1
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Arts AM, Wrzesinski PJ, West ZJ. An HPLC-ESI-QTOF method to analyze polar heteroatomic species in aviation turbine fuel via hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1719:464754. [PMID: 38428340 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Aviation turbine fuel is a complex mixture of thousands of compounds. An analytical method using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled with electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF) was developed for the identification of heteroatomic, polar compounds in aviation turbine fuel. Although compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur functional groups are each found at low levels (<0.1 % by mass) in fuels, their presence can generate significant effects on fuel properties. The HILIC-ESI-QTOF method is a combined separation and detection technique that possesses many advantages including a fast and simple sample preparation-requiring no extraction step therefore ensuring no loss of compounds of interest-and the ability to acquire high-fidelity compound data for chemometric analysis of heteroatomic species in aviation turbine fuel. In the development of the method, it was found that the chromatographic conditions and nature of the injection sample had a significant effect on separation efficiency and repeatability. For a sample dataset optimized using a singular aviation turbine fuel, retention time shift was able to be reduced from 0.4 min to 2.0 % relative standard deviation (RSD) to approximately 0.1 min with RSD of 0.4 % using the newly developed method. In addition, a high number of untargeted molecular features (944) and targeted amines (121) were able to be identified when utilizing optimal method conditions. The specific benefits and limitations of utilizing HILIC techniques with HPLC-ESI-QTOF are also discussed herein. This new method is currently being expanded to include analysis of all heteroatoms and is being applied to real fuel sets. The results of these studies are forthcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Arts
- University of Dayton Research Institute, 300 College Park Dr, Dayton, OH 45469-0043, United States.
| | - Paul J Wrzesinski
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 1790 Loop Rd, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7131, United States
| | - Zachary J West
- University of Dayton Research Institute, 300 College Park Dr, Dayton, OH 45469-0043, United States
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2
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Gavrilović I, Wüst B, Danaceau J, Braidman E, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Parr MK, Cowan D. Routine application of SFC-MS in doping control: Analysis of 3 × 1000 urine samples using three different SFC-MS instruments. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38361255 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) has proved to be a beneficial tool for sample analysis for a wide variety of compounds and, as such, has recently gained the attention of the anti-doping community. We have tested the applicability of SFC-MS for routine doping control analysing approximately 3 × 1000 identical anti-doping samples utilising SFC-MS instruments from three different vendors: Agilent Technologies, Waters Corporation and Shimadzu Corporation. A 'dilute and inject' approach either without or after hydrolysis of glucuronide metabolites was applied. Most of the compounds included in our study demonstrated excellent chromatography, whereas some showed co-elution with endogenous interferences requiring MS discrimination. Retention times typically were very stable within batches (%CV ≤ 0.5%), although this appeared to be analyte and column dependent. Chromatographic peak shape was good (symmetrical) and stable over the period of the testing without any change of column. Our results suggest that SFC-MS is a sensitive, reproducible and robust analytical tool ready to be used in anti-doping laboratories alongside the currently applied techniques such as gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Even if instruments are designed slightly differently, all three setups demonstrated their fitness for the purpose in anti-doping testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gavrilović
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bernhard Wüst
- Agilent Technologies GmbH, Hewlett Packard Straße 8, Waldbronn, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy
- REDs - Research and Expertise in Antidoping Sciences, ISSUL - Institute de Sciences du Sport, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - David Cowan
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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3
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Frankenfeld F, Wagmann L, Jacobs CM, Meyer MR. Quantitative analysis of drugs of abuse and cognitive enhancers in influent wastewater by means of two chromatographic methods. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 38012832 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sewage-based epidemiology using influent wastewater is used to estimate the consumption trends of (illicit) drugs over a short or long period of time in a subpopulation. The current study aimed to develop two separate methods for the quantitative analysis of selected drugs of abuse (DOA) and cognitive enhancers in influent wastewater using reversed-phase (RP) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). The performance of RP and HILIC column was evaluated. A simple solid phase extraction was used for sample preparation. Short runtimes of 10 and 15 min on the RP and the HILIC column, respectively, allowed sufficient throughput. A six-point calibration was used for quantification with calibration ranges between 10 and 100 ng/L for all analytes except for benzoylecgonine (BZE, 30-300 ng/L). Method validation was performed according to ICH guideline M10. Analytes such as amphetamine (AMPH), BZE, cocaethylene (CE), cocaine (COC), ethyl sulfate, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine, methylphenidate (MPH), and ritalinic acid (RA) were included in method development and validation. Two different column types were necessary for sufficient chromatographic resolution. The analytical setup allowed detection of all other analytes at concentration levels between 1 ng/L for methylphenidate to 10 ng/L for amphetamine. A method for the detection and quantification of DOA, cognitive enhancers, and their biomarkers in wastewater was successfully developed and validated. Moreover, six proof-of-concept samples were analyzed in which AMPH, BZE, COC, MDMA, MPH, and RA were identified and further quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Frankenfeld
