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Ji Z, Liao L, Ge Y, Liu M, Fang X, Sun H, Zheng S, Deng X. Screening anabolic androgenic steroids in human urine: an application of the state-of-the-art gas chromatography-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3223-3237. [PMID: 38573345 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) have been abused in and out of competition for their performance-enhancing and muscle-building properties. Traditionally, AASs were commonly detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the initial testing procedure for doping control purposes. Gas chromatography-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap-HRMS) is a new technology that has many advantages in comparison with GC-MS (e.g., a maximum resolving power of 240,000 (FWHM at m/z 200), excellent sub-ppm mass accuracy, and retrospective data analysis after data acquisition). Anti-doping practitioners are encouraged to take full advantage of the updated techniques of chromatography-mass spectrometry to develop sensitive, specific, and rapid screening methods for AASs. A new method for screening a wide range of AASs in human urine using GC-Orbitrap-HRMS was developed and validated. The method can qualitatively determine 70 anabolic androgenic steroids according to the minimum required performance limit of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Moreover, the validated method was successfully applied to detect six metabolites in urine after the oral administration of metandienone, and their excretion curves in vivo were studied. Metandienone M6 (17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-nor-androst-1,4,13-trien-3-one) has been identified as a long-term urinary metabolite which can be detected up to 7 weeks, thus providing a longer detection window compared with previous studies. This study provides a rationale for GC-Orbitrap-HRMS in drug metabolism and non-targeted screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Ji
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuqi Ge
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengpan Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Fang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyi Sun
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Siying Zheng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Deng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
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Wu J, Wang Q, Tang O, Liao J, Zhao Q, Liang J, Feng H, Wang L, Wang H, Shen Q. On-site monitoring of nandrolone in cattle farming samples by portable atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry with ambient sampling. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1238:124107. [PMID: 38581929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Nandrolone (NT) is a type of androgen anabolic steroid that is often illegally used in cattle farming, leading to unpredictable harm to human health via the food chain. In this study, a rapid detection method for NT in the samples of cattle farming was established using a portable mass spectrometer. The instrument parameters were optimized, including a thermal desorption temperature of 220 °C, a pump speed of 30 %, an APCI ionization voltage of 3900 v, and an injection volume of 6 μL. The samples of bovine urine, feed, sewage, and tissue were selected, and extracted using a solution of methanol:acetonitrile (1:1, v/v), followed by spiking a NT standard solution (1000 ng·mL-1) and ionization through the APCI ion source for detection. The results showed that NT could not be detected in beef and feed due to the complexity of the matrix, while clear signals of NT ions were observed in bovine urine and sewage samples, with LODs of 1000 and 100 ng·mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, quantitative analysis was attempted, and a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.9952) was observed for NT in sewage within the range of 100 to 1000 ng·mL-1. At spiked levels of 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 ng mL-1, the recovery rates ranged from 74.3 % to 92.8 %, with a relative standard deviation (n = 6) of less than 15 %. In conclusion, this detection method offers the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, strong timeliness, and specificity, making it suitable for on-site detection. It can be used for qualitative screening of nandrolone in bovine urine and quantitative analysis of nandrolone in sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wu
- Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Clinical Research, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qingcheng Wang
- Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 311199, China
| | - Oushan Tang
- Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jie Liao
- Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Clinical Research, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhao
- Zhoushan Institute of Calibration and Testing for Quality and Technical Supervision, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Huina Feng
- Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 311199, China
| | - Linhua Wang
- Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 311199, China.
| | - Haixing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control of Zhejiang Province, National Anti-Drug Laboratory Zhejiang Regional Center, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qing Shen
- Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Clinical Research, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China.
