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Li D, Huang W, Huang R. Analysis of environmental pollutants using ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131952. [PMID: 37399723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The rise of emerging pollutants in the current environment and requirements of trace analysis in complex substrates pose challenges to modern analytical techniques. Ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (IC-MS) is the preferred tool for analyzing emerging pollutants due to its excellent separation ability for polar and ionic compounds with small molecular weight and high detection sensitivity and selectivity. This paper reviews the progress of sample preparation and ion-exchange IC-MS methods in the analysis of several major categories of environmental polar and ionic pollutants including perchlorate, inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds, metalloids and heavy metals, polar pesticides, and disinfection by-products in past two decades. The comparison of various methods to reduce the influence of matrix effect and improve the accuracy and sensitivity of analysis are emphasized throughout the process from sample preparation to instrumental analysis. Furthermore, the human health risks of these pollutants in the environment with natural concentration levels in different environmental medias are also briefly discussed to raise public attention. Finally, the future challenges of IC-MS for analysis of environmental pollutants are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhen Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei, China.
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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2
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Bigard A, Cardinael P, Agasse V. Anion Exchange Chromatography Coupled to Electrospray-Mass Spectrometry: An Efficient Tool for Food, Environment, and Biological Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1591-1603. [PMID: 35147465 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2036942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
For over 50 years, ion chromatography has been demonstrated to be a successful technique used to quantify a wide range of ions and ionizable compounds, either organic or inorganic, in various matrices using conductimetric or electrochemical detection. It was only since 1996 that ion chromatography was coupled to electrospray-mass spectrometry, opening the field to new applications in complex matrices and the detection of compounds at trace levels. This review covers the recent developments of ion exchange chromatography and mass spectrometry. It focuses on the choice of mobile phases, column geometry, suppressors, make-up solvents and type of ionization sources reported in the literature. A brief overview of a large range of applications in food analysis, environmental analysis and bioanalysis is presented, and performances are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Bigard
- Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, FR3038 INC3M, UNIROUEN, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pascal Cardinael
- Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, FR3038 INC3M, UNIROUEN, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Valérie Agasse
- Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, FR3038 INC3M, UNIROUEN, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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3
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Kwiezinski C, Weller C, van Pinxteren D, Brüggemann M, Mertes S, Stratmann F, Herrmann H. Determination of highly polar compounds in atmospheric aerosol particles at ultra-trace levels using ion chromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2343-2357. [PMID: 33822470 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A method using ion chromatography coupled to high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry was developed to quantify highly-polar organic compounds in aqueous filter extracts of atmospheric particles. In total, 43 compounds, including short-chain carboxylic acids, terpene-derived acids, organosulfates, and inorganic anions were separated within 33 min by a KOH gradient. Ionization by electrospray was maximized by adding 100 µL min-1 isopropanol as post-column solvent and optimizing the ion source settings. Detection limits (S/N ≥ 3) were in the range of 0.075-25 μg L-1 and better than previously reported for 22 compounds. Recoveries of extraction typically range from 85 to 117%. The developed method was applied to three ambient samples, including two arctic flight samples, and one sample from Melpitz, a continental backround research site. A total of 32 different compounds were identified for all samples. From the arctic flight samples, organic tracers could be quantified for the first time with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 17.8 ng m-3 . Due to the minimal sample preparation, the beneficial figures of merit, and the broad range of accessible compounds, including very polar ones, the new method offers advantages over existing ones and enables a detailed analysis of organic marker compounds in atmospheric aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Kwiezinski
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Dominik van Pinxteren
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Brüggemann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Mertes
- Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Stratmann
- Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Zahn D, Neuwald IJ, Knepper TP. Analysis of mobile chemicals in the aquatic environment-current capabilities, limitations and future perspectives. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4763-4784. [PMID: 32086538 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistent and mobile water contaminants are rapidly developing into a focal point of environmental chemistry and chemical regulation. Their defining parameter that sets them apart from the majority of regularly monitored and regulated contaminants is their mobility in the aquatic environment, which is intrinsically tied to a high polarity. This high polarity, however, may have severe implications in the analytical process and thus the most polar of these mobile contaminants may not be covered by widely utilized trace-analytical methods, and thus, alternatives are required. In this review, we infer the physical and chemical properties of mobile water contaminants from a set of almost 1800 prioritized REACH chemicals and discuss the implications these substance properties may have on four integral steps of the analytical process: sampling and sample storage, sample pre-treatment, separation and detection. We discuss alternatives to widely utilized trace-analytical methods, examine their application range and limitations, highlight potential analytical techniques on the horizon and emphasize research areas we believe still offer the most room for further improvement. While we have a comprehensive set of analytical methods to cover a large portion of the known mobile chemicals, these methods are still only infrequently utilized. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zahn
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Limburger Str. 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany.
