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Al-Asmari AI. A critical review of workplace drug testing methods for old and new psychoactive substances: Gaps, advances, and perspectives. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102065. [PMID: 38645754 PMCID: PMC11031841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Workplace drug testing (WDT) is essential to prevent drug abuse disorders among the workforce because it can impair work performance and safety. However, WDT is limited by many challenges, such as urine adulteration, specimen selection, and new psychoactive substances (NPS). This review examined the issues related to WDT. Various scientific databases were searched for articles on WDT for drug detection published between 1986 (when WDT started) and January 2024. The review discussed the history, importance, and challenges of WDT, such as time of specimen collection/testing, specimen adulteration, interference in drug testing, and detection of NPS. It evaluated the best methods to detect NPS in forensic laboratories. Moreover, it compared different techniques that can enhance WDT, such as immunoassays, targeted mass spectrometry, and nontargeted mass spectrometry. These techniques can be used to screen for known and unknown drugs and metabolites in biological samples. This review assessed the strengths and weaknesses of such techniques, such as their validation, identification, library search, and reference standards. Furthermore, this review contrasted the benefits and drawbacks of different specimens for WDT and discussed studies that have applied these techniques for WDT. WDT remains the best approach for preventing drug abuse in the workplace, despite the challenges posed by NPS and limitations of the screening methods. Nontargeted techniques using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/gas chromatography-tandem MS can improve the detection and identification of drugs during WDT and provide useful information regarding the prevalence, trends, and toxicity of both traditional and NPS drugs. Finally, this review suggested that WDT can be improved by using a combination of techniques, multiple specimens, and online library searches in case of new NPS as well as by updating the methods and databases to include new NPS and metabolites as they emerge. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first review to address NPS as an issue in WDT and its application and propose the best methods to detect these substances in the workplace environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ibrahim Al-Asmari
- Special Toxicological Analysis Section, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, King Faisal Special Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Ke X, Tian Y, He D, Mu P, Wan X, Zhang L, Jia W, Wang Q, Fan Y, Zhang Y. Rapid Simultaneous Determination of Three Synthetic Cannabinoids in Urine and Plasma of Rats Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. TOXICS 2022; 10:619. [PMID: 36287899 PMCID: PMC9611048 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids, a class of psychoactive compounds, are controlled as new psychoactive substances (NPSs) identified by the early warning system (EWS) of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). At present, several new synthetic cannabinoids have appeared in the illegal drug market, including 4-methylnaphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl) methanone (JWH-122), methyl (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl)-L-valinate (5F-AMB), and methyl 2-(1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1Hindazole-3-carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate (AMB-FUBINACA). A convenient, rapid, and highly sensitive analytical method was developed to determine three synthetic cannabinoids in rat plasma and urine. The liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was optimized and validated to analyze the three synthetic cannabinoids in rat plasma and urine. The method identified intra-assay precision (1.3-9.0% and 2.8-6.7%), inter-assay precision (3.0-8.6% and 3.9-8.8%), limits of detection (0.003-0.004 ng/mL and 0.00125-0.002 ng/mL) and quantification (0.012-0.016 ng/mL and 0.003-0.005 ng/mL), recovery (95.4-106.8% and 92.0-106.8%) for rat plasma and urine, and the matrix effect (93.4-118.0%) for rat urine, and the correlation coefficients were above 0.99 in the linear range. The established LC-MS/MS method was successfully used to simultaneously detect the JWH-122 and 5F-AMB in rat plasma and JWH-122, 5F-AMB, and AMB-FUBINACA in rat urine. The present study provides methodological support for internal exposure assessment of three synthetic cannabinoids and promotes the quantitative analysis and technical supervision of synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ke
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yimei Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dandan He
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | | | - Xuzhi Wan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lange Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yilei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Minakata K, Hasegawa K, Nozawa H, Yamagishi I, Miyoshi N, Suzuki M, Kitamoto T, Kondo M, Watanabe K, Suzuki O. Long-term stability of 24 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites spiked into whole blood and urine for up to 168 days, and the comparable study for the 6 metabolites in non-spiked real case specimens stored for 1-5 years. Forensic Toxicol 2022; 40:289-301. [PMID: 36454405 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-022-00613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate the stabilities of the 24 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites (SCMs) in blood and urine at various temperatures from - 30 to 37 ℃ stored for 1-168 days. In addition, experiments of stabilities at lower temperatures and for much longer duration have been performed as described below. METHODS The quantification was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The blank blood and urine spiked with SCMs and non-spiked real case (authentic) specimens were incubated at 37 ℃ up to 56 days and at 22, 4 or - 30 ℃ up to 168 days. The non-spiked authentic blood and urine specimens were also stored at - 30 or - 80 ℃ for 1, 3 or 5 years to investigate stabilities during very long time frames. RESULTS All the 24 SCMs were much more stable in urine than in blood at 37, 22 or 4 ℃. All 24 SCMs spiked into blood or urine were stable at - 30 ℃ for up to 168 days. The 6 SCMs in the authentic specimens exhibited long stabilities at - 30 or - 80 ℃ for 3-5 years. Some tendencies were observed according to the relation between the structures of SCMs and their stabilities. CONCLUSIONS The long-term stabilities of 24 SCMs in spiked samples and those of 6 SCMs in the authentic specimens were examined using LC-MS/MS. SCMs were largely very stable and usable several years after storage at - 30 or - 80 ℃.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Minakata
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Koutaro Hasegawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideki Nozawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Itaru Yamagishi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Naotomo Miyoshi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Masako Suzuki
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takuya Kitamoto
- Advanced Research Facilities and Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Minako Kondo
- Advanced Research Facilities and Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kanako Watanabe
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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Phase I-metabolism studies of the synthetic cannabinoids PX-1 and PX-2 using three different in vitro models. Forensic Toxicol 2022; 40:244-262. [PMID: 36454402 PMCID: PMC9715525 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), highly metabolized substances, are rarely found unmodified in urine samples. Urine screening relies on SC metabolite detection, requiring metabolism knowledge. Metabolism data can be acquired via in vitro assays, e.g., human hepatocytes, pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM), cytochrome P450 isoforms and a fungal model; or in vivo by screening, e.g., authentic human samples or rat urine. This work describes the comprehensive study of PX-1 and PX-2 in vitro metabolism using three in vitro models. 5F-APP-PICA (PX-1) and 5F-APP-PINACA (PX-2) were studied as they share structural similarity with AM-2201, THJ-2201 and 5F-AB-PINACA, the metabolism of which was described in the literature. METHODS For SC incubation, pHLM, cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and the fungal model Cunninghamella elegans LENDNER (C. elegans) were used. PX-1 and PX-2 in vitro metabolites were revealed comprehensively by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry measurements. RESULTS In total, 30 metabolites for PX 1 and 15 for PX-2 were detected. The main metabolites for PX-1 and PX-2 were the amide hydrolyzed metabolites, along with an indole monohydroxylated (for PX-1) and a defluorinated pentyl-monohydroxylated metabolite (for PX-2). CONCLUSIONS CYP isoforms along with fungal incubation results were in good agreement to those obtained with pHLM incubation. CYP2E1 was responsible for many of the metabolic pathways; particularly for PX-1. This study shows that all three in vitro assays are suitable for predicting metabolic pathways of synthetic cannabinoids. To establish completeness of the PX-1 and PX-2 metabolic pathways, it is not only recommended but also necessary to use different assays.
