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Guo Q, Zhai W, Li P, Xiong Y, Li H, Liu X, Zhou Z, Li B, Wang P, Liu D. Nitrogen fertiliser-domesticated microbes change the persistence and metabolic profile of atrazine in soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133974. [PMID: 38518695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides and fertilisers are frequently used and may co-exist on farmlands. The overfertilisation of soil may have a profound influence on pesticide residues, but the mechanism remains unclear. The effects of chemical fertilisers on the environmental behaviour of atrazine and their underlying mechanisms were investigated. The present outcomes indicated that the degradation of atrazine was inhibited and the half-life was prolonged 6.0 and 7.6 times by urea and compound fertilisers (NPK) at 1.0 mg/g (nitrogen content), respectively. This result, which was confirmed in both sterilised and transfected soils, was attributed to the inhibitory effect of nitrogen fertilisers on soil microorganisms. The abundance of soil bacteria was inhibited by nitrogen fertilisers, and five families of potential atrazine degraders (Micrococcaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Bryobacteraceae, Chitinophagaceae, and Sphingomonadaceae) were strongly and positively (R > 0.8, sig < 0.05) related to the decreased functional genes (atzA and trzN), which inhibited hydroxylation metabolism and ultimately increased the half-life of atrazine. In addition, nitrogen fertilisers decreased the sorption and vertical migration behaviour of atrazine in sandy loam might increase the in-situ residual and ecological risk. Our findings verified the weakened atrazine degradation with nitrogen fertilisers, providing new insights into the potential risks and mechanisms of atrazine in the context of overfertilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangjing Zhai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengxi Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yabing Xiong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingxue Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Huda N, Rana MR, Huq MA, Al-Mamun A, Rahman ST, Alam MK, Rahman MM. Understanding vermicompost and organic manure interactions: impact on toxic elements, nitrification activity, comammox Nitrospira inopinata, and archaea/bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:355. [PMID: 38466496 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Vermicompost is a substantial source of nutrients, promotes soil fertility, and maintains or increases soil organic matter levels. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in vermicompost impact on nitrification activity. However, it is yet unknown how vermicompost affects nitrifying bacteria and archaea, comammox Nitrospira inopinata (complete ammonia oxidizers), net nitrification rates (NNRs), and PTEs. The effects of vermicompost application on NNRs, potential nitrification rates (NPs), PTEs, and the abundances of comammox N. inopinata bacteria, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)/archaea (AOA) were studied. NNRs and NPs were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in fresh cow-dung vermicompost (stored for 40 days) as compared with other organic manure. The level of PTEs (Cu2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in vermicompost as compared with compost of waste material with Trichoderma and cow dung. Comammox N. inopinata, NOB, AOB, and AOA were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in stored cow-dung vermicompost (more than 1 year) as compared with other organic manure. The results of the scatterplot matrix analysis suggested that Fe2+, total nitrogen (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total carbon (TC) were linearly correlated (p < 0.001) with NNRs and NPs in vermicompost and organic manure. Similarly, comammox N. inopinata bacteria, NOB, AOB, and AOA were linearly correlated (p < 0.001) with NNR and NP. These results indicated that vermicompost promoted nitrification activity by increasing microbial diversity and abundance, supplying nutrients and organic matter for microbial growth, and facilitating complex microbial interactions. It may be concluded that the influence of vermicompost, which played a great role in PTE concentration reduction, increased chemical, and biological properties, increased the growth rate of nitrifying bacteria/archaea and the nitrogen cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Huda
- Agricultral and Environmental Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rasel Rana
- Agricultral and Environmental Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Md Amdadul Huq
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdullah Al-Mamun
- Agricultral and Environmental Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Shabiha Tasbir Rahman
- Agricultral and Environmental Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Md Khasrul Alam
- Agricultral and Environmental Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - M Mizanur Rahman
- Agricultral and Environmental Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh.