| | - Isabelle J Neuwald
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Limburger Str. 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Limburger Str. 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
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5
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Pang Y, Ren X, Li J, Liang F, Rao X, Gao Y, Wu W, Li D, Wang J, Zhao J, Hong X, Jiang F, Wang W, Zhou H, Lyu J, Tan G. Development of a Sensitive Escherichia coli Bioreporter Without Antibiotic Markers for Detecting Bioavailable Copper in Water Environments. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3031. [PMID: 32038525 PMCID: PMC6993034 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The whole-cell bioreporters based on the cop-operon sensing elements have been proven specifically useful in the assessment of bioavailable copper ions in water environments. In this study, a series of experiments was conducted to further improve the sensitivity and robustness of bioreporters. First, an Escherichia coli △copA△cueO△cusA mutant with three copper transport genes knocked out was constructed. Then, the copAp::gfpmut2 sensing element was inserted into the chromosome of E. coli △copA△cueO△cusA by gene knock-in method to obtain the bioreporter strain E. coli WMC-007. In optimized assay conditions, the linear detection range of Cu2+ was 0.025–5 mg/L (0.39–78.68 μM) after incubating E. coli WMC-007 in Luria–Bertani medium for 5 h. The limit of detection of Cu2+ was 0.0157 mg/L (0.25 μM). Moreover, fluorescence spectrometry and flow cytometry experiments showed more environmental robustness and lower background fluorescence signal than those of the sensor element based on plasmids. In addition, we found that the expression of GFPmut2 in E. coli WMC-007 was induced by free copper ions, rather than complex-bound copper, in a dose-dependent manner. Particularly, the addition of 40 mM 3-(N-Morpholino)propanesulfonic acid buffer to E. coli WMC-007 culture enabled accurate quantification of bioavailable copper content in aqueous solution samples within a pH range from 0.87 to 12.84. The copper recovery rate was about 95.88–113.40%. These results demonstrate potential applications of E. coli WMC-007 as a bioreporter to monitor copper contamination in acidic mine drainage, industrial wastewater, and drinking water. Since whole-cell bioreporters are relatively inexpensive and easy to operate, the combination of this method with other physicochemical techniques will in turn provide more specific information on the degree of toxicity in water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Pang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojun Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianghui Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Rao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenhe Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xufen Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fengying Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huaibin Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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6
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Multi-layer solid-phase extraction and evaporation—enrichment methods for polar organic chemicals from aqueous matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2403-2411. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Constantino C, Comber SDW, Scrimshaw MD. The effect of wastewater effluent derived ligands on copper and zinc complexation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:8363-8374. [PMID: 28176154 PMCID: PMC5384957 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The shift toward bioavailability-based standards for metals such as copper and zinc not only improves the ecological relevance of the standard but also introduces significant complexity into assessing compliance. This study examined differences in the copper and zinc complexation characteristics of effluents from a range of different sewage treatment works and in relation to so-called 'natural' samples. This information is essential to determine whether the inclusion of effluent-specific complexation characteristics within the regulatory framework could enhance the environmental relevance of compliance criteria. The data show that for copper, binding affinity was not greater than that measured for materials derived from the receiving water environment, with a mean log K of between 4.4 and 5.15 and mean complexation capacity ranging from 38 to 120 μg/mg dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for effluents compared with a log K of 5.6 and complexation capacity of 37 μg/mg DOC for the Suwannee River fulvic acid. For zinc, however, effluents exhibited a much higher complexation capacity, with effluent means ranging from 3 to 23 μg/mg DOC compared with the Suwannee River fulvic acid, for which the complexation capacity could not be determined. Synthetic ligands in sewage effluent, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), are implicated as contributing to these observed differences. This suggests that the current biotic ligand models for zinc might overstate the risk of harm in effluent-impacted waters. The data also show that the copper and zinc complexation characteristics of effluent samples obtained from the same sewage treatment works were less different from one another than those of effluents from other treatment works and therefore that sewage source has an important influence on complexation characteristics. The findings from this study support the case that the contribution to complexation from effluent-derived ligands could enhance the environmental relevance of bioavailability-based compliance criteria, in particular for zinc, owing to the additional complexation capacity afforded by effluent-derived ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Constantino
- Atkins Limited, Chilbrook, Oasis Business Park, Eynsham, Witney, OX29 4AH, UK.