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de Albuquerque Cavalcanti G, Moreira Borges R, Reis Alves Carneiro G, Costa Padilha M, Gualberto Pereira HM. Variable Data Independent Acquisition and Data Mining Exploring Feature-Based Molecular Networking Analysis for Untargeted Screening of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2417-2424. [PMID: 34399051 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are constantly emerging in the drug market, and synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are included in this NPS family. Forensic laboratories often struggle with these continually emerging SCs, forcing them to develop an untargeted workflow to incorporate these psychoactive drugs in their procedures. Usually, forensic laboratories select analytical methods based on targeted mass spectrometry (MS) technologies for strictly tracking already known NPS. The appropriate way to tackle unknown substances is to develop pipelines for untargeted analysis that include LC-HRMS analytical methods and data analysis. Once established, this strategy would allow drug testing laboratories to be always one step ahead of the new trends concerning the "designer drugs" market. To address this challenge an untargeted workflow based on mass spectrometry data acquisition and data analysis was developed to detect SCs in oral fluid (OF) samples at a low concentration range. The samples were extracted by mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and analyzed by Liquid Chromatography - High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Tandem mass spectra (MS2) were recorded performing a variable isolation width across a mass range of all theoretical precursor ions (vDIA) after the chromatographic separation. After raw data processing with the MSDial software, the deconvoluted features were sent to GNPS for Feature-Based Molecular Networking (FBMN) construction for nontargeted data mining. The FBMN analysis created a unique integrated network for most of the SCs assessed in the OF at a low level (20 ng/mL). These results demonstrate the potential of an untargeted approach to detect different derivatives of SCs at trace levels for forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo de Albuquerque Cavalcanti
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-598 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moreira Borges
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Reis Alves Carneiro
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-598 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-598 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-598 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Kleis J, Hess C, Germerott T, Roehrich J. Sensitive Screening of New Psychoactive Substances in Serum Using Liquid-Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:592-599. [PMID: 34125215 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of new psychoactive substances (NPS) still pose a challenge for many institutions due to the number of available substances and the constantly changing drug market. Both new and well-known substances keep appearing and disappearing on the market, making it hard to adapt analytical methods in a timely manner. In this study we developed a qualitative screening approach for serum samples by means of liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Samples were measured in data-dependent auto-MS/MS mode and identified by fragment spectra comparison, retention time and accurate mass. Approximately 500 NPS, including 195 synthetic cannabinoids, 180 stimulants, 86 hallucinogens, 26 benzodiazepines and 7 others were investigated. Serum samples were fortified to 1 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL concentrations to estimate approximate limits of identification. Samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction with non-endcapped C18 material and elution in two consecutive steps. Benzodiazepines were eluted in the first step, while substances of other NPS subclasses were distributed among both extracts. To determine limits of identification, both extracts were combined. 96 % (470/492) of investigated NPS were detected in 10 ng/mL samples and 88 % (432/492) were detected in 1 ng/mL samples. Stimulants stood out with higher limits of identification, possibly due to instability of certain methcathinone derivatives. However, considering relevant blood concentrations, the method provided sufficient sensitivity for stimulants as well as other NPS subclasses. Data-dependent acquisition was proven to provide high sensitivity and reliability when combined with an information-dependent preferred list, without losing its untargeted operation principle. Summarizing, the developed method fulfilled its purpose as a sensitive untargeted screening for serum samples and allows uncomplicated expansion of the spectral library to include thousands of targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kleis
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - C Hess
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - T Germerott
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Roehrich
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Tomai P, Gentili A, Curini R, Gottardo R, Franco Tagliaro, Fanali S. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, an effective tool for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2020; 11:292-298. [PMID: 34277117 PMCID: PMC8264461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was used to extract six synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-018, JWH-019, JWH-073, JWH-200, or WIN 55,225, JWH-250, and AM-694) from oral fluids. A rapid baseline separation of the analytes was achieved on a bidentate octadecyl silica hydride phase (Cogent Bidentate C18; 4.6 mm × 250 mm, 4 μm) maintained at 37 °C, by eluting in isocratic conditions (water:acetonitrile (25:75, V/V)). Detection was performed using positive electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The parameters affecting DLLME (pH and ionic strength of the aqueous phase, type and volume of the extractant and dispersive solvent, vortex and centrifugation time) were optimized for maximizing yields. In particular, using 0.5 mL of oral fluid, acetonitrile (1 mL), was identified as the best option, both as a solvent to precipitate proteins and as a dispersing solvent in the DLLME procedure. To select an extraction solvent, a low transition temperature mixture (LTTM; composed of sesamol and chlorine chloride with a molar ratio of 1:3) and dichloromethane were compared; the latter (100 μL) was proved to be a better extractant, with recoveries ranging from 73% to 101 % by vortexing for 2 min. The method was validated according to the guidelines of Food and Drug Administration bioanalytical methods: intra-day and inter-day precisions ranged between 4 % and 18 % depending on the spike level and analyte; limits of detection spanned from 2 to 18 ng/mL; matrix-matched calibration curves were characterized by determination coefficients greater than 0.9914. Finally, the extraction procedure was compared with previous methods and with innovative techniques, presenting superior reliability, rapidity, simplicity, inexpensiveness, and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Tomai
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Gottardo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Comprehensive analysis of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in oral fluid by online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7937-7953. [PMID: 32914400 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The class of novel psychoactive substances known as synthetic cannabinoids (SC) includes illicit compounds that are sprayed on plant material and smoked or sold as liquids to be vaporized in e-cigarettes. In toxicological analysis of SC, fast analytical methods are needed for the detection and confirmation of parent drugs and metabolites at very low levels. While various analytical methods have been developed for SC in blood and urine, few are available for alternative matrices such as oral fluid (OF). There are numerous advantages to using OF as a sample matrix for SC analysis, including non-invasive collection, lesser risk of adulteration, and presence of both parent drug and metabolites. Here we report a validated online solid-phase extraction (online SPE) method coupled to LC-QqQ-MS for rapid confirmation and quantitation of 72 structurally diverse SC parent drugs and metabolites in OF with 2.5 min of preconcentration time and a total elution time of < 10 min. The use of online SPE for sample pretreatment facilitates rapid and consistent processing and greatly increases sample throughput. The method was fully validated according to relevant guidelines (ANSI/ASB Standard 036). Bias and precision values were within ± 20% for all compounds in human OF matrix. Method detection and quantitation limits ranged from 0.4 to 3.8 ng/mL and from 1.1 to 11.6 ng/mL, respectively. Recovery, matrix effects, process efficiency, carryover, and stability were also within acceptable limits for the majority of compounds. Successful application of the method was demonstrated using blank human OF fortified with SC in addition to a set of authentic OF specimens previously tested by another laboratory. Graphical abstract.
