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Muñoz-Matutano G, Wood A, Johnsson M, Vidal X, Baragiola BQ, Reinhard A, Lemaître A, Bloch J, Amo A, Nogues G, Besga B, Richard M, Volz T. Emergence of quantum correlations from interacting fibre-cavity polaritons. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:213-218. [PMID: 30783231 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, exciton-polaritons in semiconductor microcavities have revealed themselves as one of the richest realizations of a light-based quantum fluid1, subject to fascinating new physics and potential applications2-6. For instance, in the regime of large two-body interactions, polaritons can be used to manipulate the quantum properties of a light field7-9. In this work, we report on the emergence of quantum correlations in laser light transmitted through a fibre-cavity polariton system. We observe a dispersive shape of the autocorrelation function around the polariton resonance that indicates the onset of this regime. The weak amplitude of these correlations indicates a state that still remains far from a low-photon-number state. Nonetheless, given the underlying physical mechanism7, our work opens up the prospect of eventually using polaritons to turn laser light into single photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Muñoz-Matutano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Andrew Wood
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mattias Johnsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xavier Vidal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Q Baragiola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Reinhard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS (C2N), Universities Paris-Sud and Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jacqueline Bloch
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS (C2N), Universities Paris-Sud and Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Alberto Amo
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523, PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, Lille, France
| | - Gilles Nogues
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Besga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Maxime Richard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Volz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Abstract
Metal halide perovskites have come to the attention of the scientific community for the progress achieved in solar light conversion. Energy sustainability is one of the priorities of our society, and materials advancements resulting in low-cost but efficient solar cells and large-area lighting devices represent a major goal for applied research. From a basic point of view, perovskites are an exotic class of hybrid materials combining some merits of organic and inorganic semiconductors: large optical absorption, large mobilities, and tunable band gap together with the possibility to be processed in solution. When a novel class of promising semiconductors comes into the limelight, lively discussions ensue on the photophysics of band-edge excitations, because just the states close to the band edge are entailed in energy/charge transport and light emission. This was the case several decades ago for III-V semiconductors, it has been up to 10 years ago for organics, and it is currently the case for perovskites. Our aim in this Account is to rationalize the body of experimental evidence on perovskite photophysics in a coherent theoretical framework, borrowing from the knowledge acquired over the years in materials optoelectronics. A crucial question is whether photon absorption leads to a population of unbound, conductive free charges or instead excitons, neutral and insulating bound states created by Coulomb interaction just below the energy of the band gap. We first focus on the experimental estimates of the exciton binding energy (Eb): at room temperature, Eb is comparable to the thermal energy kBT in MAPbI3 and increases up to values 2-3kBT in wide band gap MAPbBr3 and MAPbCl3. Statistical considerations predict that these values, even though comparable to or larger than thermal energy, let free carriers prevail over bound excitons for all levels of excitation densities relevant for devices. The analysis of photophysics evidence confirms that all hybrid halide perovskites behave as free-charge semiconductors. Thanks to such property, in combination with band gap energies covering the entire solar spectrum, perovskites represent a promising materials platform for highly efficient, single and multijunction solar cells. Concerning the use of perovskites as color-tunable materials in light emitting devices, free-charges are not the preferred species, as they recombine radiatively through a bimolecular process that is inefficient at the charge-injection levels typical of LED operation. Strategies to overcome this limit, and thus extend the use of perovskite materials beyond solar energy conversion, could be borrowed from inorganic semiconductor optoelectronics and include the fabrication of nanostructures with reduced dimensionality to alter the electronic density of states, as well as engineering composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Saba
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Francesco Quochi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Andrea Mura
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bongiovanni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
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Agranovich VM, Gartstein YN, Litinskaya M. Hybrid Resonant Organic–Inorganic Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5179-214. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100156x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Agranovich
- NanoTech Institute, Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, United States
- Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Science, Troitsk, Moscow Region 142190, Russia
| | - Yu. N. Gartstein
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, P.O. Box 830688, EC36, Richardson, Texas 75083, United States
| | - M. Litinskaya
- Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Science, Troitsk, Moscow Region 142190, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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