Resource recovery from fish waste: Prospects and the usage of intensified extraction technologies

Seafood waste derived carbon nanomaterials for removal and detection of food safety hazards

Nanobiotechnology and the engineering of nanomaterials are currently the main focus of many researches. Seafood waste carbon nanomaterials (SWCNs) are a renewable resource with large surface area, porous structure, high reactivity, and abundant active sites. They efficiently adsorb food contaminants through π-π conjugated, ion exchange, and electrostatic interaction. Furthermore, SWCNs prepared from seafood waste are rich in N and O functional groups. They have high quantum yield (QY) and excellent fluorescence properties, making them promising materials for the removal and detection of pollutants. It provides an opportunity by which solutions to the long-term challenges of the food industry in assessing food safety, maintaining food quality, detecting contaminants and pretreating samples can be found. In addition, carbon nanomaterials can be used as adsorbents to reduce environmental pollutants and prevent food safety problems from the source. In this paper, the types of SWCNs are reviewed; the synthesis, properties and applications of SWCNs are reviewed and the raw material selection, preparation methods, reaction conditions and formation mechanisms of biomass-based carbon materials are studied in depth. Finally, the advantages of seafood waste carbon and its composite materials in pollutant removal and detection were discussed, and existing problems were pointed out, which provided ideas for the future development and research directions of this interesting and versatile material. Based on the concept of waste pricing and a recycling economy, the aim of this paper is to outline current trends and the future potential to transform residues from the seafood waste sector into valuable biological (nano) materials, and to apply them to food safety.

Advanced sustainable processes via functionalized Fe-N co-doped fishbone biochar for the remediation of plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-contaminated marine sediment

Sediments are important sinks for di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer, and thus, maintaining the sediment quality is essential for eliminating plasticizers in aqueous environments and recovering the sediment ecological functions. To mitigate the potential risks of endocrine-disrupting compounds, identifying an effective and eco-friendly degradation process of organic pollutants from sediments is important. However, sustainable and efficient utilization of slow pyrolysis for converting shark fishbone to generate shark fishbone biochar (SFBC) has rarely been explored. Herein, SFBC biomass was firstly produced by externally incorporating heteroatoms or iron oxide onto its surface in conjunction with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to promote DEHP degradation and explore the associated benthic bacterial community composition from the sediment in the water column using the Fe-N-SFBC/PMS system. SFBC was pyrolyzed at 300-900 °C in aqueous sediment using a carbon-advanced oxidation process (CAOP) system based on PMS. SFBC was rationally modified via N or Fe-N doping as a radical precursor in the presence of PMS (1 × 10-5 M) for DEHP removal. The innovative SFBC/PMS, N-SFBC/PMS, and Fe-N-SFBC/PMS systems could remove 82%, 65%, and 90% of the DEHP at pH 3 in 60 min, respectively. The functionalized Fe3O4 and heteroatom (N) co-doped SFBC composite catalysts within a hydroxyapatite-based structure demonstrated the efficient action of PMS compared to pristine SFBC, which was attributed to its synergistic behavior, generating reactive radicals (SO4•-, HO•, and O2•-) and non-radicals (1O2) involved in DEHP decontamination. DEHP was significantly removed using the combined Fe-N-SFBC/PMS system, revealing that indigenous benthic microorganisms enhance their performance in DEHP-containing sediments. Further, DEHP-induced perturbation was particularly related to the Proteobacteria phylum, whereas Sulfurovum genus and Sulfurovum lithotrophicum species were observed. This study presents a sustainable method for practical, green marine sediment remediation via PMS-CAOP-induced processes using a novel Fe-N-SFBC composite material and biodegradation synergy.