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Efeoglu Ozseker P, Daglıoglu N. Simultaneous Determination and Validation of 5F-ADBICA and 5F-NPB-22 in Whole Blood and Urine by LC/MS–MS. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Pellegrini M, Marchei E, Papaseit E, Farré M, Zaami S. UHPLC-HRMS and GC-MS Screening of a Selection of Synthetic Cannabinoids and Metabolites in Urine of Consumers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56080408. [PMID: 32823724 PMCID: PMC7466350 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56080408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The use of synthetic cannabinoids has increased around the world. As a result, the implementation of accurate analysis in human biological matrices is relevant and fundamental. Two different analytical technologies, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) and high-sensitivity gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used for the determination of three synthetic cannabinoids JWH-122, JWH 210, UR-144 and their metabolites in urine of consumers. Materials and Methods: Sample preparation included an initial hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase and liquid-liquid extraction. The UHPLC-HRMS method included a Kinetex 2.6 u Biphenyl 100A (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm) (Phenomenex, Italy) column with a gradient mobile phase consisting of mobile phase A (ammonium formate 2mM in water, 0.1% formic acid) and mobile phase B (ammonium formate 2mM in methanol/acetonitrile 50:50 (v/v), 0.1% formic acid) and a full-scan data-dependent MS2 (ddMS2) mode was used (mass range 100-1000 m/z). The GC-MS method employed an ultra-Inert Intuvo GC column (HP-5MS UI, 30 m × 250 µm i.d, film thickness 0.25 µm; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and electron-impact (EI) mass spectra were recorded in total ion monitoring mode (scan range 40-550 m/z). Results: Both methods have been successfully used for screening of parent synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites in urine samples of consumers. Conclusions: The screening method applied JWH-122, JWH-210, UR-144 and their metabolites in urine of consumers can be applied to other compounds of the JWH family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pellegrini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Emilia Marchei
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Simona Zaami
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649912226
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11
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Mercieca G, Odoardi S, Mestria S, Cassar M, Strano‐Rossi S. Application of ultrasound‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the rapid determination of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in biological samples. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2858-2868. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Odoardi
- Department of Health Surveillance and BioethicsForensic Toxicology LaboratoryUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Serena Mestria
- Department of Health Surveillance and BioethicsForensic Toxicology LaboratoryUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Marisa Cassar
- BioDNA LaboratoriesMalta Life Sciences Park San Gwann Malta
| | - Sabina Strano‐Rossi
- Department of Health Surveillance and BioethicsForensic Toxicology LaboratoryUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy
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12
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Gao L, Xu Q, Liu Q, Lang X. In vitro metabolites characterization of ponatinib in human liver microsomes using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with Q-Exactive-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4819. [PMID: 32112427 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ponatinib is an oral drug for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which has been reported to increase the risk of hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study was to characterize the metabolites of ponatinib in human liver microsomes as well as its reactive metabolites. Ponatinib was incubated with human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH and trapping agents (glutathione or potassium cyanide). The metabolites were characterized by liquid chromatography in combination with Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS. Under the current conditions, six metabolites were detected and structurally identified on the basis of their accurate masses, fragmentation patterns, and retention times. M3 (N-demethylation) was unambiguously identified by matching its retention time and fragment ions with those of its reference standard. N-demethylation and oxygenation were proved to be the predominant metabolic pathways of ponatinib. In addition, two reactive metabolites (cyano adducts) were detected in human liver microsomes in the presence of potassium cyanide and NADPH, suggesting that ponatinib underwent CYP450-mediated metabolic activation, which could be one of the causative mechanisms for its hepatotoxicity. The current study provides new information regarding the metabolic profiles of ponatinib and would be helpful in understanding the effectiveness and toxicity of ponatinib, especially the mechanism of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Department of Blood Collection, Jining Blood Center, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiqi Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiuzhuang Lang
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
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13
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Gaunitz F, Kieliba T, Thevis M, Mercer‐Chalmers‐Bender K. Solid‐phase extraction–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the qualitative analysis of 61 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in urine. Drug Test Anal 2019; 12:27-40. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Gaunitz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Tobias Kieliba
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Katja Mercer‐Chalmers‐Bender
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Health Department Basel‐Stadt Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Basel Switzerland, Basel Switzerland
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14
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Bekhterev VN, Malyarovskaya VI. Rapid HPLC method for scopoletine determination in Weigela leaves based on one-step sample preparation by extractive freezing-out. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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In vitro metabolic profiling of synthetic cannabinoids by pooled human liver microsomes, cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, and Cunninghamella elegans and their detection in urine samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3561-3579. [PMID: 31183523 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As synthetic cannabinoids are extensively metabolized, there is an urgent need for data on which metabolites can be used for successful urine screening. This study examines the in vitro metabolism of EG-018 and its 5F-analogue EG-2201 by means of comparing three different in vitro models: pooled human liver microsomes, cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, and a fungal approach utilizing the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans LENDNER, which is known for its ability to mimic human biotransformation of xenobiotics. In addition, this study includes the screening of two authentic urine samples from individuals with proven EG-018 consumption, for the evaluation of in vitro-in vivo extrapolations made in the study. Incubation with pooled human liver microsomes yielded 15 metabolites of EG-018 belonging to six different metabolite subgroups, and 21 metabolites of EG-2201 belonging to seven different metabolite subgroups, respectively. Incubation with cytochrome P450 isoenzymes incubation yielded a further three EG-018 and five EG-2201 metabolites. With reference to their summed metabolite peak abundancies, the isoenzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 were shown to contribute most to the microsomal metabolism of EG-018 and EG-2201. CYP2B6 was shown to make the lowest contribution, by far. As the phase I metabolism of both synthetic cannabinoids was shown to be distributed over a substantial number of different cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, it was concluded that it is likely to not be significantly affected by co-consumption of other drugs. Although fungal incubation with Cunninghamella elegans yielded an additional three EG-018 and four EG-2201 metabolites not observed after microsomal incubation, metabolites generated by Cunninghamella elegans were in good correlation with those generated by microsomal incubations. The fungal model demonstrated its ability to be an independent in vitro model in synthetic cannabinoid metabolism research. The three tested in vitro models enable sufficient predictive in vitro-in vivo extrapolations, comparable to those obtained from hepatocyte incubation published in the literature. In addition, with regard to the screening of authentic urine samples and comparison with the literature, one monohydroxylated EG-018 metabolite and two monohydroxylated EG-2201 metabolites can be recommended as urinary targets, on the basis of the tested in vitro models. Graphical abstract.
