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Kuitunen ML, Dutoit JC, Siegenthaler P, Rapinoja ML, Vanninen PS. Identification of acidic degradation products of chemical warfare agents by methylation with trimethylsilyldiazomethane and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Anal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-022-00338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSensitive and reliable analysis of alkylphosphonic acids (APAs) and 2-(N,N-dialkylamino)ethanesulfonic acids (SAs), the degradation products of chemical warfare agents (CWAs), is one of the most important tasks for verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Unambiguous identification of these chemicals is required in a variety of environmental matrices, including soil and water. These acids with low volatility are very polar, and efficient and reliable methylation methods for their derivatization are needed for analysis with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In this study, the derivatization conditions for trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSDAM) methylation were optimized for rapid GC–MS screening. Optimized methylation of APAs and SAs with TMSDAM was compared with methylation with diazomethane. The TMSDAM methylation of SAs and benzilic acid was further compared with silylation with N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. The significance and necessity of cation exchange prior to derivatization and analysis were tested on samples with a high inorganic background. A recommendation to use the method for methylation of water samples and aqueous extracts using TMSDAM is given. The robustness of the method was illustrated by the successful identification of APAs and SAs in aqueous samples from proficiency tests organized by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
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Talari K, Ganji SK, Mutyam S, Tiruveedula RR. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of organic acids by ion pair liquid extraction followed by in-situ butylation from aqua feed samples. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2022; 28:25-34. [PMID: 35746850 DOI: 10.1177/14690667221103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive analytical method was developed to quantitatively determine organic acids (OAs) from fish feed samples extracted by ion-pair (IP) solvent extraction, followed by in-situ butylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. The extraction of OAs was carried out with acetonitrile containing 10 mM tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH), and the analytes were derivatized to their butyl esters in the injection port of the GC-MS system. The developed method was validated in the range of 1-5000 ng/g, with recoveries ranging from 93-117%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was 1-5 ng/g and 2-10 ng/g, respectively, yielding good linearity (R2 > 0.9990) and precision with a relative standard deviation less than 10%. The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze OAs in sinking and floating fish feed samples. The analyzed samples showed the presence of benzoic, succinic, fumaric, glutaric, adipic, and phthalic acids in sinking feed samples; and benzoic, succinic, adipic, phthalic acids in floating feed samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Talari
- Department of Chemistry, 28629Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Department of Chemistry, Government College for Women (A), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sai Krishna Ganji
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Division, Centre for Mass Spectrometry, 62391CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Satish Mutyam
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Division, Centre for Mass Spectrometry, 62391CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Mutyam S, Chilakala S, Tallapally M, Upadhyayula VVR. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of organic acids in fruit juices by multiwalled carbon nanotube-based ion-pair dispersive solid-phase extraction and in situ butylation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9165. [PMID: 34260110 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fruit juices are naturally acidic, and the acidity is due to the formation of various organic acids formed in several metabolic processes. The content of acids varies due to various processing parameters during the preparation of fruit juices and their packaging for commercialization. Quantitative determination of organic acids provides the necessary information leading to changes occurred during processing. METHODS The organic acids were extracted by ion-pair dispersive solid-phase extraction by multiwalled carbon nanotubes and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and in situ butylation. RESULTS The developed analytical method was validated, and the obtained results showed a linearity in the range of 0.5-5000 μg/L levels of the analytes with limit of detection and quantification values of 2-10 and 5-20 μg/L, respectively. The inter- and intra-day reproducibilities are less than 15% with 80%-98% recoveries and less than 20% matrix effect. The developed method was used for the quantitative determination of organic acids present in fresh and packaged apple, grape, orange, and pomegranate juice samples. The content of organic acids was observed in the range of 0.26-3793 μg/L. Pimelic acid was not detected in any of the analyzed fruit juices. Fumaric acid (FA) was observed to be a major organic diacid present in the natural fruit juices. The results indicated that the processing of fruit juices for packaging decreases the content of organic acids in fruits. CONCLUSIONS The developed GC-MS-based analytical method for the analysis of organic acids has good sensitivity and reproducibility for the quantitative determination of various organic acids in fruit juices. FA was observed to be the major carboxylic acid present in fruits. The processed juice samples possess the lowest concentration of organic acids, suggesting that processing has a significant effect on the concentration of organic acids in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Mutyam
