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Sander LC. Separations by Shape: Molecular Shape Recognition in Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2022; 85:10.1007/s10337-022-04137-z. [PMID: 38567378 PMCID: PMC10986420 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Molecular shape can provide a basis for chromatographic separations that is distinct from other interaction mechanisms often considered in liquid chromatography. Molecular shape recognition, or shape selectivity, is most evident for the separation of isomeric compounds that have constrained molecular structures, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A central feature of shape-selective columns is conformational order within the stationary phase; this aspect of stationary phase morphology is revealed through spectroscopic studies and molecular dynamics simulations, and is correlated with chromatographic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane C. Sander
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Chemical Sciences Division 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8390, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390, USA
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2
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El Hage K, Bemish RJ, Meuwly M. From in silica to in silico: retention thermodynamics at solid–liquid interfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18610-18622. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02899k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of solvated molecules at the solid/liquid interface is essential for a molecular-level understanding for the solution thermodynamics in reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystel El Hage
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Raymond J. Bemish
- Air Force Research Laboratory
- Space Vehicles Directorate
- Kirtland AFB
- USA
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
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3
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El Hage K, Gupta PK, Bemish R, Meuwly M. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Solute Retention at Heterogeneous Interfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4600-4607. [PMID: 28872324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable effort, a molecular-level understanding of the mechanisms governing adsorption/desorption in reversed-phase liquid chromatography is still lacking. This impedes rational design of columns and the development of reliable, computationally more efficient approaches to predict the selectivity of a particular column design. Using state-of-the art, validated force fields and free-energy simulations, the adsorption thermodynamics of benzene derivatives is investigated in atomistic detail and provides a quantitative microscopic understanding of retention when compared with experimental data. It is found that pure partitioning or pure adsorption is rather the exception than the rule. Typically, a pronounced ∼1 kcal/mol stabilization on the surface is accompanied by a broad trough indicative of partitioning before the probe molecule incorporates into the mobile phase. The present findings provide a quantitative and rational basis to develop improved effective, coarse-grained computational models and to design columns for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystel El Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Prashant Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raymond Bemish
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate , Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Pokrovskiy OI, Ustinovich KB, Usovich OI, Parenago OO, Lunin VV. Interaction of positional isomers of dimethylbenzene with graphite. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024416080215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Ng JD, Upadhyay SP, Marquard AN, Lupo KM, Hinton DA, Padilla NA, Bates DM, Goldsmith RH. Single-Molecule Investigation of Initiation Dynamics of an Organometallic Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3876-83. [PMID: 26944030 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The action of molecular catalysts comprises multiple microscopic kinetic steps whose nature is of central importance in determining catalyst activity and selectivity. Single-molecule microscopy enables the direct examination of these steps, including elucidation of molecule-to-molecule variability. Such molecular diversity is particularly important for the behavior of molecular catalysts supported at surfaces. We present the first combined investigation of the initiation dynamics of an operational palladium cross-coupling catalyst at the bulk and single-molecule levels, including under turnover conditions. Base-initiated kinetics reveal highly heterogeneous behavior indicative of diverse catalyst population. Unexpectedly, this distribution becomes more heterogeneous at increasing base concentration. We model this behavior with a two-step saturation mechanism and identify specific microscopic steps where chemical variability must exist in order to yield observed behavior. Critically, we reveal how structural diversity at a surface translates into heterogeneity in catalyst behavior, while demonstrating how single-molecule experiments can contribute to understanding of molecular catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sunil P Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Angela N Marquard
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Katherine M Lupo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel A Hinton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicolas A Padilla
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Desiree M Bates
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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6
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Hanai T. In silicoModeling Study on Molecular Interactions in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1084-91. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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7
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Effect of ligand chain length on hydrophobic charge induction chromatography revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. Front Chem Sci Eng 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-013-1357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Lindsey RK, Rafferty JL, Eggimann BL, Siepmann JI, Schure MR. Molecular simulation studies of reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1287:60-82. [PMID: 23489490 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, molecular simulation methods have been applied to the modeling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). The purpose of these simulations was to provide a molecular-level understanding of: (i) the structure and dynamics of the bonded phase and its interface with the mobile phase, (ii) the interactions of analytes with the bonded phase, and (iii) the retention mechanism for different analytes. However, the investigation of chromatographic systems poses significant challenges for simulations with respect to the accuracy of the molecular mechanics force fields and the efficiency of the sampling algorithms. This review discusses a number of aspects concerning molecular simulation studies of RPLC systems including the historical development of the subject, the background needed to understand the two prevalent techniques, molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) methods, and the wealth of insight provided by these simulations. Examples from the literature employing MD approaches and from the authors' laboratory using MC methods are discussed. The former can provide information on chain dynamics and transport properties, whereas the latter techniques are uniquely suited for the investigation of phase and sorption equilibria that underly RPLC retention, and both can be used to elucidate the bonded-chain conformations and solvent distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0431, USA
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9
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Gupta PK, Meuwly M. Dynamics of Water/Methanol Mixtures at Functionalized Chromatographic Interfaces. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10951-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp305351f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Rafferty JL, Siepmann JI, Schure MR. Retention mechanism for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in reversed-phase liquid chromatography with monomeric stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9183-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Rafferty JL, Siepmann JI, Schure MR. Mobile phase effects in reversed-phase liquid chromatography: A comparison of acetonitrile/water and methanol/water solvents as studied by molecular simulation. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2203-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Molecular shape is essential in understanding molecular function, and understanding molecular shape requires definition of molecular boundaries. In this paper, we review the conceptual evolution of three molecular boundary types: the van der Waals surface, the Connolly surface, and the Lee-Richards (accessible) surface. Then, we point out the confusion among the names of these surfaces existing in the literature. Since it is desirable to have a well-defined terminology in a discipline, we propose the standard names of the three molecular boundary types and their corresponding volumes in order to maximize consistency among researchers, respect the first individual who defined or computed a surface type, and promote collaboration between biologists and geometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Soo Kim
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
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13
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Characterization of adsorption processes in analytical liquid–solid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:792-812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Zhang L, Sun Y. Molecular simulation of adsorption and its implications to protein chromatography: A review. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Zhang L, Zhao G, Sun Y. Effects of Ligand Density on Hydrophobic Charge Induction Chromatography: Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:2203-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jp903852c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guofeng Zhao
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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17
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Rafferty JL, Siepmann J, Schure MR. Influence of bonded-phase coverage in reversed-phase liquid chromatography via molecular simulation. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The properties of stationary phases and their characterization methods are reviewed. New and significant developments have occurred in the last few years, and new methods for stationary phase characterization have become available. The characterization methods are discussed, and the differences between the different methods are pointed out. In addition, method development approaches are reviewed, with special emphasis on recent developments that employ multiple parameters in parallel. Also, the renewed interest of temperature as a tool in method development is surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe D Neue
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA 01757, USA.
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