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Wang Y, Cai J, Chen X, Guo B, Liu J, Qiu G, Li H. The connection between the antibiotic resistome and nitrogen-cycling microorganisms in paddy soil is enhanced by application of chemical and plant-derived organic fertilizers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117880. [PMID: 38070858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) present significant risks to environments and public health. In particular, there is increasing awareness of the role of soil nitrogen in ARG dissemination. Here, we investigated the connections between antibiotic resistome and nitrogen-cycling microbes in paddy soil by performing five-year field experiments with the treatments of no nitrogen fertilization (CK), reduced chemical nitrogen fertilization (LN), conventional chemical nitrogen fertilization (CN) and plant-derived organic nitrogen fertilization (ON). Compared with CK treatment, CN and ON treatments significantly increased soil NH4+ and TN concentrations by 25.4%-56.5% and 10.4%-20.1%, respectively. Redundancy analysis revealed significantly positive correlation of NH4+ with most ARGs, including tetA, macB and barA. Correspondingly, CN and ON treatments enhanced ARG abundances by 21.9%-23.2%. Moreover, CN and ON treatments promoted nitrate/nitrite-reducing bacteria and linked the corresponding N-cycling functional genes (narG, narH, nirK and nrfA) with most ARGs. Metagenomic binning was performed and identified Gemmatimonadaceae, Caulobacteraceae, Ilumatobacteraceae and Anaerolineaceae as hosts for both ARGs and nitrate/nitrite reduction genes that were enriched by CN and ON treatments. Soil resistome risk score analysis indicated that, although there was increased relation of ARG to nitrogen-cycling microorganisms with nitrogen fertilizer application, the environmental risk of ARGs was not increased due to the lower distribution of ARGs in pathogens. This study contributed to a deeper understanding of the role of soil nitrogen in shaping ARG profiles and controlling soil resistome risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Zhejiang Sino-Geo Clean-Soil Company Limited, Zhuji, 311800, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Junli Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Gaoyang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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Tajdar-Oranj B, Javanmardi F, Parastouei K, Taghdir M, Fathi M, Abbaszadeh S. Health Risk Assessment of Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Leafy Vegetables in Tehran, Iran: the Concentration Data Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:800-810. [PMID: 37227612 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Absorption of heavy and toxic metals causes their accumulation in the edible parts of vegetables. Pollutants such as heavy metals have directly affected the health of society and contributed to emerging diseases in recent years. The current study aimed to detect heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As) in highly consumed leafy vegetables provided from the Tehran market. Four types of vegetables, including dill, parsley, cress, and coriander were selected and 64 samples were randomly collected from fruit and vegetable markets in different regions of Tehran in August and September 2022. Then, samples were analyzed by the ICP-OES system, and health risk assessment was conducted using non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic approach. The range of Pb concentration was 54-314, < LOQ-289, < LOQ-230, and < LOQ-183 μg/kg for dill, cress, parsley, and coriander, respectively. The high mean concentrations of Pb belong to the dill (161.43 ± 77.3 μg/kg) and cress (154.75 ± 72.9 μg/kg). In some samples of dill (37.5% of samples), cress (18.75% of samples), and parsley (12.5% of samples), the Pb content was above the national allowable limit (200 μg/kg). The range of Cd concentration was < LOQ-42, < LOQ-41, < LOQ-30, and < LOQ-38 μg/kg for dill, cress, parsley, and coriander, respectively. In none of the samples, the concentration of Cd was higher than the Iranian national limit (50 μg/kg). The As occurrence was observed in all cress samples with a mean of 165.19 ± 64.83 μg/kg. The range of As concentration was < LOQ-71, < LOQ-256, 58-273, and < LOQ-75 μg/kg for parsley, dill, cress, and coriander, respectively. The THQ and HI values were higher than 1, and either ILCR value was higher than 10-4 for all tested heavy metals, it can be concluded that higher levels of heavy metals than the standard limits in some samples may raise the warning alarm and should come to the attention of the authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Tajdar-Oranj
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fardin Javanmardi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karim Parastouei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Taghdir
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Fathi
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Abbaszadeh
