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Maiga DT, Kibechu RW, Mamba BB, Msagati TAM, Phadi TT. Preparation of Novel Solid Phase Extraction Sorbents for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Aqueous Media. Molecules 2023; 28:6129. [PMID: 37630383 PMCID: PMC10457983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, functionalized mesoporous silica was prepared and characterized as a stationary phase using various analytical and solid-state techniques, including a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, thermogravimetric analysis, and nitrogen sorption. The results confirmed the successful synthesis of the hybrid stationary phase. The potential of the prepared hybrid mesoporous silica as a solid-phase extraction (SPE) stationary phase for separating and enriching polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in both spiked water samples and real water samples was evaluated. The analysis involved extracting the PAHs from the water samples using solid-phase extraction and analyzing the extracts using a two-dimensional gas chromatograph coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC × GC-TOFMS). The synthesized sorbent exhibited outstanding performance in extracting PAHs from both spiked water samples and real water samples. In the spiked water samples, the recoveries of the PAHs ranged from 79.87% to 95.67%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 1.85% to 8.83%. The limits of detection (LOD) for the PAHs were in the range of 0.03 µg/L to 0.04 µg/L, while the limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.05 µg/L to 3.14 µg/L. Furthermore, all the calibration curves showed linearity, with correlation coefficients (r) above 0.98. Additionally, the results from real water samples indicated that the levels of individual PAH detected ranged from 0.57 to 12.31 µg/L with a total of 44.67 µg/L. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the hybrid mesoporous silica as a promising stationary phase for solid-phase extraction and sensitive detection of PAHs in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deogratius T. Maiga
- Measurement and Control Division, Council for Mineral Technology (MINTEK), Private Bag X3015, Randburg, Johannesburg 2125, South Africa
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science Engineering and Technology, UNISA Science Campus, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Rose W. Kibechu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eswatini, P/Bag 4 Kwaluseni Campus, Kwaluseni 0004, Eswatini
| | - Bhekie B. Mamba
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science Engineering and Technology, UNISA Science Campus, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Process, National Center for International Joint Research on Membrane Science and Technology, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Titus A. M. Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science Engineering and Technology, UNISA Science Campus, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Terence T. Phadi
- Measurement and Control Division, Council for Mineral Technology (MINTEK), Private Bag X3015, Randburg, Johannesburg 2125, South Africa
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Sun X, Tan J, Ding H, Tan X, Xing J, Xing L, Zhai Y, Li Z. Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples by Annular Platform-Supported Ionic Liquid-Based Headspace Liquid-Phase Microextraction. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:3765682. [PMID: 30363692 PMCID: PMC6180925 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3765682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a new method of annular platform-supported headspace liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) was designed using ionic liquid as an extraction solvent, wherein extraction stability and efficiency were improved by adding an annular platform inside the extraction bottle. The ionic liquid 1-silicyl-3-benzylimidazolehexafluorophosphate was first synthesized and proved to be an excellent extraction solvent. Coupled with liquid chromatography, the proposed method was employed to analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and optimized in aspects of extraction temperature, extraction solvent volume, extraction time, pH, stirring rate, and salt effect of solution. The results indicated that this method showed good linearity (R 2 > 0.995) within 0.5 µg·L-1 to 1000 µg·L-1 for PAHs. The method was more suitable for extraction of volatile PAHs, with recoveries from 65.0% to 102% and quantification limits from 0.01 to 0.05 µg·L-1. It has been successfully applied for detection of PAHs in seawater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Haiyan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaojie Tan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lihong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuxiu Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhaoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Magnetic nanoparticles—carbon nanotubes hybrid composites for selective solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and determination by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5125-5132. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Vinci G, Antonelli ML, Preti R. Rapid determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rainwater by liquid-liquid microextraction and LC with core-shell particles column and fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:461-8. [PMID: 23303536 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to LC with fluorescence detection for the determination of Environmental Protection Agency's 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rainwater has been developed. The optimization of the extraction method has involved several parameters, including the comparison between an ultrasonic bath and a magnetic stirrer as extractant apparatus, the choice of the extractant solvent, and the optimization of the extraction time. Liquid-liquid microextraction gave good results in terms of recoveries (from 73.6 to 102.8% in rainwater) and repeatability, with a very simple procedure and low solvent consumption. The reported chromatographic method uses a Core-Shell technology column, with particle size <3 μm instead of classical 5-μm particles column. The resulting backpressure was below 300 bar, allowing the use of a conventional HPLC system rather than the more expensive ultrahigh performance LC (UHPLC). An average decrease of 59% in run time and 75% in eluent consumption has been obtained, compared to classical HPLC methods, keeping good separation, sensitivity, and repeatability. The proposed conditions were successfully applied to the determinations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in genuine rainwater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Vinci
- Laboratory of Commodity Science, Department of Management, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy.
