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Hashemi F, Hoepner L, Hamidinejad FS, Haluza D, Afrashteh S, Abbasi A, Omeragić E, Imamović B, Rasheed NA, Taher TMJ, Kurniasari F, Wazqar DY, Apalı ÖC, Yildirim AD, Zhao B, Kalikyan Z, Guo C, Valbuena AC, Mititelu M, Pando CM, Saridi M, Toska A, Cuba ML, Kwadzokpui PK, Tadele N, Nasibova T, Harsch S, Munkh-Erdene L, Menawi W, Evangelou E, Dimova A, Marinov D, Dimitrova T, Shalimova A, Fouly H, Suraya A, da Silva Faquim JP, Oumayma B, Annunziato MA, Lalo R, Papastavrou E, Ade AD, Caminada S, Stojkov S, Narvaez CG, Mudau LS, Rassas I, Michel D, Kaynar NS, Iqbal S, Elshwekh H, Hossain I, AL-Fayyadh S, Sydorchuk A, Alnusairat DMH, Abdullahi AM, Iqbal N, Pandey A, Gómez-Gómez B, Akyildiz AG, Morosan E, Dwarica D, Dorj G, Hasan SY, Al-Shdayfat NM, Knezevic B, Valladares W, Severi C, Fuentes SC, Augusto S, Sidorova E, Moelyaningrum AD, Alawad T, Khalid A, Elehamer NMK, Mihaylova A, Tsigengagel O, Menouni A, Wojtecka A, Hod R, Idayat YB, Othman K, Harfouch RM, Paunov T, Omar M, Benderli NC, Nurika G, Amjad S, Elnoamany S, Elesrigy F, Shaban MM, Acevedo-López D, Kartashova M, Khalaf A, Jaafar SA, Kadhim TA, Hweissa NA, Teng Y, Mohammed FE, Sasikumar T, et alHashemi F, Hoepner L, Hamidinejad FS, Haluza D, Afrashteh S, Abbasi A, Omeragić E, Imamović B, Rasheed NA, Taher TMJ, Kurniasari F, Wazqar DY, Apalı ÖC, Yildirim AD, Zhao B, Kalikyan Z, Guo C, Valbuena AC, Mititelu M, Pando CM, Saridi M, Toska A, Cuba ML, Kwadzokpui PK, Tadele N, Nasibova T, Harsch S, Munkh-Erdene L, Menawi W, Evangelou E, Dimova A, Marinov D, Dimitrova T, Shalimova A, Fouly H, Suraya A, da Silva Faquim JP, Oumayma B, Annunziato MA, Lalo R, Papastavrou E, Ade AD, Caminada S, Stojkov S, Narvaez CG, Mudau LS, Rassas I, Michel D, Kaynar NS, Iqbal S, Elshwekh H, Hossain I, AL-Fayyadh S, Sydorchuk A, Alnusairat DMH, Abdullahi AM, Iqbal N, Pandey A, Gómez-Gómez B, Akyildiz AG, Morosan E, Dwarica D, Dorj G, Hasan SY, Al-Shdayfat NM, Knezevic B, Valladares W, Severi C, Fuentes SC, Augusto S, Sidorova E, Moelyaningrum AD, Alawad T, Khalid A, Elehamer NMK, Mihaylova A, Tsigengagel O, Menouni A, Wojtecka A, Hod R, Idayat YB, Othman K, Harfouch RM, Paunov T, Omar M, Benderli NC, Nurika G, Amjad S, Elnoamany S, Elesrigy F, Shaban MM, Acevedo-López D, Kartashova M, Khalaf A, Jaafar SA, Kadhim TA, Hweissa NA, Teng Y, Mohammed FE, Sasikumar T, Hikaambo CN, Kharat A, Lyamtseva U, Aldeeb MA, Pawlas N, Khorolsuren L, Koonjul RP, Maïnassara HB, Chahal P, Wangeci RW, Kumar AB, Zamora-Corrales I, Gracy S, Mahamat M, Adamczyk J, Rahman HA, Matiashova L, Elsherif OE, Alkhateeb NE, Aleaga Y, Bahrami S, Al-salihy SR, Cabrera-Galeana P, Lalic-Popovic M, Brown-Myrie E, Bhandari D, Mayaboti CA, Stanišić S, Pestic SK, Bektay MY, Al Sabbah H, Hashemi S, Assia B, Merritt AS, Ramzi Z, Baboolal H, Isstaif J, Shami R, Saad R, Nyirongo T, Hoseini M. A comprehensive health effects assessment of the use of sanitizers and disinfectants during COVID-19 pandemic: a global survey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:72368-72388. [PMID: 37166731 PMCID: PMC10173232 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27197-6] [Show More Authors] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has affected all aspects of human life so far. From the outset of the pandemic, preventing the spread of COVID-19 through the observance of health protocols, especially the use of sanitizers and disinfectants was given more attention. Despite the effectiveness of disinfection chemicals in controlling and preventing COVID-19, there are critical concerns about their adverse effects on human health. This study aims to assess the health effects of sanitizers and disinfectants on a global scale. A total of 91,056 participants from 154 countries participated in this cross-sectional study. Information on the use of sanitizers and disinfectants and health was collected using an electronic questionnaire, which was translated into 26 languages via web-based platforms. The findings of this study suggest that detergents, alcohol-based substances, and chlorinated compounds emerged as the most prevalent chemical agents compared to other sanitizers and disinfectants examined. Most frequently reported health issues include skin effects and respiratory effects. The Chi-square test showed a significant association between chlorinated compounds (sodium hypochlorite and per-chlorine) with all possible health effects under investigation (p-value <0.001). Examination of risk factors based on multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that alcohols and alcohols-based materials were associated with skin effects (OR, 1.98; 95%CI, 1.87-2.09), per-chlorine was associated with eye effects (OR, 1.83; 95%CI, 1.74-1.93), and highly likely with itching and throat irritation (OR, 2.00; 95%CI, 1.90-2.11). Furthermore, formaldehyde was associated with a higher prevalence of neurological effects (OR, 2.17; 95%CI, 1.92-2.44). Furthermore, formaldehyde was associated with a higher prevalence of neurological effects (OR, 2.17; 95%CI, 1.92-2.44). The use of sodium hypochlorite and per-chlorine also had a high chance of having respiratory effects. The findings of the current study suggest that health authorities need to implement more awareness programs about the side effects of using sanitizers and disinfectants during viral epidemics especially when they are used or overused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fallah Hashemi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Lori Hoepner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Farahnaz Soleimani Hamidinejad