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16
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In vitro and in vivo human metabolism of a synthetic cannabinoid EAM-2201 detected by LC–quadrupole-ion trap-MS/MS and high-resolution LC–Orbitrap-MS/MS. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Qian Y, Su S, Wei M, Zhu Z, Guo S, Yan H, Tao J, Qian D, Duan JA. Interactions of pharmacokinetic profiles of Ginkgotoxin and Ginkgolic acids in rat plasma after oral administration. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 163:88-94. [PMID: 30286439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgolic acids (GAs) and Ginkgotoxin (4'-O-methylpyridoxine, MPN) are main toxic compounds in Ginkgo biloba seeds which are widely used in the treatment of coughing in China. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of GAs, MPN and their metabolites in rat plasma, a highly sensitive method followed by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) has been developed and validated. The proposed method is selective, precise and accurate enough of MPN and its metabolites (4-pyridoxic Acid, pyridoxal, and pyridoxine) for the pharmacokinetic study. After oral administration of MPN, the plasma concentrations of MPN and its metabolites were increased rapidly. Meanwhile, an investigation was carried out to compare the interactions of the pharmacokinetic profiles of MPN and GAs. Five GAs and main metabolites of GA (15:1) and GA (17:1) were also analyzed by using our previous method. After coadministration GAs with MPN, Tmax of MPN delayed and Cmax decreased. Meanwhile, Tmax of 4-pyridoxic Acid, pyridoxal, and pyridoxine were also showed a certain degree of delay. The concentrations of hydroxylation products of GA (15:1) and GA (17:1) increased at a slower rate and the area under the curves was significantly reduced. However, glucuronidation metabolites of GA (15:1) and GA (17:1) were increased faster than administered of GAs alone. The interactions of the pharmacokinetic profiles of GAs and MPN in rat plasma after oral administration were obviously observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Qian
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Wei
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinhua Tao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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18
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Abstract
Drug use and the associated overdose deaths have been a serious public health threat in the United States and the world. While traditional drugs of abuse such as cocaine remain popular, recreational use of newer synthetic drugs has continued to increase, but the prevalence of use is likely underestimated. In this review, epidemiology, chemistry, pharmacophysiology, clinical effects, laboratory detection, and clinical treatment are discussed for newly emerging drugs of abuse in the following classes: (1) opioids (e.g., fentanyl, fentanyl analogues, and mitragynine), (2) cannabinoids [THC and its analogues, alkylindole (e.g., JWH-018, JWH-073), cyclohexylphenol (e.g., CP-47,497), and indazole carboxamide (e.g., FUB-AMB, ADB-FUBINACA)], (3) stimulants and hallucinogens [β-keto amphetamines (e.g., methcathinone, methylone), pyrrolidinophenones (e.g., α-PVP, MDPV), and dimethoxyphenethylamine ("2C" and "NBOMe")], (4) dissociative agents (e.g., 3-MeO-PCP, methoxetamine, 2-oxo-PCE), and (5) sedative-hypnotics (e.g., gabapentin, baclofen, clonazolam, etizolam). It is critically important to coordinate hospital, medical examiner, and law enforcement personnel with laboratory services to respond to these emerging threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tamama
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Clinical Laboratories, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Michael J Lynch
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Pittsburgh Poison Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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19
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Gaunitz F, Thomas A, Fietzke M, Franz F, Auwärter V, Thevis M, Mercer-Chalmers-Bender K. Phase I metabolic profiling of the synthetic cannabinoids THJ-018 and THJ-2201 in human urine in comparison to human liver microsome and cytochrome P450 isoenzyme incubation. Int J Legal Med 2018; 133:1049-1064. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Eckberg MN, Arroyo-Mora LE, Stoll DR, DeCaprio AP. Separation and Identification of Isomeric and Structurally Related Synthetic Cannabinoids Using 2D Liquid Chromatography and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 43:170-178. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are emerging drugs of abuse that are variations of existing compounds intended to cause a CNS psychotropic effect. Some NPS are so comparable in structure and physicochemical properties that they co-elute using traditional single column chromatographic techniques and therefore will not be detected as individual compounds. 2D liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has demonstrated applicability in difficult separations of small molecules and compounds in complex mixtures. It was hypothesized that this technique could also be used to separate co-eluting isomeric and structurally related, non-isomeric NPS, including synthetic cannabinoids (SC). Initial studies assessed several parameters, including column type, mobile phase, analysis time, gradient and flow rate, to optimize a 2D-LC method for separation and analysis of SC. The final comprehensive on-line 2D-LC method employed a Bonus-RP column in the first dimension (1D) coupled with UV detection and a biphenyl column in the second dimension (2D) coupled with QTOF-MS detection in full scan positive mode. To test the utility of the method, three SC mixes were created, each containing five compounds that were unresolvable in a traditional, 1D-LC separation; one mix with isomeric compounds and two with structurally related but non-isomeric compounds. Contour plots of UV absorbance in 1D and MS ion intensity in 2D demonstrated that all components in each mixture were successfully resolved using the 2D-LC separation method. This research serves as proof-of-concept for the application of 2D-LC to the separation of isomeric and structurally related SC. With further optimization and validation, 2D-LC may be a generally useful tool for separation of complex mixtures of NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie N Eckberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, USA
| | - Luis E Arroyo-Mora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 West College Ave., Saint Peter, MN, USA
| | - Anthony P DeCaprio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, USA
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21
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Graziano S, Anzillotti L, Mannocchi G, Pichini S, Busardò FP. Screening methods for rapid determination of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in conventional and non-conventional biological matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 163:170-179. [PMID: 30316062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, a global awareness has arisen from the reported harmful effects and public health risks associated with the consumption of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). Improving efforts in the detection and identification of these substances have emerged as a global analytical challenge involving the large range of NPSs' chemical structures and the variety of conventional and non-conventional biological matrices. Indeed, detection capabilities and screening tools impact many fields and settings, including seized products analysis, workplace and roadside drug controls, emergency rooms, drug addiction treatment clinics, post-mortem and criminal caseworks, law enforcement and health interventions. Colorimetric, immunochemical and chromatographic-mass spectrometry techniques have been investigated and developed for the rapid identification of NPSs. Considering the continuous emergence of new substances, this review offers a panoramic view on the current status of analytical approaches for the rapid screening of NPSs, including, when available, data on conventional and non-conventional biological matrices. Although some of the presented methods are sound and promising, their applications are still limited, thus proving the importance of further investigations. New screening and sensitive targeted methods for NPS and their metabolites should be developed in different types of biological matrices, where concentration of substances and matrix effects can be significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Graziano
- National Centre on Drug Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Anzillotti
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Giulio Mannocchi
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Drug Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Section of Legal Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Conca 71, Ancona, Italy.