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Ponzetto F, Parasiliti-Caprino M, Leoni L, Marinelli L, Nonnato A, Nicoli R, Kuuranne T, Ghigo E, Mengozzi G, Settanni F. LC-MS/MS measurement of endogenous steroid hormones and phase II metabolites in blood volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) for doping control purposes. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 557:117890. [PMID: 38537673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) is emerging as a valuable technique in the collection of dried biological specimens, offering a potential alternative to traditional sampling methods. The objective of this study was to assess the suitability of 30 μL VAMS for the measurement of endogenous steroid hormones. METHODS A novel LC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantification of 18 analytes in VAMS samples, including main endogenous free steroids and phase II metabolites of androgens. The method underwent validation in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) requirements. Subsequently, it was applied to authentic VAMS samples obtained from 20 healthy volunteers to assess the stability of target analytes under varying storage conditions. RESULTS The validation protocol assessed method's selectivity, matrix effect, extraction recovery, quantitative performance, carry-over and robustness. The analysis of authentic samples demonstrated the satisfactory stability of monitored steroids in VAMS stored at room temperature, 4 °C, -20 °C and -80 °C for up to 100 days and subjected to up to 3 freezing-thawing cycles. CONCLUSIONS The validated LC-MS/MS method demonstrated its suitability for the measurement of steroids in dried blood VAMS. The observed stability of steroidal compounds suggests promising prospects for future applications of VAMS, both in anti-doping contexts and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ponzetto
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Mirko Parasiliti-Caprino
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Leoni
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marinelli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonello Nonnato
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulio Mengozzi
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Settanni
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Levernaes MCS, Solheim SA, Broderstad L, Zandy E, Mørkeberg J, Dehnes Y. Detection of doping substances in paired dried blood spots and urine samples collected during doping controls in Danish fitness centers. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38433478 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The use of dried blood spot (DBS) in anti-doping can be advantageous in terms of collection, transportation, and storage compared with the traditional anti-doping testing matrices urine and venous blood. There could, nonetheless, be disadvantages such as shorter detection windows for some substances compared with urine, but real-life comparison of the detectability of prohibited substances in DBS and urine is lacking. Herein, we present a liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS)-based screening method for simultaneous detection of 19 target analytes from the doping substance categories S1-S5 in a single spot. Ninety-eight urine and upper-arm DBS (Tasso-M20) sample pairs were collected from fitness centers customers notified for doping control by Anti Doping Denmark, and three sample pairs were collected from active steroid users undergoing clinical evaluation and treatment at a Danish hospital. The analytical findings were cross compared to evaluate the applicability of the developed DBS testing menu in terms of feasibility and analytical performance. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the detectability of prohibited substances in DBS and urine samples collected in a doping control setting. Twenty-seven of the urine samples and 23 DBS samples were positive, and we observed a very high concordance (95%) in the overall analytical results (i.e., positive or negative samples for both urine and DBS). Collectively, these results are very promising, and DBS seems suitable as a stand-alone matrix in doping control in fitness centers likely because of the high analyte concentration levels in these samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara A Solheim
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Science and Research, Anti Doping Denmark, Brøndby, Denmark
| | - Lillian Broderstad
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Essa Zandy
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Yvette Dehnes
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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de Sá e Silva DM, Thaitumu M, Theodoridis G, Witting M, Gika H. Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling in the Analysis of Endogenous Metabolites. Metabolites 2023; 13:1038. [PMID: 37887363 PMCID: PMC10609074 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) has arisen as a relevant tool in biological analysis, offering simplified sampling procedures and enhanced stability. Most of the attention VAMS has received in the past decade has been from pharmaceutical research, with most of the published work employing VAMS targeting drugs or other exogenous compounds, such as toxins and pollutants. However, biomarker analysis by employing blood microsampling has high promise. Herein, a comprehensive review on the applicability of VAMS devices for the analysis of endogenous metabolites/biomarkers was performed. The study presents a full overview of the analysis process, incorporating all the steps in sample treatment and validation parameters. Overall, VAMS devices have proven to be reliable tools for the analysis of endogenous analytes with biological importance, often offering improved analyte stability in comparison with blood under ambient conditions as well as a convenient and straightforward sample acquisition model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Marques de Sá e Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece (G.T.)
- Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Marlene Thaitumu
- Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece (G.T.)
- Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Michael Witting
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 6, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Helen Gika
- Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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6
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Zhang Q, Du H, Zhang Y. Recent progress on the detection of animal-derived food stimulants using mass spectrometry-based techniques. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1226530. [PMID: 37533577 PMCID: PMC10391635 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1226530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The misuse of animal-derived stimulants in food is becoming increasingly common, and mass spectrometry (MS) is used extensively for their detection and analysis. There is a growing demand for abused-substances detection, highlighting the need for systematic studies on the advantages of MS-based methods in detecting animal-derived stimulants. Objective We reviewed the application of chromatography-mass spectrometry to the screening and detection of food stimulants of animal origin. Specifically, we analyzed four common animal sources of synthetic steroids, β-receptor agonists, zearalenol (ZAL), and glucocorticoids. We also explored the potential of using chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect and analyze animal-derived foods. Methods We searched and screened the Web of Science and Google Scholar databases until April 2023. Our inclusion criteria included a publication year within the last 5 years, publication language of English, and the research fields of food analysis, environmental chemistry, and polymer science. Our keywords were "mass spectrometry," "anabolic androgenic steroids," "β-2agonists," "glucocorticoids," "zearalenone," and "doping." Results Although traditional techniques such as thin-layer chromatography and enzyme-linked immunoassays are simple, fast, and suitable for the initial screening of bulk products, they are limited by their relatively high detection limits. Among the methods based on MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry are the most widely used for detecting food doping agents of animal origin. However, a sensitive method with high repeatability and a short analysis time for a large number of samples is still required. Advances in MS have enabled the detection of extremely low concentrations of these substances. Combining different techniques, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, and two-dimensional chromatography, offers significant advantages for detecting trace illicit drugs in animal-derived foods. Due to advances in assay technology and sample preparation methods, sample collection and storage methods such as dried blood spots, dried urine spots, and volumetric absorptive microsampling are increasingly accepted because of their increased stability and cost-effectiveness. Significance MS significantly improves the efficiency of detecting doping agents of animal origin. With the continuous development of MS technology, its application in the fields of doping detection and the analysis of doping agents of animal origin is expected to become more extensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Graduate School, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Du
- Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yingjian Zhang
- Faculty of Sports, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, Hebei Province, China
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7
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Applications of Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Technique: A Systematic Critical Review. Ther Drug Monit 2023:00007691-990000000-00101. [PMID: 36917733 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
METHODS A novel microsampling device called Volumetric Absorptive microsampling (VAMS), developed in 2014, appears to have resolved the sample inhomogeneity inherent to dried blood spots, with improved precision in the volume of sample collected for measuring drug concentration. A literature search was conducted to identify several analytical and pharmacokinetic studies that have used VAMS in recent years. RESULTS The key factors for proper experimental design and optimization of the extraction of drugs and metabolites of interest from the device were summarized. This review focuses on VAMS and elaborates on bioanalytical factors, method validation steps, and scope of this technique in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS The promising microsampling method VAMS is especially suited for conducting pharmacokinetic studies with very small volumes of blood, especially in special patient populations. Clinical validation of every VAMS assay must be conducted prior to the routine practical implementation of this method.