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Cathy M Jacobs
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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4
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Zhang L, Shen L, Zhong Q, Zhou T. Diluting modulation-based two dimensional-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for simultaneously determining multiclass prohibited substances in cosmetics. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463954. [PMID: 37011524 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient and comprehensive screening methods for prohibited substances in cosmetics is critical for ensuring the quality and safety of cosmetics used in everyday life. This study proposed a heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS) method based on online diluting modulation for detecting multiclass prohibited substances in cosmetics. The 2D-LC-MS method combines HILIC and RPLC techniques. Compounds near the dead time that the first dimensional HILIC could not separate were transferred to the second dimensional RPLC by valve switch, achieving good separation with a wide range of polarities. Moreover, the online diluting modulation solved the problem of mobile phase incompatibility, realizing an excellent column-head focusing effect and reducing the loss of sensitivity. Besides, the first dimensional analysis did not restrict the flow rate of the second dimensional analysis owing to the diluting modulation. We demonstrated the 2D-LC-MS system by determining 126 prohibited substances in cosmetic products, including hormones, local anesthetics, anti-infectives, adrenergic agents, antihistamines, pesticides, and other chemicals. All correlation coefficients of the compounds were above 0.9950. The LODs and the LOQs ranged from 0.000259 ng/mL to 16.6 ng/mL and 0.000864 ng/mL to 55.3 ng/mL, respectively. The RSDs% for intra-day and inter-day precision were within 6% and 14%, respectively. Compared with conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography methods, the established method expanded the analytical coverage of cosmetics-prohibited substances with reduced matrix effects for most compounds and improved sensitivity for polar analytes. The results indicated that the 2D-LC-MS method was a powerful tool for screening multiclass prohibited substances in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lingling Shen
- Guangzhou Analytical Center, Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Qisheng Zhong
- Guangzhou Analytical Center, Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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5
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Wang Y, Yan K, Wang Z, He G, Chang W. Quantification of Ephedrine Substances in Human Urine by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2022; 61:32-37. [PMID: 35368063 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An accurate quantitative method for four prohibited ephedrine substances in human urine has been established, based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The quantitative bias caused by pretreatment operations and matrix effects was reduced by the dilute and shoot pretreatment method. The good separation of isomers was achieved with the advantages of the UPLC instrument and Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C8 UPLC column. Stable quantitative ions were selected during the analysis with MS/MS. The result of the method validation experiment showed an excellent linearity between 50% and 200% threshold concentration with a correlation coefficient (r2) greater than 0.999. The coefficient of variation at the limit of quantification and threshold was <20% and 10%, respectively. The uncertainty was below the maximum uncertainty specified in the technical document of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The analytical result using this method has passed the WADA-external quality assessment scheme. The anti-doping laboratory has applied the method in routine tests and reported adverse analytical finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kuan Yan
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhanliang Wang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Genye He
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Chang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China
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6
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González-Rubio S, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Carreras D, Muñoz G, Rubio S. A comprehensive study on the performance of different retention mechanisms in sport drug testing by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1178:122821. [PMID: 34229166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anti-doping substances listed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) include hundreds of compounds of very different physico-chemical properties. Anti-doping control laboratories need to screen all these substances in the so-called Initial Testing Procedures (ITPs) what is very challenging from an analytical point of view. ITPs are mostly based on reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using C18 columns, which feature poor retention and peak tailing for polar and basic compounds, respectively. While studies on this field dealing with the comparison of stationary phases are focused on certain chemical classes, this research provides a wide multi-target approach. For this purpose, a representative group of 93 anti-doping agents (log P from -2.4 to 9.2) included in ten different classes of prohibited substances was selected. A comprehensive study on the performance of six columns and four eluents on different separation parameters (retention factors, asymmetry factors, co-elutions, total run times) and matrix effects (signal enhancement or suppression) was performed for LC-MS/MS-based ITPs. Columns working in both RP [C18, C8, phenyl hexyl (PH), pentafluorophenyl (PFP) and mixed-mode hydrophilic/RP (HILIC-RP)) and hydrophilic (HILIC)] modes were investigated. Eluents contained methanol or acetonitrile as organic modifiers, with or without the addition of ammonium acetate. The best column-mobile phase binomial for ITPs was PFP using water-methanol (0.1% formic acid) as eluent, while HILIC was the best option for highly polar non-aromatic anti-doping agents, which were poorly addressed by PFP. Excellent good peak shapes and relative acceptable matrix interferences were obtained for HILIC-RP, which was tested for the first time for the analysis of anti-doping agents, although the number of compounds eluting too fast was too high. On the whole, the alkyl phase C18 showed the worst performance and although C8 and PH were better, their performance did not surpass that of PFP. Possible retention mechanisms underlying separation in the different stationary phases were discussed. This research provides valuable information to anti-doping control labs for improving LC-MS/MS-based ITPs and it proposes PFP as a suitable alternative to the already established C18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad González-Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Daniel Carreras