| | - S D W Comber
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - M D Scrimshaw
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
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8
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Reemtsma T, Berger U, Arp HPH, Gallard H, Knepper TP, Neumann M, Quintana JB, Voogt PD. Mind the Gap: Persistent and Mobile Organic Compounds-Water Contaminants That Slip Through. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10308-10315. [PMID: 27571393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of persistent and mobile organic chemicals (PMOCs) into the aquatic environment is a threat to the quality of our water resources. PMOCs are highly polar (mobile in water) and can pass through wastewater treatment plants, subsurface environments and potentially also drinking water treatment processes. While a few such compounds are known, we infer that their number is actually much larger. This Feature highlights the issue of PMOCs from an environmental perspective and assesses the gaps that appear to exist in terms of analysis, monitoring, water treatment and regulation. On this basis we elaborate strategies on how to narrow these gaps with the intention to better protect our water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hervé Gallard
- University of Poitiers , Institute of Chemistry of Materials and Natural Resources, UMR CNRS 7285, ENSIP, 1 rue Marcel Doré, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences , Institute for Analytical Research, Limburger Strasse 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Michael Neumann
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section IV 2.3 "Chemicals", Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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9
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Zahn D, Frömel T, Knepper TP. Halogenated methanesulfonic acids: A new class of organic micropollutants in the water cycle. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 101:292-299. [PMID: 27267477 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mobile and persistent organic micropollutants may impact raw and drinking waters and are thus of concern for human health. To identify such possible substances of concern nineteen water samples from five European countries (France, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Spain and Germany) and different compartments of the water cycle (urban effluent, surface water, ground water and drinking water) were enriched with mixed-mode solid phase extraction. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry non-target screening of these samples led to the detection and structural elucidation of seven novel organic micropollutants. One structure could already be confirmed by a reference standard (trifluoromethanesulfonic acid) and six were tentatively identified based on experimental evidence (chloromethanesulfonic acid, dichloromethanesulfonic acid, trichloromethanesulfonic acid, bromomethanesulfonic acid, dibromomethanesulfonic acid and bromochloromethanesulfonic acid). Approximated concentrations for these substances show that trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, a chemical registered under the European Union regulation REACH with a production volume of more than 100 t/a, is able to spread along the water cycle and may be present in concentrations up to the μg/L range. Chlorinated and brominated methanesulfonic acids were predominantly detected together which indicates a common source and first experimental evidence points towards water disinfection as a potential origin. Halogenated methanesulfonic acids were detected in drinking waters and thus may be new substances of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zahn
- Hochschule Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Tobias Frömel
- Hochschule Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany.