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22
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Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid (SC) products have gained popularity as abused drugs over the past decade in many countries. The SCs broadly impact psychological state (e.g., mood, suicidal thoughts and psychosis) and physiological functions (e.g., cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and urinary). This review is about the effects of SCs on psychotic symptoms in clinical settings and the potentially relevant chemistry and mechanisms of action for SCs. Induction of psychotic symptoms after consuming SC products were reported, including new-onset psychosis and psychotic relapses. The role of SCs in psychosis is more complex than any single chemical component might explain, and these effects may not be a simple extension of the typical effects of cannabis or natural cannabinoids.
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23
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Synthetic cannabinoids in biological specimens: a review of current analytical methods and sample preparation techniques. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1609-1623. [PMID: 30226077 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are a new class of chemical drugs capable of modifying human behavior. These products do not contain cannabis, but produce similar effects after consumption. The fact that they are easily accessed, and are many times considered to be harmless, justifies their widespread use among young people. This fact, together with the difficulty in their detection by routine drug tests, makes it extremely important to develop new procedures able to detect and monitor their consumption. The aim of this work is to perform a critical review regarding the human biological samples that can be used for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids, paying special attention to analytical methods and sample preparation techniques. The reviewed articles deal with the determination of synthetic cannabinoids in the context of forensic and toxicological analysis.
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24
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Gundersen POM, Spigset O, Josefsson M. Screening, quantification, and confirmation of synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in urine by UHPLC-QTOF-MS. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:51-67. [PMID: 29996011 PMCID: PMC6585856 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are one of the most significant groups within the category new psychoactive substances (NPS) and in recent years new compounds have continuously been introduced to the market of recreational drugs. A sensitive and quantitative screening method in urine with metabolites of frequently seized compounds in Norway (AB‐FUBINACA, AB‐PINACA, AB‐CHMINACA, AM‐2201, AKB48, 5F‐AKB48, BB‐22, JWH‐018, JWH‐073, JWH‐081, JWH‐122, JWH‐203, JWH‐250, PB‐22, 5F‐PB‐22, RCS‐4, THJ‐2201, and UR‐144) using ultra‐high pressure liquid chromatography–quadrupole time of flight–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QTOF–MS) has been developed. The samples were treated with ß‐glucuronidase prior to extraction and solid‐phase extraction was used. Liquid handling was automated using a robot. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18‐column and a gradient of water and acetonitrile, both with 0.1% formic acid. Each sample was initially screened for identification and quantification followed by a second injection for confirmation. The concentrations by which the compounds could be confirmed varied between 0.1 and 12 ng/mL. Overall the validation showed that the method fulfilled the set criteria and requirements for matrix effect, extraction recovery, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and stability. One thousand urine samples from subjects in drug withdrawal programs were analyzed using the presented method. The metabolite AB‐FUBINACA M3, hydroxylated metabolite of 5F‐AKB48, hydroxylated metabolite of AKB48, AKB48 N‐pentanoic acid, 5F‐PB‐22 3‐carboxyindole, BB‐22 3‐carboxyindole, JWH‐018 N‐(5‐hydroxypentyl), JWH‐018 N‐pentanoic acid, and JWH‐073 N‐butanoic acid were quantified and confirmed in 2.3% of the samples. The method was proven to be sensitive, selective and robust for routine use for the investigated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Ole M Gundersen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olav Spigset
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Josefsson
- National Forensic Centre, Drug Unit, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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25
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Blandino V, Wetzel J, Kim J, Haxhi P, Curtis R, Concheiro M. Oral Fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2018; 18:796-805. [PMID: 29173162 DOI: 10.2174/1389201018666171122113934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine is a common biological sample to monitor recent drug exposure, and oral fluid is an alternative matrix of increasing interest in clinical and forensic toxicology. Limited data are available about oral fluid vs. urine drug disposition, especially for synthetic cannabinoids. OBJECTIVE To compare urine and oral fluid as biological matrices to monitor recent drug exposure among HIV-infected homeless individuals. METHODS Seventy matched urine and oral fluid samples were collected from 13 participants. Cannabis, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, cocaine and opiates were analyzed in urine by the enzyme-multipliedimmunoassay- technique and in oral fluid by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS). Eleven synthetic cannabinoids were analyzed in urine and in oral fluid by LC-MSMS. RESULTS Five oral fluid samples were positive for AB-FUBINACA. In urine, 4 samples tested positive for synthetic cannabinoids PB-22, 5-Fluoro-PB-22, AB-FUBINACA, and metabolites UR-144 5-pentanoic acid and UR-144 4-hydroxypentyl. In only one case, oral fluid and urine results matched, both specimens being AB-FUBINACA positive. For cannabis, 40 samples tested positive in urine and 30 in oral fluid (85.7% match). For cocaine, 37 urine and 52 oral fluid samples were positive (75.7% match). Twenty-four urine samples were positive for opiates, and 25 in oral fluid (81.4% match). For benzodiazepines, 23 samples were positive in urine and 25 in oral fluid (85.7% match). CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION These results offer new information about drugs disposition between urine and oral fluid. Oral fluid is a good alternative matrix to urine for monitoring cannabis, cocaine, opiates and benzodiazepines recent use; however, synthetic cannabinoids showed mixed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Blandino
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jillian Wetzel
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Petrit Haxhi
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Richard Curtis
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marta Concheiro
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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26
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Zhang Z, Fang T, Zhou H, Yuan J, Liu Q. Characterization of the in Vitro Metabolic Profile of Evodiamine in Human Liver Microsomes and Hepatocytes by UHPLC-Q Exactive Mass Spectrometer. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29520234 PMCID: PMC5827300 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evodiamine is an indoloquinazoline alkaloid isolated from the fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa, which has a wide range of pharmacological effects like anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. This study was intended to investigate the metabolic characteristics of evodiamine in human liver microsomes and hepatocytes by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Q Exactive mass spectrometer. A total of 12 phase I metabolites were detected in human liver microsomes; whereas in human hepatocytes 19 metabolites, including seven phase II metabolites were detected. The structures of the metabolites were characterized based on their accurate masses, fragment ions, and chromatographic retention times. Four metabolites (M1, M2, M5, and M7) were further unambiguously confirmed by matching their retention times, accurate masses, and fragment ions with those of their reference standards. Among these metabolites, 12 metabolites are first identified (M2, M5–M8, M10–M13, and M17–M19). The current study revealed that oxygenation, N-demethylation, dehydrogenation, glucuronidation, and GSH conjugation were the major metabolic pathways for evodiamine. This study elucidated the detailed metabolite profiles of evodiamine, which is helpful in predicting in vivo metabolism of evodiamine in human and in understanding the elimination mechanism of evodiamine and in turn, the effectiveness and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Tianzi Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Hongyun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Qingwang Liu