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Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Sun C. Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water using fluorinated polyaniline-based solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:4345-4353. [PMID: 21822575 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The study on the performance of a fluorinated polyaniline (PANI) as a fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) had been reported and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were selected to evaluate the performance of this fiber. Various parameters including sample volume, extraction temperature, time of desorption and extraction, pH and ionic strength were investigated intensively. A direct comparison between PANI-SPME fiber and commercial fiber was conducted. The results showed that the PANI-SPME coating had high affinity towards target compounds and the proposed method was successfully applied for the detection of real samples: rainfall and Taihu Lake water collected from Southern China. The whole PANI-SPME-GC method offers acceptable accuracy, precision and sensitivity and low detection limits, which is applicable to monitor trace levels of PAHs in real water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Li
- State key Laboratory of Pollutant Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
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Dejaegher B, Vander Heyden Y. Experimental designs and their recent advances in set-up, data interpretation, and analytical applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:141-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fast throughput, highly sensitive determination of allergenic disperse dyes in textile products by use of sample composition. Talanta 2010; 82:261-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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García-Lavandeira J, Salgado-Petinal C, Blanco E, Cela R. A sensitive and efficient procedure for the high throughput determination of banned aromatic amines in textiles and leather products aided by advanced sample composition. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:751-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pena MT, Casais MC, Mejuto MC, Cela R. Development of an ionic liquid based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6356-64. [PMID: 19646707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and efficient method, ionic liquid based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME), has been developed for the first time for the determination of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples. The chemical affinity between the ionic liquid (1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) and the analytes permits the extraction of the PAHs from the sample matrix also allowing their preconcentration. Thus, this technique combines extraction and concentration of the analytes into one step and avoids using toxic chlorinated solvents. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency, such as the type and volume of ionic liquid, type and volume of disperser solvent, extraction time, dispersion stage, centrifuging time and ionic strength, were optimised. Analysis of extracts was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection (Flu). The optimised method exhibited a good precision level with relative standard deviation values between 1.2% and 5.7%. Quantification limits obtained for all of these considered compounds (between 0.1 and 7 ng L(-1)) were well below the limits recommended in the EU. The extraction yields for the different compounds obtained by IL-DLLME, ranged from 90.3% to 103.8%. Furthermore, high enrichment factors (301-346) were also achieved. The extraction efficiency of the optimised method is compared with that achieved by liquid-liquid extraction. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of PAHs in real water samples (tap, bottled, fountain, well, river, rainwater, treated and raw wastewater).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Pena
- Dpto. Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Dejaegher B, Vander Heyden Y. Supersaturated designs: set-ups, data interpretation, and analytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:1227-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Aguinaga N, Campillo N, Viñas P, Hernández-Córdoba M. Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk and related products using solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 596:285-90. [PMID: 17631108 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in milk and related products based on direct immersion-solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS) has been developed. The influence of various parameters on PAH extraction efficiency was carefully monitored. Good performance (recovery, precision and quantitation limits) was attained when a PDMS/DVB fiber was immersed in the sample for 60 min at 55 degrees C. Detection limits ranged from 0.003 to 1.5 microg L(-1) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, depending on the compound and the sample. The proposed method was successfully applied to infant formulas, milk and related products and the presence of both fluoranthene and pyrene in two samples was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Aguinaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, E-30071 Murcia, Spain
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Casas V, Llompart M, Garcia-Jares C, Cela R, Dagnac T. Effects of sample pretreatment and storage conditions in the determination of pyrethroids in water samples by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:1841-9. [PMID: 17237925 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-1072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous instability of pyrethroids and other compounds usually found in commercial pesticide formulations has been demonstrated in this work. Several types of sample treatment have been studied to avoid analyte losses during sample manipulation and storage. Analysis was performed by SPME-GC-MS. Addition of sodium thiosulfate to tap water prevented pyrethroid degradation as a result of oxidation by free chlorine. The amount added was optimized to minimize the effect of the salt on the analytical results. Analysis of samples that had been stored at 4 degrees C for several days revealed loss of some of the pyrethroids in the first period of storage. The effect of freezing the samples was studied and it was confirmed that samples could be stabilized for at least one week by freezing. Finally, addition of a miscible organic solvent, for example acetone, led to improvement of the analytical precision. The quality of the SPME-GC-MS method was studied. Linearity (R > 0.993), repeatability (RSD < 15%), and sensitivity (detection limits between 0.9 and 35 pg mL(-1)) were good. When the procedure was applied to real samples including run off and waste water some of the target compounds were identified and quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Casas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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