Feasibility of Enzymatic Protein Extraction from a Dehydrated Fish Biomass Obtained from Unsorted Canned Yellowfin Tuna Side Streams: Part II

The enzymatic extraction of proteins from fish biomasses is being widely investigated. However, little or almost no research has paid attention to the exploitation of unsorted fishery biomasses. This work is part of a larger study, Part I of which has already been published, and focuses on an extensive characterization of two collagenous samples, namely gelatin (G) and hydrolyzed gelatin peptides (HGPs), extracted from a dehydrated fish biomass coming from unsorted canned yellowfin tuna side streams. The results indicate crude protein fractions of 90-93%, pH values between 3 and 5, white-yellow colors, collagen-like FTIR spectra, and 17% in terms of total amino acid content. Viscosity and the study of dynamic viscous-elastic behavior were analyzed. Thermo-gravimetric analysis was performed to assess the residual ashes. Both samples were investigated to determine their molecular weight distribution via size-exclusion chromatography, with a higher total average molecular weight for G compared to HGPs, with values of 17,265.5 Da and 2637.5 Da, respectively. G demonstrated technological properties similar to analogous marine gelatins. HGPs demonstrated antioxidant activity as per FRAP assay. All the results open up new perspectives for the potential use of these substances in biodegradable packaging, dietary supplements, and skin care cosmetics.

A comparative study on inhibition of lung cancer cells by nanoemulsion, nanoliposome, nanogold and their folic acid conjugates prepared with collagen peptides from Taiwan tilapia skin

Valorization of fish processing waste to obtain value-added products such as collagen and bioactive peptides is a vital strategy to increase the economic value, reduce disposal problems, and prevent harmful impacts on both environment and health. This study aims to isolate two collagen peptides from Taiwan Tilapia skin and prepare 12 nanopeptides including nanoemulsion (NE), nanoliposome (NL), and nanogold (NG) without and with folic acid/chitosan (FA/CH) or FA ligand conjugation for comparison of their inhibition efficiency towards lung cancer cells A549 and normal lung cells MRC5. Acid-soluble collagen (yield, 21.58 %) was extracted using 0.5 M acetic acid and hydrolyzed to obtain two tilapia skin collagen peptides TSCP1 (482 Da) and TSCP2 (172 Da) respectively using 2.5 % and 12.5 % alcalase, with sample-to-water ratio at 1:30 (w/v), pH 8, temperature 50 °C, and hydrolysis time 6 h. Characterization of collagen peptides revealed the presence of type 1 collagen with a high amount of amino acids including glycine (32.6-33.1 %), alanine (13.6-14.0 %), proline (10.0-10.5 %), and hydroxyproline (7.3-7.6 %). TSCP1, TSCP2, and 12 nanopeptides showed a higher cytotoxicity towards A549 cells than MRC5 cells, with TSCP2 and its 6 nanopeptides exhibiting a lower IC50 compared to TSCP1 and its 6 nanopeptides. The mean particle size was 15.7, 33.6, and 16.0 nm respectively for TSCP2-NE, TSCP2-NL, and TSCP2-NG, but changed to 14.4, 36.3, and 17.9 nm following ligand conjugation with a shift in zeta potential from negative to positive for TSCP2-NE-FA/CH and TSCP2-NL-FA/CH. All nanopeptides were more effective than peptides in inhibiting the growth of A549 cells, with the lowest IC50 value being shown for TSCP2-NL-FA/CH (5.32 μg/mL), followed by TSCP2-NE-FA/CH (8.3 μg/mL), TSCP2-NE (22.4 μg/mL), TSCP2-NL (82.7 μg/mL), TSCP2-NG-FA (159.8 μg/mL), TSCP2-NG (234.0 μg/mL) and TSCP2 (359.7 μg/mL). Cell proportions of sub-G1, S, and G2/M phases increased dose-dependently, with a possible cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. The proportion of necrotic cells was the highest for TSCP2, TSCP2-NE, TSCP2-NE-FA/CH, and TSCP2-NL, while that of late apoptotic cells dominated for TSCP2-NL-FA/CH, TSCP2-NG, and TSCP2-NG-FA. Similarly, TSCP2 and its 6 nanopeptides showed a dose-dependent rise in caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities for execution of apoptosis, with the ligand-conjugated nanopeptides being the most efficient, followed by nanopeptides and peptides. The outcome of this study demonstrated an effective strategy for valorization of Taiwan tilapia skin to obtain collagen peptides and their nanopeptides possessing anticancer activity and form a basis for in vivo study in the future.