- Anti-doping Control Laboratory, Spanish Agency of Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Spain
| | - Gloria Muñoz
- Anti-doping Control Laboratory, Spanish Agency of Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Spain
| | - Soledad Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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7
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Erkmen C, Gebrehiwot WH, Uslu B. Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC): Latest Applications in the Pharmaceutical Researches. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916666200402101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Significant advances have been occurred in analytical research since the 1970s
by Liquid Chromatography (LC) as the separation method. Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography
(RPLC) method, using hydrophobic stationary phases and polar mobile phases, is the most commonly
used chromatographic method. However, it is difficult to analyze some polar compounds with this
method. Another separation method is the Normal Phase Liquid Chromatography (NPLC), which involves
polar stationary phases with organic eluents. NPLC presents low-efficiency separations and
asymmetric chromatographic peak shapes when analyzing polar compounds. Hydrophilic Interaction
Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) is an interesting and promising alternative method for the analysis of
polar compounds. HILIC is defined as a separation method that combines stationary phases used in the
NPLC method and mobile phases used in the RPLC method. HILIC can be successfully applied to all
types of liquid chromatographic separations such as pharmaceutical compounds, small molecules, metabolites,
drugs of abuse, carbohydrates, toxins, oligosaccharides, peptides, amino acids and proteins.
Objective:
This paper provides a general overview of the recent application of HILIC in the pharmaceutical
research in the different sample matrices such as pharmaceutical dosage form, plasma, serum,
environmental samples, animal origin samples, plant origin samples, etc. Also, this review focuses on
the most recent and selected papers in the drug research from 2009 to the submission date in 2020,
dealing with the analysis of different components using HILIC.
Results and Conclusion:
The literature survey showed that HILIC applications are increasing every
year in pharmaceutical research. It was found that HILIC allows simultaneous analysis of many compounds
using different detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Erkmen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara,Turkey
| | | | - Bengi Uslu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara,Turkey
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8
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Thacker JB, Schug KA. Quantitative determination of fructose, glucose, and sucrose in hard ciders and apple juice by LC–MS/MS. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B. Thacker
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas USA
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas USA
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9
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Zhao WJ, Chen XY, Liu YQ, Li P, Li HJ. Liquid chromatographic separation of alkaloids in herbal medicines: Current status and perspectives. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1755-1772. [PMID: 32160388 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alkaloids are a widespread group of basic compounds in herbal medicines and have attracted great interest due to various pharmaceutical activities and desirable druggability. Their distinctive structures make chromatographic separation fairly difficult. Peak tailing, poor resolution, and inferior column-to-column reproducibility are common obstacles to overcome. In order to provide a valuable reference, the methodologies and/or strategies on liquid chromatographic separation of alkaloids in herbal medicines proposed from 2012 to 2019 are thoroughly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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10
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UHPLC-HRMS n Analysis Reveals the Dynamic Metabonomic Responses of Salvia miltiorrhiza Hairy Roots to Polysaccharide Fraction from Trichoderma atroviride. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100541. [PMID: 31569805 PMCID: PMC6843243 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that Trichoderma atroviride, an endophytic fungus isolated from S. miltiorrhiza, promotes S. miltiorrhiza hairy root growth and significantly stimulates the biosynthesis of tanshinones specifically the polysaccharide fraction (PSF). However, this study only focused exclusively on six metabolites whilst ignoring changes to the whole metabolite composition of the S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. In the present study, the dynamic metabonomic responses of S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots were investigated using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMSn). UHPLC-HRMS typical total ions chromatograms (TICs) of PSF-treated hairy root samples were different from the control. Moreover, the results of principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) indicated that PSF-treated samples were significantly different from the control. Through the analysis of PLS-DA, a total of 114 and 99 differential metabolites were found from the positive and negative models respectively and a total of 33 differential metabolites were identified. Thus, S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots had been induced to regulate the metabolic profiling in response to PSF and the changes of the metabolic profiling contributed to promoting the biosynthesis of tanshinones notably whilst the biosynthesis of phenolic acids were slightly inhibited.