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10
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Highly sensitive determination of dialkyl phosphinate acids in environmental samples by ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1394:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Direct analysis of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on concrete by reactive-desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 132:877-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Liu JM, Liu CC, Fang GZ, Wang S. Advanced analytical methods and sample preparation for ion chromatography techniques. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10348g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently developed advanced ion chromatography techniques and the various sample preparation methods have been summarized in this mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Guo-Zhen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
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13
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Ion chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review of recent technologies and applications in forensic and environmental explosives analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 806:27-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Jiménez JJ. Simultaneous liquid–liquid extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction as a sample preparation method to determine acidic contaminants in river water by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013; 116:678-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for the determination of Na4EDTA in detergent aqueous solutions. Talanta 2013; 115:652-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Jiménez J. Determination of aminopolycarboxylic acids in river water by solid-phase extraction on activated charcoal cartridges and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Method performance characteristics and estimation of the uncertainty. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 770:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in nuclear waste by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1276:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Müller K, Seubert A. Separation and determination of fluorobenzoic acids using ion chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Kemmei T, Kodama S, Fujishima H, Yamamoto A, Inoue Y, Hayakawa K. Determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in sea water by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 709:54-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Hotta H, Mori T, Takahashi A, Kogure Y, Johno K, Umemura T, Tsunoda KI. Quantification of Trace Elements in Natural Samples by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry with a Size-Exclusion Column Based on the Formation of Metal−Aminopolycarboxylate Complexes. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6357-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9006842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hotta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Gunma University, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Gunma University, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Gunma University, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuta Kogure
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Gunma University, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Keita Johno
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Gunma University, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomonari Umemura
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Gunma University, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kin-ichi Tsunoda
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Gunma University, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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21
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Chen XH, Cai MQ, Ouyang XK, Jin MC. Ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous confirmation and determination of indandione rodenticides in serum. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:1217-26. [PMID: 19488975 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a simple method for the simultaneous determination and confirmation of the indandione rodenticides in serum. After samples were extracted with 10% (v/v) methanol in acetonitrile and cleaned by solid-phase extraction, chromatographic separation was performed on an IonPac AS11 analytical column (250 x 4.0 mm) using gradient KOH eluent with 10% (v/v) methanol as organic modifier. Confirmation was depended on the extensive fragmentation of the indandione molecule under MS/MS conditions which provides sufficient structural information. Quantification was performed by negative electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode. All the method parameters were validated. It was confirmed that this method could be used in clinical diagnosis and forensic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Chen
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China
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22
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OuYang XK, Chen XH, Yan YQ, Jin MC. Characterization and determination of chlorophacinone in plasma by ion chromatography coupled with ion trap electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:524-30. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Study of solid-phase extraction for the determination of sequestering agents in river water by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 11/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Haddad PR, Nesterenko PN, Buchberger W. Recent developments and emerging directions in ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:456-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Buttiglieri G, Knepper TP. Removal of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Treatment: Conventional Activated Sludge Treatment. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79210-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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26
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Determination of sequestering agents in cosmetics and synthetic detergents by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1171:63-8. [PMID: 17920069 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using a fast reversible reaction of aminopolycarboxylic acids (APCAs) into Fe(III)-APCA complexes in the presence of Fe(III) ions, seven kinds of APCAs [nitrilotriacetate (NTA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine-triacetate (HEDTA), ethylenediamine-tetraacetate (EDTA), 1,3-propanediamine-tetraacetate (PDTA), diethylenetriamine-pentaacetate (DTPA), 1,2-diaminopropane-tetraacetate (MeEDTA), and O,O'-bis(2-aminoethyl)ethyleneglycol-tetraacetate (GEDTA)] in cosmetics and synthetic detergents were separated on two reversed-phase C30 columns connected in series and detected with ultraviolet detection. Simple pretreatment, consisted of thousand times dilution of samples and addition of 100 microl of the Fe(III) solution containing 10 mM Fe(III) chloride and 0.5 M sulfuric acid to 10 ml of diluted samples, permitted the determination of APCAs in cosmetics and synthetic detergents at concentration level of 0.1 mM, except 0.3 mM for GEDTA. APCAs except GEDTA could be detected at concentration level of 0.03 mM and GEDTA could be detected at concentration level of 0.09 mM. Good recoveries (95-110%) were obtained for each APCA by the standard addition method on two diluted samples with high accuracy (RSD 0.2-9.1%). Three APCAs (EDTA, HEDTA and NTA) were detected in various concentrations in cosmetics and synthetic detergents and the other APCAs were not detected in any of the samples. This method requires no tedious pretreatment and takes only 15 min for one analysis, so it is useful for determination of APCAs.