Impact of thermal and nonthermal process intensification techniques on yield and quality of virgin coconut oil

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is valued for its nutraceutical potential. The focus of this research was to assess the effect of selected thermal and nonthermal pre-treatments on the yield and quality of subsequently wet-extracted VCO. The fresh coconut cream was subjected to microwave heating (450 W, 2 min), ohmic heating (180 V, 5 min), ultrasonication (350 W, 10 min), or a pulsed electric field (40 kV cm-1, 12.32 min). The thick cream was separated, and VCO was obtained after a freeze-thaw process. The highest VCO yields (>93%) were observed in the cases of ultrasonicated and pulsed electric field-treated samples. A range of oil quality parameters, total phenolic content, and antioxidants were evaluated. Further, the fatty acid composition of all oils was studied. Observations from this research indicate that ultrasonication pre-treatment resulted in the best VCO yield and quality.

Marine Animal Co-Products-How Improving Their Use as Rich Sources of Health-Promoting Lipids Can Foster Sustainability

Marine lipids are recognized for their-health promoting features, mainly for being the primary sources of omega-3 fatty acids, and are therefore critical for human nutrition in an age when the global supply for these nutrients is experiencing an unprecedent pressure due to an ever-increasing demand. The seafood industry originates a considerable yield of co-products worldwide that, while already explored for other purposes, remain mostly undervalued as sustainable sources of healthy lipids, often being explored for low-value oil production. These co-products are especially appealing as lipid sources since, besides the well-known nutritional upside of marine animal fat, which is particularly rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, they also have interesting bioactive properties, which may garner them further interest, not only as food, but also for other high-end applications. Besides the added value that these co-products may represent as valuable lipid sources, there is also the obvious ecological upside of reducing seafood industry waste. In this sense, repurposing these bioresources will contribute to a more sustainable use of marine animal food, reducing the strain on already heavily depleted seafood stocks. Therefore, untapping the potential of marine animal co-products as valuable lipid sources aligns with both health and environmental goals by guaranteeing additional sources of healthy lipids and promoting more eco-conscious practices.

Green Chemistry to Valorize Seafood Side Streams: An Ecofriendly Roadmap toward Sustainability

A major challenge facing sustainable seafood production is the voluminous amounts of nutrient-rich seafood side streams consisting of by-catch, processing discards, and process effluents. There is a lack of a comprehensive model for optimal valorization of the side streams. Upcoming green chemistry-based processing has the potential to recover diverse valuable compounds from seafood side streams in an ecofriendly manner. Microbial and enzymatic bioconversions form major green processes capable of releasing biomolecules from seafood matrices under mild conditions. Novel green solvents, because of their low toxicity and recyclable nature, can extract bioactive compounds. Nonthermal technologies such as ultrasound, supercritical fluid, and membrane filtration can complement green extractions. The extracted proteins, peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, chitin, chitosan, and others function as nutraceuticals, food supplements, additives, etc. Green processing can address environmental, economic, and technological challenges of valorization of seafood side streams, thereby supporting sustainable seafood production. Green processing can also encourage bioenergy production. Multiple green processes, integrated in a marine biorefinery, can optimize valorization on a zero-waste trade-off, for a circular blue economy. A green chemistry-based valorization framework has the potential to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations.

Green Extraction and Preliminary Biological Activity of Hydrolyzed Collagen Peptides (HCPs) Obtained from Whole Undersized Unwanted Catches (Mugil cephalus L.)

