in bacterial communities in EC-contaminated military sites and references for the bioremediation of ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - You Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Hongying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Haonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing 100101, China.
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Gupta S, Siebner H, Ramanathan G, Ronen Z. Inhibition effect of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on RDX degradation by rhodococcus strains isolated from contaminated soil and water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:120018. [PMID: 36002099 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a highly toxic explosive that contaminates soil and water and may interfere with the degradation of co-occurring compounds, such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). We proposed that TNT may influence RDX-degrading bacteria via either general toxicity or a specific effect on the |RDX degradation mechanisms. Thus, we examined the impact of TNT on RDX degradation by Rhodococcus strains YH1, T7, and YY1, which were isolated from an explosives-polluted environment. Although partly degraded, TNT did not support the growth of any of the strains when used as either sole carbon or sole nitrogen sources, or as carbon and nitrogen sources. The incubation of a mixture of TNT (25 mg/l) and RDX (20 mg/l) completely inhibited RDX degradation. The effect of TNT on the cytochrome P450, catalyzing RDX degradation, was tested in a resting cell experiment, proving that TNT inhibits XplA protein activity. A dose-response experiment showed that the IC50/trans values for YH1, T7, and YY1 were 7.272, 5.098, and 9.140 (mg/l of TNT), respectively, illustrating variable sensitivity to TNT among the strains. The expression of xplA was also strongly suppressed by TNT. Cells that were pre-grown with RDX (allowing xplA expression) and incubated with ammonium chloride, glucose, and TNT, completely transformed into their amino dinitrotoluene isomers and formed azoxy toluene isomers. The presence of oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase that enable reduction of the nitro group in the presence of O2 in the genomes of these strains suggests that they are responsible for TNT transformation in the cultures. The experimental results concluded that TNT has an adverse effect on RDX degradation by the examined strains. It inhibits RDX degradation due to the direct impact on cytochrome P450, xplA, or its expression. The tested strains can transform TNT independently of RDX. Thus, degradation of both compounds is possible if TNT concentrations are below their IC50 values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Gupta
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, 8490000, Israel; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Hagar Siebner
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, 8490000, Israel
| | - Gurunath Ramanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Zeev Ronen
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, 8490000, Israel.
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