- Institute of Technology Innovation, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
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27
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Mercieca G, Odoardi S, Cassar M, Strano Rossi S. Rapid and simple procedure for the determination of cathinones, amphetamine-like stimulants and other new psychoactive substances in blood and urine by GC–MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 149:494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Huestis MA, Smith ML. Cannabinoid Markers in Biological Fluids and Tissues: Revealing Intake. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:156-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Yeter O. Identification of the Synthetic Cannabinoid 1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) in Plant Material and Quantification in Post-Mortem Blood Samples. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:720-728. [PMID: 28977413 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In May 2016, a new type of synthetic indazole-3-carboxamide cannabinoid (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) was detected in seized plant material submitted to the Istanbul Council of Forensic Medicine by the National Police Office. The major ingredient in this material was purified using preparative liquid chromatography, and its structure was identified using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR/MS), gas chromatography-electron ionization/mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Using HR-MS, the molecular formula of the compound was determined to be C22H24N4O (MW = 360.1950). The 1H and 13C-NMR and FT-IR spectrometric data revealed that the structure of compound was 1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA). After identification, it was quickly added to our generic drug list, and an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method was developed to determine its presence in blood samples. This study reports on the identification of CUMYL-4CN-BINACA in plant material using LC-HR/MS, GC-EI/MS, NMR and FT-IR as well as a validated method for quantification of CUMYL-4CN-BINACA in post-mortem blood samples by UPLC-MS-MS analysis. The quantification method has been validated in terms of linearity (0.1-50 ng/mL), selectivity, intra- and inter-assay accuracy and precision (CV < 15%), recovery (94-99%), limit of detection (0.07 ng/mL) and limit of quantification (0.1 ng/mL). Matrix effects, stability and process efficiency were also assessed. The method has been applied to 2,350 post-mortem blood samples from the autopsy cases in the Morgue Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine (Istanbul, Turkey) between 1 July 2016 and 31 December 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oya Yeter
- Department of Chemistry, Council of Forensic Medicine, 34196 Bahcelievler, Istanbul, Turkey
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Canbolat F, Kul A, Özdemir M, Atik U, Aydin A, Özden ST, Tarhan KN. Substance Abuse Profiles of Patients Admitted to the Alcohol and Drug Addiction Research, Treatment, and Education Center in Turkey. Turk J Pharm Sci 2017; 14:294-303. [PMID: 32454628 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.50470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To determine the substance abuse profiles of patients treated a Drug Addiction Research, Treatment, and Education Center (AMATEM) in association with the percentage of substance use distribution and multiple substance use in their urine samples. For this, we retrospectively evaluated the urine sample analysis reports of 600 male and female patients aged 13 to 65 years who were treated at the AMATEM unit of İstanbul Neuropsychiatry Hospital between January 1st, 2015, and December 12th, 2015. Materials and Methods The urine samples were sent to Üsküdar University Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory and were analyzed using a UPLC tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). To determine the substance use profiles of the patients applying to AMATEM, statistical assessment was performed on the analysis reports of the patients. Results When the analysis reports of the 600 urine samples were examined, 293 patients were identified to have used addictive substances. The substances most frequently detected in the urine samples were respectively: cannabis, alcohol, morphine, cocaine, synthetic cannabinoids, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and amphetamine. Conclusion The findings in our study resemble the rates of cannabis use by the young population throughout the world. Our results show differences to the literature regarding the consumption of synthetic cannabinoids because the variety of synthetic cannabinoids change rapidly around the world each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadime Canbolat
- Üsküdar University, Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Aykut Kul
- Üsküdar University, Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Özdemir
- Üsküdar University, Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Uğur Atik
- Üsküdar University, Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aydin
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - S Tuncel Özden
- Üsküdar University, Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - K Nevzat Tarhan
- Üsküdar University, Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
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Enders JR, Smith JP, Feng S, Strickland EC, McIntire GL. Analytical Considerations When Developing an LC-MS/MS Method for More than 30 Analytes. J Appl Lab Med 2017; 2:543-554. [PMID: 33636886 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2017.024174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While validation of analytical (LC-MS/MS) methods has been documented in any number of articles and reference texts, the optimal design and subsequent validation of a method for over 30 analytes presents special challenges. Conventional approaches to calibration curves, controls, and run time are not tenable in such methods. This report details the practical aspects of designing and implementing such a method in accordance with College of American Pathologists validation criteria. METHODS Conventional criteria were followed in the design and validation of a method for 34 analytes and 15 internal standards by LC-MS/MS. These criteria are laid out in a standard operating procedure, which is followed without exception and is consistent with College of American Pathologists criteria. RESULTS The method presented herein provides quality results and accurate medication monitoring. The method was optimized to negate interferences (both from within the method and from potential concomitant compounds), increase throughput, and provide reproducible quality quantification over relevant analyte concentrations ranges. CONCLUSIONS The method was designed primarily with quality and accurate medication monitoring in mind. The method achieves these goals by use of novel approaches to calibration curves and controls that both improve performance and minimize risk (financial and operational). As automation and LC-MS/MS equipment continue to improve, it is expected that more methods like this one will be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Enders
- Research and Development Department, Ameritox, LLC, Greensboro, NC 27409
| | - Jeremy P Smith
- Research and Development Department, Ameritox, LLC, Greensboro, NC 27409
| | - Sheng Feng
- Research and Development Department, Ameritox, LLC, Greensboro, NC 27409
| | - Erin C Strickland
- Research and Development Department, Ameritox, LLC, Greensboro, NC 27409
| | - Gregory L McIntire
- Research and Development Department, Ameritox, LLC, Greensboro, NC 27409
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Simultaneous drug identification in urine of sexual assault victims by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 282:35-40. [PMID: 29149685 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