Considering the global increase in fish consumption, the growing side-streams coming from the fish supply chain (e.g., skin, fins, tail, heads…), also including undersized or "unwanted catches", have been recently proposed as source of high-value bioactive compounds (e.g., peptides and fatty acids). In this case study, hydrolyzed collagen peptides (HCPs) were extracted from different parts of Mugil cephalus L. using environmentally friendly techniques such as ultrasounds and enzymatic treatments. Both a mixed biomass derived from the skin, fins, and tail, and a whole fish, were considered as starting biomass, simulating the unsorted processing side-streams and an undersized/unwanted catch, respectively. The extracted HCPs were purified in fractions (<3 KDa and >3 KDa) whose yields (about 5% and 0.04-0.3%, respectively) demonstrated the efficiency of the hydrolysis process. The extraction protocol proposed allowed us to also isolate the intermediate products, namely the lipids (about 8-10%) and the non-collagenous proteins (NCs, 16-23%), whose exploitation could be considered. Each sample was characterized using Sircol, UltraViolet-Spectra, and hydroxyproline assay, and the viability of their collagen fractions was tested on human endothelial cells. Significant effects were obtained at a fraction of <3 KDa, in particular at a concentration of 0.13 µg/mL. The T-scratch test was also performed, with positive results in all fractions tested.

Multiscale Process Intensification of Waste Valorization Reactions

ConspectusThe central theme of this Account is the development of intensified and sustainable chemical processes for the sequestration of CO2 in synergism with the utilization of wastes of industrial, urban, and agricultural origins. A challenge when working with solid waste-fluid reactions is that mass transfer limitations across solid-liquid, solid-gas, and gas-liquid interfaces and unfavorable thermodynamics lead to slow reaction rates, incomplete reaction conversions, high energy expenditure and processing costs, and inadequate product properties. The traditional macroscale approaches to overcoming slurry reaction limitations can be effective; however, they come at a cost to the environment. In the treatment or valorization of low-grade and waste resources, such conventional approaches are often unfeasible on an industrial scale. Sustainable solutions are thus needed.In the last six years, we have been exploring and developing approaches to overcoming reaction rate limitations of slurry reactions of environmental relevance by concurrently applying process intensification strategies and multiscale engineering approaches. The scientific approach has relied on laboratory-scale experiments to test and refine the devised multiscale process intensification strategies, with thermodynamic and computational modeling work supporting the experimental work and with advanced characterization techniques being used to elucidate reaction and transport mechanisms and aid the development of nanoscale reaction models and micro- and macroscale process models. The research streams, associated with the four key references, discussed next are (a) brine carbonation; (b) mineral carbonation and enhanced weathering; (c) process intensification and integration; and (d) characterization techniques.Within the four research streams, a number of mineral carbonation processes have been investigated and can be classified as (i) ambient weathering and carbonation; (ii) gas-(wet) solid accelerated carbonation; (iii) aqueous accelerated carbonation; (iv) supercritical accelerated carbonation; and (v) CO2 mineralization from brine. In some cases, the research was aimed at producing valuable products with reduced environmental risk or a reduced carbon footprint, such as an organomineral fertilizer and zeolites. In other cases, the aim was to assess the reactivity of minerals to match the right feedstock with the right carbonation process, in view of maximizing net carbon sequestration. There were also cases where the carbonation process was reimagined by the use of innovative reaction conditions, reactors, and reagents. The experience with accelerated weathering and carbonation in engineered processes has been translated into the field of enhanced rock weathering (ERW) in agriculture, where the multidisciplinary approach used has served to advance ERW science and technology in ways that have had a resounding effect on recent commercial deployment.The completed research serves to encourage the adoption of process intensification technologies in place of conventional processes, in industry and among the research community, and to catalyze the development of the types of sustainable processes required by the chemical, metallurgical, and minerals industries (which are critical to the green transition) to reduce their environmental impact and carbon emissions. Moreover, the multiscale process intensification approaches developed may also be extended to other industrial, urban, and agricultural processes where the reduction of energy intensity, carbon intensity, and environmental footprint could be achieved.

Tuna sidestream valorization: a circular blue bioeconomy approach

Tuna is an economically significant seafood, harvested throughout the world, and is heavily traded due to its high nutritional quality and consumer acceptance. Tuna meat is rich in essential nutrients such as amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and trace minerals. The huge volume of solid and liquid sidestreams generated during the processing stages of tuna is creating environmental and socioeconomic challenges in coastal areas. Different products such as fish meal, protein hydrolysates, collagen, enzymes, oil, and bone powder can be produced from tuna sidestreams. Using different nutrient recovery technologies like enzymatic hydrolysis, chemical processing, and green technologies, various categories of product value chains can be created in line with the conventional processing industry. This review attempts to provide a route map for the tuna industry for achieving the circular blue-bioeconomic objectives and reorient the irregular utilization pattern into a sustainable and inclusive path.

