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Liu X, Akay C, Köpke J, Kümmel S, Richnow HH, Imfeld G. Direct Phototransformation of Sulfamethoxazole Characterized by Four-Dimensional Element Compound Specific Isotope Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10322-10333. [PMID: 38822809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) undergoes direct phototransformation by sunlight, constituting a notable dissipation process in the environment. SMX exists in both neutral and anionic forms, depending on the pH conditions. To discern the direct photodegradation of SMX at various pH levels and differentiate it from other transformation processes, we conducted phototransformation of SMX under simulated sunlight at pH 7 and 3, employing both transformation product (TP) and compound-specific stable isotope analyses. At pH 7, the primary TPs were sulfanilic acid and 3A5MI, followed by sulfanilamide and (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-sulfamate, whereas at pH 3, a photoisomer was the dominant product, followed by sulfanilic acid and 3A5MI. Isotope fractionation patterns revealed normal 13C, 34S, and inverse 15N isotope fractionation, which exhibited significant differences between pH 7 and 3. This indicates a pH-dependent transformation process in SMX direct phototransformation. The hydrogen isotopic composition of SMX remained stable during direct phototransformation at both pH levels. Moreover, there was no variation observed in 33S between the two pH levels, indicating that the 33S mass-independent process remains unaffected by changes in pH. The analysis of main TPs and single-element isotopic fractionation suggests varying combinations of bond cleavages at different pH values, resulting in distinct patterns of isotopic fractionation. Conversely, dual-element isotope values at different pH levels did not significantly differ, indicating cleavage of several bonds in parallel. Hence, prudent interpretation of dual-element isotope analysis in these systems is warranted. These findings highlight the potential of multielement compound-specific isotope analysis in characterizing pH-dependent direct phototransformation of SMX, thereby facilitating the evaluation of its natural attenuation through sunlight photolysis in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Caglar Akay
- Department of Molecular Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jimmy Köpke
- Department of Molecular Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- German Environment Agency, Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Technical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Hermann Richnow
- Department of Technical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Isodetect GmbH, Deutscher Platz 5b, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
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Dou Q, Canavan A, Fu Y, Xiang L, Wang Y, Wang X, Jiang X, Dirr C, Wang F, Elsner M. Nitrogen stable isotope analysis of sulfonamides by derivatization-gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05361-2. [PMID: 38849528 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The continuous introduction of micropollutants into the environment through livestock farming, agricultural practices, and wastewater treatment is a major concern. Among these pollutants are synthetic sulfonamide antibiotics such as sulfamethoxazole, which are not always fully degraded and pose a risk of fostering antimicrobial resistance. It is challenging to assess the degradation of sulfonamides with conventional concentration measurements. This study introduces compound-specific isotope analysis of nitrogen isotope ratios at natural abundances by derivatization-gas chromatography hyphenated with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (derivatization-GC-IRMS) as a new and more precise method for tracing the origin and degradation of sulfonamides. Here, sulfamethoxazole was used as a model compound to develop and optimize the derivatization conditions using (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane as a derivatization reagent. With the optimized conditions, accurate and reproducible δ15N analysis of sulfamethoxazole by derivatization-GC-IRMS was achieved in two different laboratories with a limit for precise isotope analysis of 3 nmol N on column, corresponding to 0.253 µg non-derivatized SMX. Application of the method to four further sulfonamides, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfadimidine, and sulfathiazole, shows the versatility of the developed method. Its benefit was demonstrated in a first application, highlighting the possibility of distinguishing sulfamethoxazole from different suppliers and pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Aoife Canavan
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yuhao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Leilei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Christopher Dirr
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Martin Elsner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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Ottosen CF, Bjerg PL, Kümmel S, Richnow HH, Middeldorp P, Draborg H, Lemaire GG, Broholm MM. Natural attenuation of sulfonamides and metabolites in contaminated groundwater - Review, advantages and challenges of current documentation techniques. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121416. [PMID: 38489851 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonamides are applied worldwide as antibiotics. They are emerging contaminants of concern, as their presence in the environment may lead to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. Sulfonamides are present in groundwater systems, which suggest their persistence under certain conditions, highlighting the importance of understanding natural attenuation processes in groundwater. Biodegradation is an essential process, as degradation of sulfonamides reduces the risk of antibiotic resistance spreading. In this review, natural attenuation, and in particular assessment of biodegradation, is evaluated for sulfonamides in groundwater systems. The current knowledge level on biodegradation is reviewed, and a scientific foundation is built based on sulfonamide degradation processes, pathways, metabolites and toxicity. An overview of bacterial species and related metabolites is provided. The main research effort has focused on aerobic conditions while investigations under anaerobic conditions are lacking. The level of implementation in research is laboratory scale; here we strived to bridge towards field application and assessment, by assessing approaches commonly used in monitored natural attenuation. Methods to document contaminant mass loss are assessed to be applicable for sulfonamides, while the approach is limited by a lack of reference standards for metabolites. Furthermore, additional information is required on relevant metabolites in order to improve risk assessments. Based on the current knowledge on biodegradation, it is suggested to use the presence of substituent-containing metabolites from breakage of the sulfonamide bridge as specific indicators of degradation. Microbial approaches are currently available for assessment of microbial community's capacities, however, more knowledge is required on indigenous bacteria capable of degrading sulfonamides and on the impact of environmental conditions on biodegradation. Compound specific stable isotope analysis shows great potential as an additional in situ method, but further developments are required to analyse for sulfonamides at environmentally relevant levels. Finally, in a monitored natural attenuation scheme it is assessed that approaches are available that can uncover some processes related to the fate of sulfonamides in groundwater systems. Nevertheless, there are still unknowns related to relevant bacteria and metabolites for risk assessment as well as the effect of environmental settings such as redox conditions. Alongside, uncovering the fate of sulfonamides in future research, the applicability of the natural attenuation documentation approaches will advance, and provide a step towards in situ remedial concepts for the frequently detected sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie F Ottosen
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet, building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Poul L Bjerg
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet, building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department Technical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department Technical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | | | | | - Gregory G Lemaire
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet, building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette M Broholm
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet, building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Gokulkumar K, Huang SJ, Wang SF, Balaji R, Chandrasekar N, Hwang MT. Zinc molybdate/functionalized carbon nanofiber composites modified electrodes for high-performance amperometric detection of hazardous drug Sulfadiazine. OPENNANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2023.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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