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Division, Centre for Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shireesha Chilakala
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Division, Centre for Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Maheshwari Tallapally
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Division, Centre for Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vijayasarathi V R Upadhyayula
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Division, Centre for Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Solid-phase extraction of alkylphosphonic and O-alkyl alkylphosphonic acids followed by HPLC separation using porous graphitic carbon sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462420. [PMID: 34332314 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC separation of alkyl phosphonic acids on porous graphitic carbon adsorbent Hypercarb, based upon a step gradient of formic acid concentration in an aqueous mobile phase, was evaluated in this study. Analytes were detected by single quadrupole and triple quadrupole MS. Good separation was achieved for methyl phosphonic acid, ethylphosphonic acid, n-propylphosphonic acid, isopropylphosphonic acid, ethyl methylphosphonic acid, isopropyl methylphosphonic acid, isobutyl methylphosphonic acid, pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid. Solid-phase extraction of these analytes on Hypercarb was also proposed, desorption was carried out with aqueous ammonium formate and water-methanol mixtures. LODs were 0.1-0.2 ng mL-1 for these analytes without SPE; solid-phase extraction resulted in the decrease of LODs at least 100-fold. Accuracy was proven by analyses of spiked samples of river water and snow meltwater.
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Rybal’chenko IV, Baigil’diev TM, Rodin IA. Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis for the Determination of the Markers and Biomarkers of Chemical Warfare Agents. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Beale DJ, Pinu FR, Kouremenos KA, Poojary MM, Narayana VK, Boughton BA, Kanojia K, Dayalan S, Jones OAH, Dias DA. Review of recent developments in GC-MS approaches to metabolomics-based research. Metabolomics 2018; 14:152. [PMID: 30830421 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolomics aims to identify the changes in endogenous metabolites of biological systems in response to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This is accomplished through untargeted, semi-targeted and targeted based approaches. Untargeted and semi-targeted methods are typically applied in hypothesis-generating investigations (aimed at measuring as many metabolites as possible), while targeted approaches analyze a relatively smaller subset of biochemically important and relevant metabolites. Regardless of approach, it is well recognized amongst the metabolomics community that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is one of the most efficient, reproducible and well used analytical platforms for metabolomics research. This is due to the robust, reproducible and selective nature of the technique, as well as the large number of well-established libraries of both commercial and 'in house' metabolite databases available. AIM OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of developments in GC-MS based metabolomics applications, with a focus on sample preparation and preservation techniques. A number of chemical derivatization (in-time, in-liner, offline and microwave assisted) techniques are also discussed. Electron impact ionization and a summary of alternate mass analyzers are highlighted, along with a number of recently reported new GC columns suited for metabolomics. Lastly, multidimensional GC-MS and its application in environmental and biomedical research is presented, along with the importance of bioinformatics. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to both highlight and provide an update on GC-MS analytical techniques that are common in metabolomics studies. Specific emphasis is given to the key steps within the GC-MS workflow that those new to this field need to be aware of and the common pitfalls that should be looked out for when starting in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Beale
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
| | - Farhana R Pinu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Konstantinos A Kouremenos
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Pl, Ringwood, 3134, Australia
| | - Mahesha M Poojary
- Chemistry Section, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Vinod K Narayana
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Berin A Boughton
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Komal Kanojia
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Saravanan Dayalan
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Oliver A H Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, 3001, Australia
| | - Daniel A Dias
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia.