Effects of aeration and season of the year on fish waste composting and compost quality

Employing forced aeration (FA) in composting static windrows (SW) from fish waste (FW) has the potential to enhance the development of process and, organic fertiliser quality. However, due to the impact of season, the FA may lead to excessive drying of SW and, difficulty in thermophilic temperature maintenance. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of passive aeration (PA) and FA on the composting of FW in SW during the summer and winter seasons. The temperatures of the windrows remained within the thermophilic range for most of the composting period, with peak temperatures observed shortly after starting and turning the windrows (at 50 and 70 days). The aeration benefited the initial TS degradations, resulting in 86.66 and 45.99% of the TS total reduced to FA and PA piles, at 50 days during the winter. The C organic reduction was 77.77 and 76.33% in summer and winter to FA piles, respectively, but this reduction was 59.24% and 67.82% for winter and summer, respectively, in PA windrows. At 50 days, the N reduction in FA piles was already at 70.32% and 71.87% for winter and summer. The volatile solids reductions were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in FA piles during the summer. Although the FA has been shown to enhance the organic constituents' degradation during the composting of FW, its adoption was not enough to improve the compost composition. Thus, by conducting piles on a small scale, with the perforated wall, as described in this study, the FA could be dispensed.

Trends in fisheries waste utilization: a valuable resource of nutrients and valorized products for the food industry

The rise in fisheries production worldwide has caused a remarkable increase in associated anthropogenic waste. This poses significant concerns due to adverse environmental impacts and economic losses. Owing to its renewability, high abundance, and potential as a rich source of many nutrients and bioactive compounds, strategies have been developed to convert fish waste into different value-added products. Conventional and improved methods have been used for the extraction of biomolecules from fish waste. The extracted fish waste-derived value-added products such as enzymes, peptides, fish oil, etc. have been used to fortify different food products. This review aims to provide an overview of the nature and composition of fish waste, strategies for extracting biomolecules from fish waste, and the potential application of fish waste as a source of calcium and other nutrients in food fortification and animal feed has been discussed. In context to fishery waste mitigation, valorization, and circular bioeconomy approach are gaining momentum, aiming to eliminate waste while producing high-quality value-added food and feed products from fishery discards.

Antibiotic resistance profiling and valorization of food waste streams to starter culture biomass and exopolysaccharides through fed-batch fermentations

The present study evaluated antibiotic resistance (ABR) in bacteria isolated from different food wastes viz., meat slaughterhouses, dairy and restaurants. About 120 strains isolated from the food waste were subjected to ABR screening. More than 50% of all the strains were resistant to Vancomycin, Neomycin and Methicilin, which belong to third-generation antibiotics. Two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) free of ABR were chosen to be used as starter cultures in media formulated from food waste. Food waste combination (FWC-4) was found to be on par with the nutrient broth in biomass production. The non-ABR LAB strains showed excellent probiotic properties, and in the fed-batch fermentation process, adding a nitrogen source (soya protein) enhanced the microbial biomass (3.7 g/l). Additionally, exopolysaccharide production was found to be 2.3 g/l. This study highlights the ABR incidence in food waste medium and its economic advantage for starter culture biomass production.

Graphical abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-022-01222-9.

Collagen, protein hydrolysates and chitin from by-products of fish and shellfish: An overview

Waste processing from fish and seafood manufacturers represents a sustainable option to prevent environmental contamination, and their byproducts offer different benefits. Transforming fish and seafood waste into valuable compounds that present nutritional and functional properties compared to mammal products becomes a new alternative in Food Industry. In this review, collagen, protein hydrolysates, and chitin from fish and seafood byproducts were selected to explain their chemical characteristics, production methodologies, and possible future perspectives. These three byproducts are gaining a significant commercial market, impacting the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, agriculture, plastic, and biomedical industries. For this reason, the extraction methodologies, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed in this review.