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11
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Ladd MP, Giannone RJ, Abraham PE, Wullschleger SD, Hettich RL. Evaluation of an untargeted nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach to expand coverage of low molecular weight dissolved organic matter in Arctic soil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5810. [PMID: 30967565 PMCID: PMC6456581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing low molecular weight (LMW) dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soils and evaluating the availability of this labile pool is critical to understanding the underlying mechanisms that control carbon storage or release across terrestrial systems. However, due to wide-ranging physicochemical diversity, characterizing this complex mixture of small molecules and how it varies across space remains an analytical challenge. Here, we evaluate an untargeted approach to detect qualitative and relative-quantitative variations in LMW DOM with depth using water extracts from a soil core from the Alaskan Arctic, a unique system that contains nearly half the Earth's terrestrial carbon and is rapidly warming due to climate change. We combined reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, and nano-electrospray ionization coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry in positive- and negative-ionization mode. The optimized conditions were sensitive, robust, highly complementary, and enabled detection and putative annotations of a wide range of compounds (e.g. amino acids, plant/microbial metabolites, sugars, lipids, peptides). Furthermore, multivariate statistical analyses revealed subtle but consistent and significant variations with depth. Thus, this platform is useful not only for characterizing LMW DOM, but also for quantifying relative variations in LMW DOM availability across space, revealing hotspots of biogeochemical activity for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory P Ladd
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research & Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Richard J Giannone
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Paul E Abraham
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research & Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research & Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.
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12
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Retention characteristics of some antibiotic and anti-retroviral compounds in hydrophilic interaction chromatography using isocratic elution, and gradient elution with repeatable partial equilibration. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1045:141-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Tan A, Fanaras JC. Use of high-pH (basic/alkaline) mobile phases for LC-MS or LC-MS/MS bioanalysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4409. [PMID: 30315658 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
High-pH or basic/alkaline mobile phases are not commonly used in LC-MS or LC-MS/MS bioanalysis because of the deeply rooted concern with column instability and reduced detection sensitivity for basic compounds in high-pH mobile phases owing to charge neutralization. With the advancement of LC column technology and the wide recognition of the "wrong-way-round" phenomena, high-pH mobile phases are more and more used in LC-MS or LC-MS/MS bioanalysis to improve chromatographic peak shape, retention, selectivity, resolution, and detection sensitivity, not only for basic compounds, but also for many other compounds. In this article, the benefits, practical considerations, application examples and cautions for using high-pH mobile phases in LC-MS or LC-MS/MS bioanalysis are reviewed, with a focus on quantification. Furthermore, the future trends in this field are also envisaged. A total of 84 references are cited in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Tan
- Nucro-Technics, Scarborough, ON, Canada
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14
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Mak J, Wong BT, Kwan T, Le A, Cowan TM. Rapid Underivatized Method for Quantitative Methylmalonic Acid by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Appl Lab Med 2018; 3:408-417. [PMID: 33636915 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2018.026724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels can aid in assessing vitamin B12 deficiency or abnormal propionate metabolism. MMA analysis by LC-MS/MS is challenging because of both the nanomolar reference range and potential interference from succinic acid, an endogenous isomer. We show that ultrafiltration followed by gradient chromatography permits rapid, sensitive, and selective quantification that is essentially devoid of matrix effects. METHODS Fifty microliters of serum or plasma were mixed with 50 μL of MMA-d3 and deproteinized by ultrafiltration. Filtrates were analyzed