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Pagliano E, Campanella B, D'Ulivo A, Mester Z. Derivatization chemistries for the determination of inorganic anions and structurally related compounds by gas chromatography - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1025:12-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pal Anagoni S, Kauser A, Maity G, Upadhyayula VVR. Quantitative determination of acidic hydrolysis products of Chemical Weapons Convention related chemicals from aqueous and soil samples using ion-pair solid-phase extraction and in situ butylation. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:689-696. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pal Anagoni
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Asma Kauser
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Gopal Maity
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telangana India
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Furtado CM, von Mühlen C. Endocrine disruptors in water filters used in the Rio dos Sinos Basin region, Southern Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:85-90. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>The activated carbon filter is used in residences as another step in the treatment of drinking water, based on a physical-chemical process to absorb pollutants that are not removed in conventional treatment. Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are exogenous substances or mixtures of substances that acts on the endocrine system similarly to the endogenously produced hormones, triggering malfunctions and harmful changes to human and animal health. The objective of the present work was to study EDCs through semi-quantitative analysis of residential water filters collected in the region of Rio dos Sinos basin, focusing on two specific classes: hormones and phenols. The solid phase extraction principle was used for the extraction of compounds and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for the separation and characterization of EDCs. Four samples of residential filters collected from public water distribution and artesian wells, from the cities of Novo Hamburgo and São Leopoldo were analysed. Using the developed methodology, it was possible to detect and comparatively quantify selected EDCs in all studied samples, which indicates the presence of these contaminants in drinking water from different sources.</p>
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C von Mühlen
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kim D, Chung W, Kye Y. Liquid-phase Microextraction Pretreatment Techniques for Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Degradation Byproducts in Environmental Aqueous Samples. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.14478/ace.2015.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang Q, Ma L, Yin CR, Xu L. Developments in injection port derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:25-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Park YK, Chung WY, Kim B, Kye YS, Shin MS, Kim D. Ion-Pair Single-Drop Microextraction Determinations of Degradation Products of Chemical Warfare Agents in Water. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pragney D, Vijaya Saradhi U. Sample-preparation techniques for the analysis of chemical-warfare agents and related degradation products. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Zirconia coated stir bar sorptive extraction combined with large volume sample stacking capillary electrophoresis-indirect ultraviolet detection for the determination of chemical warfare agent degradation products in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1247:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Aleksenko SS. Liquid chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection for the determination of chemical warfare agents and their degradation products. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934812020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates by ion-pair solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 2011; 84:587-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Amphaisri K, Palit M, Mallard G. Thermally assisted methylation and subsequent silylation of scheduled acids of chemical weapon convention for on-site analysis and its comparison with the other methods of methylation. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:972-80. [PMID: 21215410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
On-site verification of the chemical weapon convention (CWC) requires provision for the detection and identification of alkyl phosphonic acids as well as some organic acids that are amenable to GC-MS only after derivatisation. Various derivatisation methods have been used for the identification of these acids and for many cases the methyl derivatives are less prone to artifacts possibly leading to false positive identification. Methylation with diazomethane is widely used but, especially for on-site analysis it has limitation due to the potential explosive and health hazards. Other methylation procedures like trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD), thermally assisted methylation (TAM) by trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide (TMPAH) and trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH) are evaluated. Data for methylation for the alkyl alkylphosphonic acids, alkylphosphonic acids and benzilic acid are reported. In addition, TAM followed by the silylation in the same sample without any additional sample preparation is also reported. Several parameters such as solvent, temperature, amount of reagents, time, etc. were studied. The two commercially available reagents namely, TMPAH and TMSH for TAM and subsequent silylation were evaluated. The LOD with TMPAH was below 0.5 ng per injection since all of the acids were detected by GC-MS with the S/N of >3 in full scan mode by AMDIS and their inter day relative standard deviation was from 4.7% to 10.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchanavadee Amphaisri
- Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Laboratory Heulweg 28-30, 2288GN Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Xu L, Hauser PC, Lee HK. Electro membrane isolation of nerve agent degradation products across a supported liquid membrane followed by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1214:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Xu L, Gong XY, Lee HK, Hauser PC. Ion-pair liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction of nerve agent degradation products followed by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1205:158-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The Study on the Rapid Screening of Schedule Chemicals in Aqueous Solution Using SPE-ACF. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2008.52.3.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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