According to domestic and international epidemiological investigation, the proportion of substance involved sexual assault has the trend of ascent. In the past, laboratory methods that investigated urine sample of the sexual assault victims was to screen with enzyme immunoassay and then confirmed with mass spectrometry. The objective of the study is to simultaneously identify abused drugs in 126 decoded urine samples of sexual assault victims by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The instrument was operated in multiple-reaction monitoring with an electro-spray positive ionization mode. Chromatograms were separated with ACE5 C18 column on a gradient of acetonitrile. After liquid-liquid extraction, samples were passed through a 0.22μm PVDF filter before injection into the system. The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.2 to 10ng/mL. The precision (CV) results were below 12.9% (intraday) and 15.0% (interday). The intraday accuracy ranged from 84.8 to 121.0%, interday accuracy ranged from 72.0 to 117.3%. We found that 29 (23.0%) were positive for drugs. The most common drug identified is flunitrazepam (11.1%), followed by nimetazepam and ketamine (7.9%), some new psychoactive substances, such as 2C-B, mephedrone, methylone, PMA and PMMA were also identified. We identified abused drugs, benzodiazepines, and new psychoactive substances in urine of sexual assault victims by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
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Application of high-performance liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detection (LC–CAD) for unified quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal blends and comparison with quantitative NMR results. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Yoho JN, Geier B, Grigsby CC, Hagen JA, Chávez JL, Kelley-Loughnane N. Cross-Reactive Plasmonic Aptasensors for Controlled Substance Identification. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17091935. [PMID: 28832512 PMCID: PMC5620944 DOI: 10.3390/s17091935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed an assay to determine if an arbitrary white powder is a controlled substance, given the plasmonic response of aptamer-gold nanoparticle conjugates (Apt-AuNPs). Toward this end, we designed Apt-AuNPs with specific a response to common controlled substances without cross reactivity to chemicals typically used as fillers in street formulations. Plasmonic sensor variation was shown to produce unique data fingerprints for each chemical analyzed, supporting the application of multivariate statistical techniques to annotate unknown samples by chemical similarity. Importantly, the assay takes less than fifteen minutes to run, and requires only a few micrograms of the material, making the proposed assay easily deployable in field operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Yoho
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA.
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, OH 45432, USA.
| | - Brian Geier
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA.
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, OH 45432, USA.
| | - Claude C Grigsby
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Joshua A Hagen
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Jorge L Chávez
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA.
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, OH 45432, USA.
| | - Nancy Kelley-Loughnane
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA.
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Labutin AV, Temerdashev AZ. Identification of (2-aminopropyl)benzofuran and its metabolites in human urine. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817070085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Qian Y, Jiang S, Zhu Z, Wang Q, Su S, Tao J, Duan JA. Simultaneous quantification and semi-quantification of amentoflavone and its metabolites in human intestinal bacteria by liquid chromatography Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Qi Wang
- Jiangsu Shenlong Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd; Yancheng China
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Jinhua Tao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- School of Pharmacy; Nantong University; Nantong Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jin-ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
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Hess C, Krueger L, Unger M, Madea B. Freeze-thaw stability and long-term stability of 84 synthetic cannabinoids in serum. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1506-1511. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Hess
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Toxicology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Lynn Krueger
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Toxicology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Michael Unger
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Toxicology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Burkhard Madea
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Toxicology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
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Wiergowski M, Aszyk J, Kaliszan M, Wilczewska K, Anand JS, Kot-Wasik A, Jankowski Z. Identification of novel psychoactive substances 25B-NBOMe and 4-CMC in biological material using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS and their quantification in blood using UPLC-MS/MS in case of severe intoxications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1041-1042:1-10. [PMID: 27992785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes cases of poisoning caused by new psychoactive substances such as: 25B-NBOMe (2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine) and 4-CMC (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-1-propanone). The analytical procedure includes rapid and selective method for the extraction and determination of 4-CMC and 25B-NBOMe in blood samples using UPLC-MS/MS technique. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report, that involves a fully validated method for quantification of new-designer drug - 4-CMC in postmortem blood samples. The biological material was also analyzed with the use of routine analytical methods: immunochemical techniques, gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometry. The results of real samples analyses correspond to possible toxicological effects: death resulting from 25B-NBOMe - mediated hallucinations (661ng/mL of 25B-NBOMe and 0.887ng/mL of 4-CMC), fatal overdose of 25B-NBOMe and 4-CMC (66.5ng/mL of 25B-NBOMe and 2.14ng/mL of 4-CMC) and non-fatal intoxication of these drugs (38.4ng/mL of 25B NBOMe and 0.181ng/mL of 4-CMC). Additionally, O-demethylathed O, O-bis-demethylathed and glucuronidated metabolites of 25B-NBOMe in biological specimens were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Wiergowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 23 Dębowa Street, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Aszyk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Michał Kaliszan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 23 Dębowa Street, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamila Wilczewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Sein Anand
- Pomeranian Toxicology Center and Department of Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Subfaculty of Nursing and Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Tuwima 15 Street, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 23 Dębowa Street, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
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Qian Y, Zhu Z, Duan JA, Guo S, Shang E, Tao J, Su S, Guo J. Simultaneous quantification and semi-quantification of ginkgolic acids and their metabolites in rat plasma by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and its application to pharmacokinetics study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1041-1042:85-93. [PMID: 28013179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive method using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) has been developed and validated for the simultaneous identification and quantification of ginkgolic acids and semi-quantification of their metabolites in rat plasma. For the five selected ginkgolic acids, the method was found to be with good linearities (r>0.9991), good intra- and inter-day precisions (RSD<15%), and good accuracies (RE, from -10.33% to 4.92%) as well. Extraction recoveries, matrix effects and stabilities for rat plasm samples were within the required limits. The validated method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of the five ginkgolic acids in rat plasma after oral administration of 3 dosage groups (900mg/kg, 300mg/kg and 100mg/kg). Meanwhile, six metabolites of GA (15:1) and GA (17:1) were identified by comparison of MS data with reported values. The results of validation in terms of linear ranges, precisions and stabilities were established for semi-quantification of metabolites. The curves of relative changes of these metabolites during the metabolic process were constructed by plotting the peak area ratios of metabolites to salicylic acid (internal standard, IS), respectively. Double peaks were observed in all 3 dose groups. Different type of metabolites and different dosage of each metabolite both resulted in different Tmax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resource Industrializ-ation, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resource Industrializ-ation, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resource Industrializ-ation, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resource Industrializ-ation, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Erxin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resource Industrializ-ation, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jinhua Tao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resource Industrializ-ation, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China; School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resource Industrializ-ation, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resource Industrializ-ation, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