by reversed-phase LC-MS/MS. The clinical performance of the MMA assay was validated using guidelines from both the College of American Pathologists and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Matrix effects were examined by postcolumn infusion, phospholipid analysis, and peak area comparisons. RESULTS The analytical measurement range was 0.05 to 100 μmol/L. The resolution between physiological succinic acid and MMA was >2.3. Recovery of MMA averaged 92%, and MMA eluted away from ion suppressants. Direct correlation with our earlier method and with consensus data from external proficiency testing yielded an R2 ≥ 0.9409 and average biases less than ±5%. In the production environment, ongoing correlation with external proficiency testing yielded an R2 of 0.9980 and a mean bias of 0.36%. Over 1.7 years, the imprecision of 2 quality control levels was <6.4%. CONCLUSIONS We combined ultrafiltration, a simple sample extraction method, with gradient chromatography to exclude matrix effects to accurately and precisely quantify MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Mak
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Beverly T Wong
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Tony Kwan
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Anthony Le
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Tina M Cowan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
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15
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Zhang Q, Xiao C, Wang W, Qian M, Xu J, Yang H. Chromatography column comparison and rapid pretreatment for the simultaneous analysis of amantadine, rimantadine, acyclovir, ribavirin, and moroxydine in chicken muscle by ultra high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3998-4010. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyan Zhang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Chaogeng Xiao
- Institute of Food Sciences; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Mingrong Qian
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
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16
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17
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Lewis MR, Pearce JTM, Spagou K, Green M, Dona AC, Yuen AHY, David M, Berry DJ, Chappell K, Horneffer-van der Sluis V, Shaw R, Lovestone S, Elliott P, Shockcor J, Lindon JC, Cloarec O, Takats Z, Holmes E, Nicholson JK. Development and Application of Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-TOF MS for Precision Large Scale Urinary Metabolic Phenotyping. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9004-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Lewis
- MRC-NIHR
National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jake T. M. Pearce
- MRC-NIHR
National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantina Spagou
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Green
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham
Road, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C. Dona
- MRC-NIHR
National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ada H. Y. Yuen
- MRC-NIHR
National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Mark David
- MRC-NIHR
National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Berry
- MRC-NIHR
National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Chappell
- MRC-NIHR
National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Verena Horneffer-van der Sluis
- MRC-NIHR
National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Shaw
- MRC-NIHR
National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department
of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elliott
- MRC-PHE
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - John Shockcor
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Lindon
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Cloarec
- Korrigan Sciences Ltd., 38 Wakemans, Upper Basildon, Reading RG8 8JE, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Takats
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- MRC-NIHR
National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Applications and challenges in using LC–MS/MS assays for quantitative doping analysis. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1307-22. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
LC–MS/MS is useful for qualitative and quantitative analysis of ‘doped’ biological samples from athletes. LC–MS/MS-based assays at low-mass resolution allow fast and sensitive screening and quantification of targeted analytes that are based on preselected diagnostic precursor–product ion pairs. Whereas LC coupled with high-resolution/high-accuracy MS can be used for identification and quantification, both have advantages and challenges for routine analysis. Here, we review the literature regarding various quantification methods for measuring prohibited substances in athletes as they pertain to World Anti-Doping Agency regulations.