- Department of Medicine, O.O. Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniela Haluza
- Center for Public Health, Department for Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sima Afrashteh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Alireza Abbasi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elma Omeragić
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Belma Imamović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Narin A. Rasheed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health and Medical Technology Shekhan, Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Kurdistan Region Iraq
| | - Taqi M. J. Taher
- Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, University of Wasit, Kut, Wasit Iraq
| | - Fitri Kurniasari
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dhuha Youssef Wazqar
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-Gicl, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493 South Korea
| | - Zaruhi Kalikyan
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Cui Guo
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Magdalena Mititelu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Maria Saridi
- School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Toska
- School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece
| | - Magalys Lopez Cuba
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Precious Kwablah Kwadzokpui
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Niguse Tadele
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tohfa Nasibova
- General and Toxicological Chemistry Department, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Stefanie Harsch
- Institute of Sociology, University of Education Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luvsan Munkh-Erdene
- Department of Health Policy, School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia
| | - Wafaa Menawi
- Public Health Management Program, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah University, Nablus, State of Palestine
| | - Efi Evangelou
- Nursing Department Limassol, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Antoniya Dimova
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Varna, 55 Marin Drinov Street, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Marinov
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Teodora Dimitrova
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Shalimova
- Internal Medicine N1, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Howieda Fouly
- Reproductive Health Nursing (Gynecology and Obstetrics Nursing), Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Anna Suraya
- CIHLMU Center for International Health, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Occupational Safety and Health Department, Binawan University, East Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Bouadil Oumayma
- National School of Applied Sciences of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | | | - Rezarta Lalo
- Department of Health Care, Faculty of Public Health, The University of Vlore “Ismail Qemali”, Vlore, Albania
| | | | - Anju D. Ade
- Department of Community Medicine, SVIMS, Sri Padamavathi Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Susanna Caminada
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Svetlana Stojkov
- Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Lutendo Sylvia Mudau
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ines Rassas
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Daphnee Michel
- West Department, Quisqueya University, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Nur Sema Kaynar
- Public Health Nursing Department, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sehar Iqbal
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, Al Ain University, Abu Dahbi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Halla Elshwekh
- Department of Genetic Engineering, The Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Irin Hossain
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (OEH), NIPSOM, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sadeq AL-Fayyadh
- Adult Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Aniuta Sydorchuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Dua’a M. H. Alnusairat
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Neelam Iqbal
- Environmental Epidemiology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, Oxon UK
| | - Apsara Pandey
- Maharajgunj Nursing Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Brenda Gómez-Gómez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centro Médico ABC, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aysenur Gunaydin Akyildiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elena Morosan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniella Dwarica
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Gantuya Dorj
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia
| | - Sumaya Yusuf Hasan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Noha M. Al-Shdayfat
