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Li Q, Yan Y, Jiang Z, Chen T, Li Q. Three-Component Construction of Mesoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Incorporation into Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Li-Ion Conduction. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10585-10593. [PMID: 38798023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and satisfactory electrochemical stability are essential for the development of solid-state batteries. However, current strategies, including polymer (and polymer-based composite) electrolytes, still face challenges in meeting the bar set by real operations. We seek to improve the Li-ion conduction of the electrolytes by incorporating mesoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into the polymer matrix. Specifically, MOFs with pores larger than 3.0 nm are constructed by three-component reactions that involve the construction of both coordinative and dynamic imine linkages. The MOFs allow polymer penetration and amorphization and efficient lithium salt dissociation in the confined channels. Numerous metal sites and organic functionalities in the MOF backbone further assist the ion migration by providing strong interactions with the fluorinated polymer and the Li+. Remarkable ionic conductivity (0.95 mS cm-1) and a large lithium transference number (0.64) are achieved. Overall, the study fully utilizes both the MOF structural units with atomic precision and the encompassed space at the mesoscale for solid-state electrolyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhongwen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Tianhao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qiaowei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Wu Y, Xu H, Li X, Rao Y, Yuan S, Yan Y, Zhang YB, Li Q. Topology Prediction of Gas-Separating Metal-Organic Frameworks with Low Symmetry Vertices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402314. [PMID: 38708815 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Topology serves as a blueprint for the construction of reticular structures such as metal-organic frameworks, especially for those based on building blocks with highly symmetrical shapes. However, it remains a challenge to predict the topology of the frameworks from less symmetrical units, because their corresponding vertex figures are largely deformed from the perfect geometries with no "default" net embedding. Furthermore, vertices involving flexible units may have multiple shape choices, and the competition among their designated topologies makes the structure prediction in large uncertainty. Herein, the deformation index is proposed to characterize the symmetry loss of the vertex figure by comparing it with its ideal geometry. The mathematical index is employed to predict the shapes of two in situ formed Co-based metalloligands (pseudo-tetrahedron and pseudo-square), which further dictate the framework topology (flu and scu) when they are joined with the [Zr6O8]-based cuboid units. The two frameworks with very similar constituents provide an ideal platform to investigate how the pore shapes and interconnectivity influence the gas separation. The net with cylindrical channels outperforms the other with discreate cages in C3H8/C2H6/CH4 separation, benefiting from the facile accessibility of its interaction sites to the guests imposed by the specific framework topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Huoshu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xinhao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yin Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Sailin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Biao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Qiaowei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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3
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Liu Z, Xing C, Wu S, Ma M, Tian J. Biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid-based metal-organic frameworks: a case of topology-dependent thermal expansion. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38683199 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh02185h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The large inherent flexibility and highly modular nature of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) make them ideal candidates for the study of negative thermal expansion (NTE). Among diverse organic ligands, the biphenyl unit, which can unrestrictedly rotate along its C-C single bond, can largely enhance the structural flexibility. Herein, we explored the thermal expansion behaviors of four indium biphenyl tetracarboxylates (BPTCs). Owing to the different dihedral angles of BPTC ligands and coordination mode of In3+, they show distinct topologies: InOF-1 (nti), InOF-2 (unc), InOF-12 (pts) and InOF-13 (nou). Intriguingly, it is found that the thermal expansion is highly dependent on the specific topology. The MOFs featuring mononuclear nodes show normal positive thermal expansion (PTE), and the magnitudes of coefficients follow the trend of InOF-2 < InOF-12 < InOF-13, inversely related to averaged molecular volumes. In contrast, the InOF-1, composed of a 1D chain of corner-shared InO6 octahedrons, shows pronounced NTE. Detailed high-resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and lattice dynamic analyses shed light on the fact that NTE in the InOF-1 is a synergy effect of the spring-like distortion of the inorganic 1D helical chain and twisting of the BPTC ligands. The present work shows how the topological arrangement of building blocks governs the thermal expansion behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanning Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Chengyong Xing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
| | - Shaowen Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
| | - Min Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
| | - Jian Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