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27
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Chen Z, Megharaj M, Naidu R. Confirmation of iron complex formation using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and sample stacking for analysis of iron polycarboxylate speciation by capillary electrophoresis. Microchem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Quintana JB, Reemtsma T. Rapid and sensitive determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid in water samples by ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1145:110-7. [PMID: 17266974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new method is presented for the quantitative determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) from aqueous samples without an enrichment step. It consist of the formation of the Fe(III) complexes of EDTA and DTPA, liquid-chromatography with a volatile ion-pairing agent and determination by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Limits of quantification (LOQ) of 1.0 and 0.6 microgL(-1) for EDTA and DTPA were obtained, allowing the direct injection of most aqueous environmental samples without any preceding enrichment. With a more recent mass spectrometer, the LOQ could be further decreased by almost one order of magnitude. Parallel analysis of real samples by a standardized method employing enrichment, derivatization and GC-MS analysis yielded comparable results. The method was applied to the determination of both complexing agents in several wastewater, surface water and drinking water samples, showing that EDTA is an omnipresent contaminant in partially closed water cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- IUMA, University Institute of Environment, University of A Coruña, Pazo da Lóngora, Liáns, 15179 Oleiros (A Coruña), Spain
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29
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Determination of alternative and conventional chelating agents as copper(II) complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis--the first use of didecyldimethylammonium bromide as a flow reversal reagent. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 584:136-44. [PMID: 17386596 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for analyzing 11 chelating agents [beta-alaninediacetic acid (beta-ADA), trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine-N,N',N'-triacetic acid (HEDTA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid (HEIDA), iminodiacetic acid (IDA), methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), 1,3-diaminopropane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (PDTA) and triethylenetetraaminehexaacetic acid (TTHA)] as negatively charged copper(II) complexes has been established. Both conventional and alternative chelating agents were included in this study, because they are used side by side in industrial applications. In this study, didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DMDDAB) was successfully used as a flow reversal reagent for the first time in an aqueous CZE method based on phosphate BGE with UV spectrophotometric detection. In addition this new flow modifier was compared to common TTAB. Method development was done using a fused silica capillary (61 cm x 50 microm i.d.). The optimized BGE was a 105 mmol L(-1) phosphate buffer with TTAB or DMDDAB in the concentration 0.5 mmol L(-1) at pH 7.1. The measurements were done with -20 kV voltage using direct UV detection at 254 nm. In both CZE methods all 11 analyte zones were properly separated (resolutions > or =2.4), and the calibrations gave excellent correlation coefficients (> or =0.998; linear range tested 0.5-2.0 mmol L(-1)). The limits of detection were < or =34 and < or =49 micromol L(-1) with the method of DMDDAB and TTAB, respectively. A clear benefit of both methods was the short analysis time; all 11 complexes were detected in less than 6 and 5.5 min with the methods of TTAB and DMDDAB, respectively. The two methods were tested with dishwashing detergents and paper mill wastewater samples and proved to be suitable for practical use.