Collagen Derived from Fish Industry Waste: Progresses and Challenges

Fish collagen garnered significant academic and commercial focus in the last decades featuring prospective applications in a variety of health-related industries, including food, medicine, pharmaceutics, and cosmetics. Due to its distinct advantages over mammalian-based collagen, including the reduced zoonosis transmission risk, the absence of cultural-religious limitations, the cost-effectiveness of manufacturing process, and its superior bioavailability, the use of collagen derived from fish wastes (i.e., skin, scales) quickly expanded. Moreover, by-products are low cost and the need to minimize fish industry waste's environmental impact paved the way for the use of discards in the development of collagen-based products with remarkable added value. This review summarizes the recent advances in the valorization of fish industry wastes for the extraction of collagen used in several applications. Issues related to processing and characterization of collagen were presented. Moreover, an overview of the most relevant applications in food industry, nutraceutical, cosmetics, tissue engineering, and food packaging of the last three years was introduced. Lastly, the fish-collagen market and the open technological challenges to a reliable recovery and exploitation of this biopolymer were discussed.

3D Printing Approach to Valorization of Agri-Food Processing Waste Streams

With increasing evidence of their relevance to resource recovery, waste utilization, zero waste, a circular economy, and sustainability, food-processing waste streams are being viewed as an aspect of both research and commercial interest. Accordingly, different approaches have evolved for their management and utilization. With excellent levels of customization, three-dimensional (3D) printing has found numerous applications in various sectors. The focus of this review article is to explain the state of the art, innovative interventions, and promising features of 3D printing technology for the valorization of agri-food processing waste streams. Based on recent works, this article covers two aspects: the conversion of processing waste streams into edible novel foods or inedible biodegradable materials for food packing and allied applications. However, this application domain cannot be limited to only what is already established, as there are ample prospects for several other application fields intertwining 3D food printing and waste processing. In addition, this article presents the key merits of the technology and emphasizes research needs and directions for future work on this disruptive technology, specific to food-printing applications.

Protein by-products: Composition, extraction, and biomedical applications

Significant upsurge in animal by-products such as skin, bones, wool, hides, feathers, and fats has become a global challenge and, if not properly disposed of, can spread contamination and viral diseases. Animal by-products are rich in proteins, which can be used as nutritional, pharmacologically functional ingredients, and biomedical materials. Therefore, recycling these abundant and renewable by-products and extracting high value-added components from them is a sustainable approach to reclaim animal by-products while addressing scarce landfill resources. This article appraises the most recent studies conducted in the last five years on animal-derived proteins' separation and biomedical application. The effort encompasses an introduction about the composition, an overview of the extraction and purification methods, and the broad range of biomedical applications of these ensuing proteins.

Valorization of Side Stream Products from Sea Cage Fattened Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus): Production and In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation of Enriched ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

The valorization of side streams from fishery and aquaculture value-chains is a valuable solution to address one of the challenges of the circular economy: turning wastes into profit. Side streams produced after filleting of sea cage fattened bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) were analyzed for proximate composition and fatty acid profile to evaluate the possibility of producing tuna oil (TO) as a valuable source of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and testing its bioactivity in vitro. Ethyl esters of total fatty acids (TFA), obtained from TO, were pre-enriched by urea complexation (PUFA-Ue) and then enriched by short path distillation (SPD) up to almost 85% of the PUFA fraction (PUFA-SPe). The bioactivity of TFA, PUFA-SPe, and ethyl esters of depleted PUFA (PUFA-SPd) were tested in vitro, through analysis of lipid metabolism genes, in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fibroblast cell line (SAF-1) exposed to oils. TFA and PUFA-SPd upregulated transcription factors (pparβ and pparγ) and lipid metabolism-related genes (D6D, fas, fabp, fatp1, and cd36), indicating the promotion of adipogenesis. PUFA-SPe treated cells were similar to control. PUFA-SPe extracted from farmed bluefin tuna side streams could be utilized in fish feed formulations to prevent excessive fat deposition, contributing to improving both the sustainability of aquaculture and the quality of its products.