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Froudas K, Vassaki M, Papadopoulos K, Tsangarakis C, Chen X, Shepard W, Fairen-Jimenez D, Tampaxis C, Charalambopoulou G, Steriotis TA, Trikalitis PN. Expanding the Reticular Chemistry Building Block Library toward Highly Connected Nets: Ultraporous MOFs Based on 18-Connected Ternary, Trigonal Prismatic Superpolyhedra. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8961-8970. [PMID: 38428926 PMCID: PMC10996011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The chemistry of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) continues to expand rapidly, providing materials with diverse structures and properties. The reticular chemistry approach, where well-defined structural building blocks are combined together to form crystalline open framework solids, has greatly accelerated the discovery of new and important materials. However, its full potential toward the rational design of MOFs relies on the availability of highly connected building blocks because these greatly reduce the number of possible structures. Toward this, building blocks with connectivity greater than 12 are highly desirable but extremely rare. We report here the discovery of novel 18-connected, trigonal prismatic, ternary building blocks (tbb's) and their assembly into unique MOFs, denoted as Fe-tbb-MOF-x (x: 1, 2, 3), with hierarchical micro- and mesoporosity. The remarkable tbb is an 18-c supertrigonal prism, with three points of extension at each corner, consisting of triangular (3-c) and rectangular (4-c) carboxylate-based organic linkers and trigonal prismatic [Fe3(μ3-Ο)(-COO)6]+ clusters. The tbb's are linked together by an 18-c cluster made of 4-c ligands and a crystallographically distinct Fe3(μ3-Ο) trimer, forming overall a 3-D (3,4,4,6,6)-c five nodal net. The hierarchical, highly porous nature of Fe-tbb-MOF-x (x: 1, 2, 3) was confirmed by recording detailed sorption isotherms of Ar, CH4, and CO2 at 87, 112, and 195 K, respectively, revealing an ultrahigh BET area (4263-4847 m2 g-1) and pore volume (1.95-2.29 cm3 g-1). Because of the observed ultrahigh porosities, the H2 and CH4 storage properties of Fe-tbb-MOF-x were investigated, revealing well-balanced high gravimetric and volumetric deliverable capacities for cryoadsorptive H2 storage (11.6 wt %/41.4 g L-1, 77 K/100 bar-160 K/5 bar), as well as CH4 storage at near ambient temperatures (367 mg g-1/160 cm3 STP cm-3, 5-100 bar at 298 K), placing these materials among the top performing MOFs. The present work opens new directions to apply reticular chemistry for the construction of novel MOFs with tunable porosities based on contracted or expanded tbb analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Vassaki
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | | | | | - Xu Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - William Shepard
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL-UR1, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, Gif-Sur-Yvette 91192, France
| | - David Fairen-Jimenez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Christos Tampaxis
- National
Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens 15341, Greece
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Du S, Sun S, Ju Z, Wang W, Su K, Qiu F, Yu X, Xu G, Yuan D. Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Capsule-Shaped Zirconium Coordination Cages with Quaternary Structure. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308445. [PMID: 38229156 PMCID: PMC10953209 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Biological macromolecules exhibit emergent functions through hierarchical self-assembly, a concept that is extended to design artificial supramolecular assemblies. Here, the first example of breaking the common parallel arrangement of capsule-shaped zirconium coordination cages is reported by constructing the hierarchical porous framework ZrR-1. ZrR-1 adopts a quaternary structure resembling protein and contains 12-connected chloride clusters, representing the highest connectivity for zirconium-based cages reported thus far. Compared to the parallel framework ZrR-2, ZrR-1 demonstrated enhanced stability in acidic aqueous solutions and a tenfold increase in BET surface area (879 m2 g-1 ). ZrR-1 also exhibits excellent proton conductivity, reaching 1.31 × 10-2 S·cm-1 at 353 K and 98% relative humidity, with a low activation energy of 0.143 eV. This finding provides insights into controlling the hierarchical self-assembly of metal-organic cages to discover superstructures with emergent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunfu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques toward Hydrogen EnergyFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterThe Chinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Shihao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques toward Hydrogen EnergyFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterThe Chinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
| | - Zhanfeng Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques toward Hydrogen EnergyFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterThe Chinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques toward Hydrogen EnergyFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterThe Chinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Kongzhao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques toward Hydrogen EnergyFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterThe Chinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Fenglei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques toward Hydrogen EnergyFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterThe Chinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
- College of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108P. R. China