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De Wever H, Weiss S, Reemtsma T, Vereecken J, Müller J, Knepper T, Rörden O, Gonzalez S, Barcelo D, Dolores Hernando M. Comparison of sulfonated and other micropollutants removal in membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:935-45. [PMID: 17207834 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) were compared with conventional activated sludge systems (CAS) for micropollutant degradation, in laboratory-scale spiking experiments with synthetic and real domestic wastewater. The target micropollutants were polar in nature and represented a broad range in biodegradability. The experimental data indicated that MBR treatment could significantly enhance removal of the micropollutants 1,6- and 2,7-naphthalene disulfonate (NDSA) and benzothiazole-2-sulfonate. 1,5-NDSA, EDTA and diclofenac were not removed in either the MBR or the CAS. The other compounds were equally well degraded in both systems. For 1,3-naphthalene disulfonate, the existence of a minimum threshold level for degradation could be demonstrated. Although MBRs could not always make a difference in the overall removal efficiencies achieved, they showed reduced lag phases for degradation and a stronger memory effect, which implies that they may respond quicker to variable influent concentrations. Finally, micropollutant removal also turned out to be less sensitive to system operational variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen De Wever
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Alvarez-Fernández A, Orera I, Abadía J, Abadía A. Determination of synthetic ferric chelates used as fertilizers by liquid chromatography-electrospray/mass spectrometry in agricultural matrices. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:37-47. [PMID: 17010641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (time of flight) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of synthetic Fe(III)-chelates used as fertilizers. Analytes included the seven major Fe(III)-chelates used in agriculture, Fe(III)-EDTA, Fe(III)-DTPA, Fe(III)-HEDTA, Fe(III)-CDTA, Fe(III)-o,oEDDHA, Fe(III)-o,pEDDHA, and Fe(III)-EDDHMA, and the method was validated using isotope labeled (57)Fe(III)-chelates as internal standards. Calibration curves had R values in the range 0.9962-0.9997. Limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges 3-164 and 14-945 pmol, respectively. Analyte concentrations could be determined between the limits of quantification and 25 muM (racemic and meso Fe(III)-o,oEDDHA and Fe(III)-EDDHMA) or 50 muM (Fe(III)-EDTA, Fe(III)-HEDTA, Fe(III)-DTPA, Fe(III)-CDTA and Fe(III)-o,pEDDHA). The average intraday repeatability values were approximately 0.5 and 5% for retention time and peak area, respectively, whereas the interday repeatability values were approximately 0.7 and 8% for retention time and peak area, respectively. The method was validated using four different agricultural matrices, including nutrient solution, irrigation water, soil solution, and plant xylem exudates, spiked with Fe(III)-chelate standards and their stable isotope-labeled corresponding chelates. Analyte recoveries found were in the ranges 92-101% (nutrient solution), 89-102% (irrigation water), 82-100% (soil solution), and 70-111% (plant xylem exudates). Recoveries depended on the analyte, with Fe(III)-EDTA and Fe(III)-DTPA showing the lowest recoveries (average values of 87 and 88%, respectively, for all agricultural matrices used), whereas for other analytes recoveries were between 91 and 101%. The method was also used to determine the real concentrations of Fe(III)-chelates in commercial fertilizers. Furthermore, the method is also capable of resolving two more synthetic Fe(III)-chelates, Fe(III)-EDDHSA and Fe(III)-EDDCHA, whose exact quantification is not currently possible because of lack of commercial standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alvarez-Fernández
- Plant Nutrition Department, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain.
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Bernhard M, Müller J, Knepper TP. Biodegradation of persistent polar pollutants in wastewater: comparison of an optimised lab-scale membrane bioreactor and activated sludge treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:3419-28. [PMID: 16962630 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of selected non-adsorbing persistent polar pollutants (P(3)) during wastewater (WW) treatment was studied by comparing a lab-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) running in parallel to activated sludge treatment (AST). The investigated P(3) are relevant representatives or metabolites from the compound classes: pesticides, pharmaceuticals, insect repellents, flame retardants and anionic surfactants. Analyses of all these P(3) at low ng L(-1) levels with sufficient standard deviations was performed in WW influents and effluents. Non-degradable micropollutants, such as EDTA and carbamazepine were not eliminated at all during WW treatment by any technique. However, the MBR showed significant better removals compared to AST for the investigated poorly biodegradable P(3), such as diclofenac, mecoprop and sulfophenylcarboxylates. An application of such an in terms of sludge retention time optimised MBR may lead to a reduction of these P(3) in the watercycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bernhard
- Europa University of Applied Sciences Fresenius, Limburger Strasse 2, D-65510 Idstein, Germany