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Chen X, Tang Y, Wang S, Song Y, Tang F, Wu X. Field-amplified sample injection in capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection for the ultratrace analysis of diastereomeric ephedrine alkaloids. Electrophoresis 2016; 36:1953-61. [PMID: 25873262 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A coupling method of field-amplified sample injection (FASI) CE with amperometric detection is developed for ultratrace analysis of ephedrine alkaloids stereoisomers. FASI was introduced by injecting electrokinetically the sample solution for 10 s into the capillary filled with highly conductive background electrolyte (BGE). The diastereomeric selectivity and the detection sensitivity were improved by using borate buffer of high ionic strength as BGE. Parameters affecting FASI and CE separation were investigated to achieve the optimal conditions. Four analytes were separated within 15 min using 200 mmol/L borate buffer (pH 9.5) and separation voltage of +18 kV, with detection potential at +1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and carbon disc electrode as working electrode. Excellent linearity was observed between peak current and concentration of analytes in the range of 0.1-100 ng/mL. The LODs (S/N = 3) for (-)-ephedrine, (+)-pseudoephedrine, (-)-N-methylephedrine and (+)-N-methylpseudoephedrine were 39.3, 54.9, 30.8, and 44.1 pg/mL, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of alkaloids in Ephedra sinica, with results agreed well with HPLC method. Mean recoveries of 102.1-109.7% and RSDs less than 6% were found. And the merits of high sensitivity and selectivity, as well as a simple and stable operation, have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.,Fujian Metrology Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Tang
- Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yunping Song
- Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Fengxiang Tang
- Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
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20
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Bioanalytical techniques in discrimination between therapeutic and abusive use of drugs in sport. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:965-80. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discrimination between therapeutic and abusive use of drugs in sports is performed using threshold concentrations or reporting levels, and the detection of the substances in a sample is only reported as an adverse analytical finding when the concentration exceeds the threshold or the reporting level. In this paper, the strategies of discrimination and the analytical methods used for the main groups of substances where the distinction is needed (β-2 agonists, ephedrines, glucocorticoids and morphine) will be reviewed. Nowadays, LC–MS is the method of choice for the analysis of these substances and, in most of the cases, a simple dilution of the urine sample is performed before the chromatographic analysis.
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21
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Aretz I, Meierhofer D. Advantages and Pitfalls of Mass Spectrometry Based Metabolome Profiling in Systems Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050632. [PMID: 27128910 PMCID: PMC4881458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based metabolome profiling became the method of choice in systems biology approaches and aims to enhance biological understanding of complex biological systems. Genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics are well established technologies and are commonly used by many scientists. In comparison, metabolomics is an emerging field and has not reached such high-throughput, routine and coverage than other omics technologies. Nevertheless, substantial improvements were achieved during the last years. Integrated data derived from multi-omics approaches will provide a deeper understanding of entire biological systems. Metabolome profiling is mainly hampered by its diversity, variation of metabolite concentration by several orders of magnitude and biological data interpretation. Thus, multiple approaches are required to cover most of the metabolites. No software tool is capable of comprehensively translating all the data into a biologically meaningful context yet. In this review, we discuss the advantages of metabolome profiling and main obstacles limiting progress in systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Aretz
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - David Meierhofer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Recent advances in the application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the analysis of biological matrices. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2927-45. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is being increasingly used for the analysis of hydrophilic compounds in biological matrices. The complexity of biological samples demands adequate sample preparation procedures, specifically adjusted for HILIC analyses. Currently, most bioanalytical assays are performed on bare silica and ZIC-HILIC columns. Trends in HILIC for bioanalysis include smaller particle sizes and miniaturization of the analytical column. For complex biological samples, multidimensional techniques can separate and identify more compounds than 1D separations. The high volatility of the mobile phase, the added separation power and high sensitivity make MS the detection method of choice for bioanalysis using HILIC, although other detectors such as evaporative light scattering detection, charged aerosol detection and nuclear magnetic resonance have been reported.
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23
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Heaton JC, McCalley DV. Some factors that can lead to poor peak shape in hydrophilic interaction chromatography, and possibilities for their remediation. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1427:37-44. [PMID: 26689823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Some factors which present difficulties for obtaining good peak shape in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) were studied. The effect of injection solvent composition and volume was systematically investigated using a selection of weak and stronger basic compounds on a hybrid bare silica phase. Increasing the mismatch between the injection solvent (range 95-0% ACNv/v) and the mobile phase (maintained at 95% ACNv/v) gave increasing deterioration in peak shape. With the 2.1mm ID columns used, injections in the mobile phase of increasing volume (1-20 μL) gave poorer peak shape, but the magnitude of the effect was considerably smaller than that of solvent mismatch over this range. Some solute structural features such as galloyl (trihydroxy benzene), catechol (benzene diol) and phosphate (in nucleotides) gave serious peak tailing, attributed to interactions with metals in the stationary phase or the chromatographic hardware. These undesirable effects can be moderated by including complexing agents in the mobile phase, by changing the stationary phase chemistry, or by altering the mobile phase pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Heaton