| | - Xuying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques toward Hydrogen EnergyFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterThe Chinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques toward Hydrogen EnergyFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterThe Chinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques toward Hydrogen EnergyFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterThe Chinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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Zhang YT, Zhu J, Liu ZY, Li SB, Huang H, Jiang BX. Microwave-assisted synthesis of Zr-based metal-organic polyhedron: Serving as efficient visible-light photocatalyst for Cr(VI) reduction. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Troyano J, Horike S, Furukawa S. Reversible Discrete-to-Extended Metal-Organic Polyhedra Transformation by Sulfonic Acid Surface Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19475-19484. [PMID: 36222467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) are molecular porous units in which desired functionalities can be installed with precise geometrical and compositional control. By combing two complementary chemical moieties, such as sulfonic acid groups and Rh(II)-carboxylate paddlewheel, we synthesized a robust water-soluble cuboctahedral MOP with excellent features in both solution and solid states. Herein, we demonstrate that the superior chemical stability of the Rh2 unit and the elevated number of functional groups on the surface (24 per cage) result in a porous cage with high solubility and stability in water, including acidic, neutral, and basic pH conditions. We also prove that the sulfonic acid-rich form of the cage can be isolated through postsynthetic acid treatment. This transformation involves an improved gas uptake capacity and the capability to reversibly assemble the cages into a three-dimensional (3D) metal-organic framework (MOF) structure. Likewise, this sulfonic acid functionalization provides both MOP and MOF solids with high proton conductivities (>10-3 S cm-1), comparable to previously reported high conducting metal-organic materials. The influence of the MOP-to-MOF processing in the gas adsorption capacity indicates that this structural transformation can provide materials with higher and more controllable porous properties. These results illustrate the high potential of acidic MOPs as more flexible porous building units in terms of processability, structural complexity, and tunability of the properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Troyano
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Building, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Inorganic Chemistry Department, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Satoshi Horike
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Building, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Building, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Two Zn(II)-based coordination polymers as dual-responsive luminescent sensors for the detection of Cr2O72− ions, levofloxacin/sulfamethoxazole. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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El-Sayed ESM, Yuan YD, Zhao D, Yuan D. Zirconium Metal-Organic Cages: Synthesis and Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1546-1560. [PMID: 35579616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusFor the last two decades, materials scientists have contributed to a growing library of porous crystalline materials. These synthetic materials are typically extended networks, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), or discrete materials like metal-organic cages (MOCs) and porous organic cages (POCs). Advanced porous materials have shown promise for various applications due to their modular nature and structural tunability. MOCs have recently garnered attention because of their molecularity that bestows them with many unique possibilities (e.g., solution-processability, structural diversity, and postsynthetic processability).MOCs are discrete molecular assemblies of organic ligands coordinated with either metal cations or metal oxide clusters of different nuclearities, resulting in architectures with inherent porosity. Notably, the molecular nature of MOCs endows them with easy solution-processability unattainable with traditional framework materials. To date, a number of stable MOCs have been reported, such as those based on Rh (Rh-O bond energy: 405 ± 42 kJ/mol), Fe (Fe-O bond energy: 407.0 ± 1.0 kJ/mol), Cr (Cr-O bond energy: 461 ± 8.7 kJ/mol), Ti (Ti-O bond energy: 666.5 ± 5.6 kJ/mol), and Zr (Zr-O bond energy: 766.1 ± 10.6 kJ/mol). Paddle-wheel MOCs have also shown great stability in aqueous environments due to their rigid backbones. The zirconium MOC (Zr-MOCs) family emerges as a class of very robust cages for which their high bond energy endows them with high hydrothermal stability.In 2013, we reported the first four zirconocene tetrahedrons assembled from trinuclear zirconium oxide clusters with ditopic or tritopic organic ligands. Since then, significant progress in the rational design of Zr-MOC has led to an assortment of structures dedicated to meaningful applications.In this Account, we highlight the recent progress in synthesizing Zr-MOCs and Zr-MOC-based higher dimensional frameworks and their applications dedicated in our laboratories and beyond. The general Zr-MOC synthetic strategy involves assembling Zr trinuclear clusters with organic ligands (rigid or flexible) containing various functional groups. This chemistry has afforded cages with structural versatility and active sites, e.g., amino groups, for postsynthetic modifications (PSMs). Since the extrinsic porosity of cage-based frameworks is relatively weak, the resulting frameworks are susceptible to structural rearrangement after solvent removal. To circumvent this limitation, increasing the hydrogen bond ratio and strength between interlinked cages and conducting in situ catalytic polymerizations have been reported to afford permanently porous structures amenable to host-guest reactions.To expand their potential applications, multifunctional Zr-MOCs are highly desired. Such multivariate MOCs can be attained by either employing the isoreticular expansion strategy to create MOCs with high surface areas or using mixed-ligand approaches to afford heterogeneous MOCs. In addition, amorphous MOCs, flexible organic ligands, new functionalities, and MOC-based extended networks are exciting new approaches to developing materials with structural versatility and enhanced characteristics. Thereby, we believe the stability and versatility of the Zr-MOC family hold great potential in expanding and addressing challenging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed M El-Sayed
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road, West Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Chemical Refining Laboratory, Refining Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, 1 Ahmed El-Zomor Street, El Zohour Region, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Yi Di Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road, West Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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