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Laamanen PL, Busi S, Lahtinen M, Matilainen R. Separation of chelating agents as copper complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis using quaternary ammonium bromides as additives in N-methylformamide. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 580:91-8. [PMID: 17723760 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the use of quaternary ammonium bromides as additives in N-methylformamide (NMF) for the separation and quantification of chelating agents as copper complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The new quaternary ammonium bromides were synthesized in our laboratory and used for the first time for CZE applications performed in NMF media. The methods were developed and optimized for determination of six chelating agents (trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine-N,N',N'-triacetic acid (HEDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and triethylenetetraaminehexaacetic acid (TTHA)) as copper complexes. Among the tested electrolyte additives in NMF media (pH(app) 10.2) dimethyldioctylammonium bromide (DMDOAB), dimethyldinonylammonium bromide (DMDNAB) and dimethyldidecylammonium bromide (DMDDAB), at a concentration of 20 mmol L(-1) improved the separation of the copper complexes. The optimized methods require only 12 min for one analysis, and the detection limits for copper complexes of DMDNAB, the best-performing additive, were < or =24 micromol L(-1). Relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) for migration times were < or =2.5, < or =2.1, < or =3.1% and for peak areas, < or =3.1, < or =3.0, < or =3.2% for DMDOAB, DMDNAB and DMDDAB used as additives, respectively. All three methods were successfully applied to the analysis of natural and wastewater samples. No matrix effects from these samples were observed. The interaction between quaternary ammonium bromides and copper complexes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirkko-Leena Laamanen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Reemtsma T, Weiss S, Mueller J, Petrovic M, González S, Barcelo D, Ventura F, Knepper TP. Polar pollutants entry into the water cycle by municipal wastewater: a European perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:5451-8. [PMID: 16999124 DOI: 10.1021/es060908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The effluents of eight municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Western Europe were analyzed by liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry for the occurrence of 36 polar pollutants, comprising household and industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. In a long-term study of the effluents of three WWTP over 10 months, sulfophenyl carboxylates and ethylene diamino tetraacetate (EDTA) were detected above 10 microg/L on average, while benzotriazoles, benzothiazole-2-sulfonate, diclofenac, and carbamazepine showed mean concentrations of 1-10 microg/L, followed by some flame retardants, naphthalene disulfonates, and personal care products in the range of 0.1-1 microg/L. Half of the determined compounds were not significantly removed in tertiary wastewater treatment. By dividing the effluent concentration of a compound by its relative removal in WWTP a water cycle spreading index (WCSI) was calculated for each compound. We propose that this index provides a measure for the potential of a polar compound to spread along a partially closed water cycle after discharge with municipal wastewater and to occur in raw waters used for drinking water production. Polar pollutants in surface water samples of different catchments showed increasing concentration for compounds with increasing WCSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Fischer K, Höffler S, Meyer A. Systematic examination of the signal area precision of a single quadrupole enhanced low mass option (ELMO) MSQ [corrected] mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2419-26. [PMID: 16841363 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To examine the precision of the signal area response of an enhanced low mass option (ELMO) MSQmass spectrometer, operated in the negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mode, extended tests were performed, using flow injection analysis mass spectrometry (FIA-MS). Analytes were nitrate, nitrite, malonic acid, and D,L-mandelic acid. Composition and concentration of injected samples, application of an ASRS anion suppressor and of the cone wash unit, methanol addition to the FIA flow medium, and the voltage bias of the hexapole transfer lens were test variables. Individual test cycles comprised up to 90 injections, processed within 20 h. With a few exceptions the signal response tended to decline over time leading to a loss of more than 80% of the initial signal area in extreme cases. A hexapole radio-frequency (RF) voltage bias of -0.3 V led to an overall low detector response and to high losses of sensitivity over time. Other correlations between the insufficient signal reproducibility and FIA-MS operating conditions could not be established. The test scheme gave hints how to localize the cause of the mass spectrometer malfunction. The repetition of the test scheme after remedying the detected electronic default demonstrated that relative standard deviations less than 5% can be achieved for a sequence of 30 injections if methanol is added to the FIA flow medium and if a suppressor is used. Based on these findings a recommendation is formulated to supplement current test schemes for instrument performance verification by a detector response precision criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Fischer
- University of Trier, Faculty VI - Geography and Geosciences, Department of Analytical and Ecological Chemistry, Behringstr. 21, 54296 Trier, Germany
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