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - David V McCalley
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
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24
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Lv M, Chen J, Gao Y, Sun J, Zhang Q, Zhang M, Xu F, Zhang Z. Metabolomics based on liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry reveals the chemical difference in the stems and roots derived from Ephedra sinica. J Sep Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Jiaqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Yiqiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Mohan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Fengguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
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25
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Yang P, Pursch M. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for the separation of acidic agricultural compounds. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2253-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Yang
- Analytical Sciences; The Dow Chemical Company; Collegeville PA USA
| | - Matthias Pursch
- Dow Deutschland GmbH; Analytical Technology Center; Rheinmuenster Germany
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26
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de Castro RJS, Sato HH. Biologically active peptides: Processes for their generation, purification and identification and applications as natural additives in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Food Res Int 2015; 74:185-198. [PMID: 28411983 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances have created great interest in the use of biologically active peptides. Bioactive peptides can be defined as specific portions of proteins with 2 to 20 amino acids that have desirable biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, antithrombotic, anti-adipogenic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Specific characteristics, including low toxicity and high specificity, make these molecules of particular interest to the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review focuses on the production of bioactive peptides, with special emphasis on fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis. The combination of different technologies and the use of auxiliary processes are also addressed. A survey of isolation, purification and peptide characterization methods was conducted to identify the major techniques used to determine the structures of bioactive peptides. Finally, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-hypertensive, anti-adipogenic activities and probiotic-bacterial growth-promoting aspects of various peptides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruann Janser Soares de Castro
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 80 Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Hélia Harumi Sato
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 80 Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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27
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Lv M, Sun J, Wang M, Huang W, Fan H, Xu F, Zhang Z. GC-MS based metabolomics study of stems and roots of Ephedra sinica. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 114:49-52. [PMID: 26004227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic effects of herbal medicines differ greatly due to the use of different anatomical parts or processing methods in traditional Chinese medicine, and Ephedra sinica (ES) is just a case in point. To better understand different traditional uses of the stems (known as Mahuang, MH) and roots (known as Mahuanggen, MHG) of ES, their therapeutic material basis should be investigated. In this study, ephedrine alkaloids were profiled simultaneously with primary metabolites using GC-MS based metabolomics. Ephedrine (E) has been reported to be the major bioactive constituent in MH for the treatment of asthma. The results showed that compared with MH, MHG contained much lower levels of five ephedrine alkaloids, which may well explain that MHG has not been used as an antiasthmatic. Additionally, these pharmacologically important ephedrine alkaloids exhibited strong positive correlation with five primary metabolites. In conclusion, this study facilitates better understanding of different traditional uses of MH and MHG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wanqiu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongyan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fengguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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28
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"Dilute-and-inject" multi-target screening assay for highly polar doping agents using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry for sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5365-79. [PMID: 25925859 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8699-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the field of LC-MS, reversed phase liquid chromatography is the predominant method of choice for the separation of prohibited substances from various classes in sports drug testing. However, highly polar and charged compounds still represent a challenging task in liquid chromatography due to their difficult chromatographic behavior using reversed phase materials. A very promising approach for the separation of hydrophilic compounds is hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). Despite its great potential and versatile advantages for the separation of highly polar compounds, HILIC is up to now not very common in doping analysis, although most manufacturers offer a variety of HILIC columns in their portfolio. In this study, a novel multi-target approach based on HILIC high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry is presented to screen for various polar stimulants, stimulant sulfo-conjugates, glycerol, AICAR, ethyl glucuronide, morphine-3-glucuronide, and myo-inositol trispyrophosphate after direct injection of diluted urine specimens. The usage of an effective online sample cleanup and a zwitterionic HILIC analytical column in combination with a new generation Hybrid Quadrupol-Orbitrap® mass spectrometer enabled the detection of highly polar analytes without any time-consuming hydrolysis or further purification steps, far below the required detection limits. The methodology was fully validated for qualitative and quantitative (AICAR, glycerol) purposes considering the parameters specificity; robustness (rRT < 2.0%); linearity (R > 0.99); intra- and inter-day precision at low, medium, and high concentration levels (CV < 20%); limit of detection (stimulants and stimulant sulfo-conjugates < 10 ng/mL; norfenefrine; octopamine < 30 ng/mL; AICAR < 10 ng/mL; glycerol 100 μg/mL; ETG < 100 ng/mL); accuracy (AICAR 103.8-105.5%, glycerol 85.1-98.3% at three concentration levels) and ion suppression/enhancement effects.