- Community and Mental Health Department, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
| | | | - Wendy Valladares
- Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Cecilia Severi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Sofia Augusto
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Anita Dewi Moelyaningrum
- Public Health Faculty, Environmental Health and Occupational Health and Savety Departement, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia
| | - Tafaul Alawad
- Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Atiqa Khalid
- Sahiwal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Anna Mihaylova
- Medical College, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Oxana Tsigengagel
- Department of Public Health, NCJSC “Semey Medical University”, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Aziza Menouni
- Environment and Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Agnieszka Wojtecka
- Department of Public Health and Social Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Rozita Hod
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Yusuf Banke Idayat
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Khadija Othman
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Rim M. Harfouch
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Al Sham Private University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Tsonco Paunov
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Meruyert Omar
- Department of Population Health and Social Sciences, Kazakhstan’s Medical University School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nana Christine Benderli
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animals Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Globila Nurika
- Public Health Faculty, Environmental Health and Occupational Health and Savety Departement, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia
| | - Sana Amjad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Salma Elnoamany
- Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Fatma Elesrigy
- Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Marwa Mamdouh Shaban
- Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo-University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doménica Acevedo-López
- Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Maria Kartashova
- Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Atika Khalaf
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
- College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | | | | | - Nada Ab Hweissa
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Technology, Zawia University, Zawia, Libya
| | - Yulong Teng
- Department of Korean Language and Literature, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Aditi Kharat
- College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Ulyana Lyamtseva
- Department of Medicine of the Future, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maya Arfan Aldeeb
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Natalia Pawlas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Lkhagvasuren Khorolsuren
- Institute of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia
| | | | | | | | - Rose W. Wangeci
- Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ainur B. Kumar
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Stella Gracy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Asmara, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Maimouna Mahamat
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaounde General Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jakub Adamczyk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Długosz University of Humanities and Life Sciences, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Haliza Abdul Rahman
- Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lolita Matiashova
- T Malaya Therapy National Institute, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Nazdar E. Alkhateeb
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Yamilé Aleaga
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kouri”, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - Mladena Lalic-Popovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Eugenie Brown-Myrie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | | | | | - Sanda Kreitmayer Pestic
- Family Medicine Department, Medical School, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Muhammed Yunus Bektay
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haleama Al Sabbah
- Department of Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saber Hashemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Bouchetara Assia
- Peadiatric’s Infectious diseases, Hospital of Canastel and Faculty of Medicine, Oran, Algeria
| | - Anne-Sophie Merritt
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhian Ramzi
- College of Nursing, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Himawatee Baboolal
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Juman Isstaif
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Rula Shami
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rahma Saad
- Department of Public Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Razi Blvd, Kuye-Zahra Ave, Shiraz, 1417653861 Iran
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