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Borg D, Tverdovsky A, Stripp R. A Fast and Comprehensive Analysis of 32 Synthetic Cannabinoids Using Agilent Triple Quadrupole LC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 41:6-16. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rácz N, Veress T, Nagy J, Bobály B, Fekete J. Separation of Isomers of JWH-122 on Porous Graphitic Carbon Stationary Phase with Non-Aqueous Mobile Phase Using Intelligent Software. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:1735-1742. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic cannabinoids are touted as legal alternatives to cannabis, at least when first released, and routine urine cannabinoid screening methods do not detect these novel psychoactive substances. Synthetic cannabinoids are widely available, are a major public health and safety problem, and a difficult challenge for drug-testing laboratories. We evaluated performance of the National Medical Services (NMS) JWH-018 direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit to sensitively, selectively, and rapidly screen urinary synthetic cannabinoids. METHODS The NMS ELISA kit targeting the JWH-018 N-(5-hydroxypentyl) metabolite was used to screen 2492 urine samples with 5 and 10 mcg/L cutoffs. A fully validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for 29 synthetic cannabinoids markers confirmed all presumptive positive and negative results. Performance challenges at ±25% and ±50% of cutoffs determined intraplate and interplate imprecision around proposed cutoffs. RESULTS The immunoassay was linear from 1 to 500 mcg/L with intraplate and interplate imprecision of ≤8.2% and <14.0%, respectively. No interferences were present from 93 common drugs of abuse, metabolites, coadministered drugs, over-the-counter medications, or structurally similar compounds, and 19 of 73 individual synthetic cannabinoids (26%) exhibited moderate to high cross-reactivity to JWH-018 N-(5-hydroxypentyl) metabolite. Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency results were 83.7%, 99.4%, and 97.6%, as well as 71.6%, 99.7%, and 96.4% with the 5 and 10 mcg/L urine cutoffs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This high throughput immunoassay exhibited good diagnostic efficiency and documented that the NMS JWH-018 direct ELISA is a viable method for screening synthetic cannabinoids in urine targeting the JWH-018 N-(5-hydroxypentyl) and related analytes. Optimal performance was achieved with a matrix-matched 5 mcg/L urine cutoff.
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Remane D, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Recent advances of liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology — An update. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1051-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Detection of synthetic cannabinoids using GC-EI-MS, positive GC-CI-MS, and negative GC-CI-MS. Int J Legal Med 2016; 131:143-152. [PMID: 27544358 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, various synthetic cannabinoid (SC) compounds that have been slightly modified at the functional groups have been identified in Japan. However, the structural elucidation of these new compounds using conventional approaches such as gas chromatography-electron impact-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) is difficult. As such, indole and indazole SCs were scanned using GC-MS-EI, positive GC-chemical ionization (CI)-MS, and negative GC-chemical ionization-MS, allowing for efficient structural elucidation of unknown SC compounds. Pure substances have been employed for the study.
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Carlier J, Scheidweiler KB, Wohlfarth A, Salmeron BD, Baumann MH, Huestis MA. Quantification of [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](naphthalene-1-yl)methanone (AM-2201) and 13 metabolites in human and rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1451:97-106. [PMID: 27208987 PMCID: PMC4886661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AM-2201 is a popular synthetic cannabinoid first synthesized in 2000. AM-2201 pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are scarce, requiring further investigation. We developed a sensitive method for quantifying AM-2201 and 13 metabolites in plasma to provide a tool to further metabolic, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. Analysis was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was performed by gradient elution on a biphenyl column with 0.1% formic acid in water/0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile:methanol 50:50 (v/v) mobile phase. Sample preparation (75μL) consisted of an enzymatic hydrolysis and a supported liquid extraction. The method was validated with human plasma with a 0.025 or 0.050-50μg/L working range, and cross-validated for rat plasma. Analytical recovery was 88.8-110.1% of target concentration, and intra- (n=30) and inter-day (n=30) imprecision<11.9% coefficient of variation. Method recoveries and matrix effects ranged from 58.4-84.4% and -62.1 to -15.6%, respectively. AM-2201 and metabolites were stable (±20%) at room temperature for 24h, at 4°C for 72h, and after three freeze-thaw cycles, and for 72h in the autosampler after extraction. The method was developed for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies with controlled administration in rats but is applicable for pre-clinical and clinical research and forensic investigations. Rat plasma specimen analysis following subcutaneous AM-2201 administration demonstrated the suitability of the method. AM-2201, JWH-018 N-(5-hydroxypentyl), and JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid concentrations were 4.8±1.0, 0.15±0.03, and 0.34±0.07μg/L, respectively, 8h after AM-2201 administration at 0.3mg/kg (n=5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Carlier
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Karl B Scheidweiler
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Ariane Wohlfarth
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Bonita D Salmeron
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 333 Cassell Drive Suite 4400, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michael H Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 333 Cassell Drive Suite 4400, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Aldlgan AA, Torrance. HJ. Bioanalytical methods for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in biological specimens. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Habala L, Valentová J, Pechová I, Fuknová M, Devínsky F. DART – LTQ ORBITRAP as an expedient tool for the identification of synthetic cannabinoids. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 20:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Determination of selected synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites by micellar electrokinetic chromatography – mass spectrometry employing perfluoroheptanoic acid-based micellar phase. Talanta 2016; 150:568-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Simultaneous Determination of Methadone, Fluoxetine, Venlafaxine and Their Metabolites in Rat Plasma by UPLC–MS/MS for Drug Interaction Study. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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50
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Multiple stage MS in analysis of plasma, serum, urine and in vitro samples relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:457-81. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.16.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews MS approaches applied to metabolism studies, structure elucidation and qualitative or quantitative screening of drugs (of abuse) and/or their metabolites. Applications in clinical and forensic toxicology were included using blood plasma or serum, urine, in vitro samples, liquids, solids or plant material. Techniques covered are liquid chromatography coupled to low-resolution and high-resolution multiple stage mass analyzers. Only PubMed listed studies published in English between January 2008 and January 2015 were considered. Approaches are discussed focusing on sample preparation and mass spectral settings. Comments on advantages and limitations of these techniques complete the review.
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