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29
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Vorkas PA, Isaac G, Anwar MA, Davies AH, Want EJ, Nicholson JK, Holmes E. Untargeted UPLC-MS profiling pipeline to expand tissue metabolome coverage: application to cardiovascular disease. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4184-93. [PMID: 25664760 PMCID: PMC4407508 DOI: 10.1021/ac503775m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Metabolic
profiling studies aim to achieve broad metabolome coverage
in specific biological samples. However, wide metabolome coverage
has proven difficult to achieve, mostly because of the diverse physicochemical
properties of small molecules, obligating analysts to seek multiplatform
and multimethod approaches. Challenges are even greater when it comes
to applications to tissue samples, where tissue lysis and metabolite
extraction can induce significant systematic variation in composition.
We have developed a pipeline for obtaining the aqueous and organic
compounds from diseased arterial tissue using two consecutive extractions,
followed by a different untargeted UPLC-MS analysis method for each
extract. Methods were rationally chosen and optimized to address the
different physicochemical properties of each extract: hydrophilic
interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) for the aqueous extract
and reversed-phase chromatography for the organic. This pipeline can
be generic for tissue analysis as demonstrated by applications to
different tissue types. The experimental setup and fast turnaround
time of the two methods contributed toward obtaining highly reproducible
features with exceptional chromatographic performance (CV % < 0.5%),
making this pipeline suitable for metabolic profiling applications.
We structurally assigned 226 metabolites from a range of chemical
classes (e.g., carnitines, α-amino acids, purines, pyrimidines,
phospholipids, sphingolipids, free fatty acids, and glycerolipids)
which were mapped to their corresponding pathways, biological functions
and known disease mechanisms. The combination of the two untargeted
UPLC-MS methods showed high metabolite complementarity. We demonstrate
the application of this pipeline to cardiovascular disease, where
we show that the analyzed diseased groups (n = 120)
of arterial tissue could be distinguished based on their metabolic
profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis A Vorkas
- †Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Giorgis Isaac
- ‡Pharmaceutical Discovery and Life Sciences, Waters Corporations, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Muzaffar A Anwar
- §Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, U.K
| | - Alun H Davies
- §Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, U.K
| | - Elizabeth J Want
- †Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- †Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,∥MRC-NIHR National Phenome Centre, IRDB Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, U.K
| | - Elaine Holmes
- †Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,∥MRC-NIHR National Phenome Centre, IRDB Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, U.K
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30
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KANAMORI T, FUNATSU T, TSUNODA M. Evaluation of the Effects of Sample Solutions and Injector Wash Solutions on Separation Efficiency in Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2015.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi FUNATSU
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo
| | - Makoto TSUNODA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo
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31
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Nováková L, Havlíková L, Vlčková H. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography of polar and ionizable compounds by UHPLC. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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32
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Evaluation and comparison of the kinetic performance of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography columns in hydrophilic interaction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography conditions. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1369:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Recent advances in hydrophilic interaction chromatography for quantitative analysis of endogenous and pharmaceutical compounds in plasma samples. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2421-39. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need for new analytical methods that can handle a large number of analytes in complex matrices. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has recently been demonstrated as an important supplement to reversed-phase liquid chromatography for polar analytes, particularly endogenous compounds. With the increasing popularity of HILIC, progressively more polar phases with diverse functional groups have been developed. In addition, the coupling of HILIC to mass spectrometry offers the advantages of improved sensitivity by employing an organic-rich mobile phase. This article reviews recent applications of HILIC for the analysis of endogenous and pharmaceutical compounds in plasma samples. Furthermore, based on recent studies, we provide a discussion of column selection, sample pretreatment for HILIC analysis, and detection sensitivity.
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34
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Periat A, Kohler I, Bugey A, Bieri S, Versace F, Staub C, Guillarme D. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography versus reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: Effect of electrospray ionization source geometry on sensitivity. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:211-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Görgens C, Guddat S, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Screening and confirmation of myo-inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP) in human urine by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography high resolution / high accuracy mass spectrometry for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1102-7. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Görgens
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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36
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Dib SR, Faria AM. Polyethyleneimine Immobilized on Silica Endcapped with Octadecyl Groups as a Stationary Phase for RP-LC. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Heaton JC, Wang X, Barber WE, Buckenmaier SM, McCalley DV. Practical observations on the performance of bare silica in hydrophilic interaction compared with C18 reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1328:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:164-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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