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Han L, Xu H, Wang Q, Liu X, Li X, Wang Y, Nie J, Liu M, Ju C, Yang C. Deciphering the degradation characteristics of the fungicides imazalil and penflufen and their effects on soil bacterial community composition, assembly, and functional profiles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132379. [PMID: 37643571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption-desorption and degradation characteristics of two widely applied fungicides, imazalil and penflufen, and the responses of soil bacterial diversity, structure, function, and interaction after long-term exposure were systemically studied in eight different soils. The adsorption ability of imazalil in soil was significantly higher than that of penflufen. Both imazalil and penflufen degraded slowly in most soils following the order: imazalil > penflufen, with soil pH, silt, and clay content being the potential major influencing factors. Both imazalil and penflufen obviously inhibited the soil microbial functional diversity, altered the soil bacterial community and decreased its diversity. Although exposure to low and high concentrations of imazalil and penflufen strengthened the interactions among the soil bacterial communities, the functional diversity of the co-occurrence network tended to be simple at high concentrations, especially in penflufen treatment. Both imazalil and penflufen markedly disturbed soil nitrogen cycling, especially penflufen seriously inhibited most nitrogen cycling processes, such as nitrogen fixation and nitrification. Meanwhile, sixteen and ten potential degradative bacteria of imazalil and penflufen, respectively, were found in soils, including Kaistobacter and Lysobacter. Collectively, the long-term application of imazalil and penflufen could cause residual accumulation in soils and subsequently result in serious negative effects on soil ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Han Xu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qianwen Wang
- Central Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Mingyu Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao Ju
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Congjun Yang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Liu H, Liu M, Chen K, Shan M, Li Y. Fertilization can modify the enantioselective persistence of penthiopyrad in relation to the co-influence on soil ecological health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115514. [PMID: 36801231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Penthiopyrad is a widely used chiral fungicide for controlling rust and Rhizoctonia diseases. Development of optically pure monomers is an important strategy to realize amount reduction and increment effects of penthiopyrad, wherein, fertilizers as the co-exiting nutrient supplement may alter the enantioselective residues of penthiopyrad in soil. In our study, influences of urea, phosphate, potash, NPK compound, organic granular, vermicompost and soya bean cake fertilizers on enantioselective persistence of penthiopyrad were fully evaluated. This study demonstrated that R-(-)-penthiopyrad dissipated faster than S-(+)-penthiopyrad during 120 days. High pH, available nitrogen, invertase activities and reduced available phosphorus, dehydrogenase, urease, catalase activities were situated to benefit removing the concentrations of penthiopyrad and weakening enantioselectivity in soil. With respect to the impact of different fertilizers on soil ecological indicators, vermicompost contributed to enhanced pH. Urea and compound fertilizer played an absolute advantage in promoting available nitrogen. All fertilizers didn't go against available phosphorus. Dehydrogenase responded negatively to phosphate, potash and organic fertilizers. Urea increased invertase, besides, it and compound fertilizer both diminished urease activity. The catalase activity was not activated by organic fertilizer. Based on all the findings, soil application of urea and phosphate fertilizers was recommended and considered as a better option to exhibit high efficiency for the dissipation of penthiopyrad. The combined environmental safety estimation can effectively guide the treatment of fertilization soils in line with the nutrition requirements and pollution regulation from penthiopyrad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Mengqi Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Kuiyuan Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Mei Shan
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Yongye Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Yuan CZ, Wang XR. Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils of Old Industrial Areas-A Case Study of Shanghai, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2395. [PMID: 36767761 PMCID: PMC9915166 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in the soil of industrial areas pose severe health risks to humans after land-use properties are transformed into residential land. The public exposure time and frequency will soar significantly under residential land. However, much uncertainty still exists about the relationship between soil heavy metal pollution and-human health risks in an old industrial zone in Shanghai, China. Principal component analysis-(PCA) was used to explore the main sources of these heavy metals. Kriging interpolation was u-sed to identify their spatial distribution and high-risk areas, and the Human Health risk model was used to measure health risk. The results illustrate that the pollution levels of Cd, Hg, and Pb in industrial land are more serious than those in irrigation cropland. Meanwhile, the results of PCA showed that there were two main pollution sources under irrigated cropland, a natural source and a traffic source, accounting for 44.1% and 31.0%, respectively, and there were three main pollution sources under industrial land, with natural sources accounting for 28.5%, traffic sources accounting for 25.7%, and industrial sources accounting for 13.1%. In addition, the health risk assessment results indicated that the priority control pollutants of non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk were Zn and Cr, respectively. The high-risk area was mainly located in the middle of the study area. These results indicate that eliminating heavy metal pollution in the soil of the industrial area is so important to decrease health risks. The results of this study provide theoretical contributions to early warning of health risks related to heavy metal pollution in industrial area soil and serve as a practical reference for speeding up the formulation of industrial land pollution management policies.
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