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8
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Thevis M, Walpurgis K, Thomas A. DropWise: current role and future perspectives of dried blood spots (DBS), blood microsampling, and their analysis in sports drug testing. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2023; 60:41-62. [PMID: 35938300 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For decades, blood testing has been an integral part of routine doping controls. The breadth of information contained in blood samples has become considerably more accessible for anti-doping purposes over the last 10 years through technological advancements regarding analytical instrumentation as well as enhanced sample collection systems. Particularly, microsampling of whole blood and serum, for instance as dried blood spots (DBS), has opened new avenues in sports drug testing and substantially increased the availability and cost-effectiveness of doping control specimens. Thus, microvolume blood specimens possess the potential to improve monitoring of blood hormone and drug levels, support evaluation of circulating drug concentrations in competition, and enhance the stability of labile markers and target analytes in blood passport analyses as well as peptide hormone and steroid ester detection. Further, the availability of the fraction of lysed erythrocytes for anti-doping purposes warrants additional investigation, considering the sequestering capability of red blood cells (RBCs) for certain substances, as a complementary approach in support of the clean sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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9
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Mazzarino M, Di Costanzo L, Comunità F, Stacchini C, de la Torre X, Botrè F. UHPLC-HRMS Method for the Simultaneous Screening of 235 Drugs in Capillary Blood for Doping Control Purpose: Comparative Evaluation of Volumetric and Non-volumetric Dried Blood Spotting Devices. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31845-31868. [PMID: 36119994 PMCID: PMC9475635 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a quick and simple multi-targeted analytical workflow based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for the screening in dried blood spots and dried plasma spots of a wide variety of drugs with different chemical properties. Seven different microsampling devices were evaluated in view of their application for the detection of the selected target analytes in the framework of doping control analysis. The extraction of the analytes was optimized by assessing the efficacy of protocols based on ultrasonication with aqueous buffers and/or organic solvents of different polarities. Optimal recoveries were obtained by using pure methanol or mixtures of methanol/acetonitrile and methanol/isopropanol, depending on both the device and the target analytes. The method was fully validated according to both ISO17025 and the requirements of the World Anti-Doping Agency: all the analytes were clearly distinguishable from the matrix, with limits of detection in the range of 0.1-3.0 ng mL-1. Stability studies simulating the storage of samples before the analysis and in view of a possible re-analysis showed that most of the analytes were stable for at least 24 h at 50 °C and for at least 3 weeks at 25 and at 4 °C. The real applicability of the method was assessed by analyzing the samples collected after the administration of two model drugs, acetazolamide and deflazacort. The performance of the method was confirmed to be fit for purpose, and data obtained in blood can also be used to complement those available in urine, allowing to refine the knowledge concerning the pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio
Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva
Italiana, Largo Giulio
Onesti, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Di Costanzo
- Laboratorio
Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva
Italiana, Largo Giulio
Onesti, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Comunità
- Laboratorio
Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva
Italiana, Largo Giulio
Onesti, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Stacchini
- Laboratorio
Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva
Italiana, Largo Giulio
Onesti, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento
Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, “Sapienza”
Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio
Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva
Italiana, Largo Giulio
Onesti, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio
Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva
Italiana, Largo Giulio
Onesti, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
- REDs—Research
and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences, ISSUL—Institute of Sport
Sciences, University of Lausanne, Synathlon—Quartier Centre, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Developing a Nationwide Infrastructure for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Targeted Oral Anticancer Drugs: The ON-TARGET Study Protocol. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246281. [PMID: 34944899 PMCID: PMC8699239 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Relationships between drug concentrations in blood and efficacy and/or toxicity have been reported for up to 80% of oral anticancer drugs (OADs). Most OADs exhibit highly variable drug concentrations at the approved dose. This may result in a significant proportion of patients with suboptimal drug concentrations. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM), which is dose optimization based on measured drug concentrations, can be used to personalize drug dosing with the overall goal to improve the benefit-risk ratio of anticancer drug treatment. The ON-TARGET study aims to investigate the feasibility of TDM in patients receiving either axitinib or cabozantinib for the treatment of renal-cell carcinoma with the main objective to improve severe tyrosine kinase inhibitor associated toxicity. Additionally, the feasibility of volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS), a novel minimally invasive and easy to handle blood sampling technique, for TDM sample collection is investigated. Abstract Exposure-efficacy and/or exposure-toxicity relationships have been identified for up to 80% of oral anticancer drugs (OADs). Usually, OADs are administered at fixed doses despite their high interindividual pharmacokinetic variability resulting in large differences in drug exposure. Consequently, a substantial proportion of patients receive a suboptimal dose. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM), i.e., dosing based on measured drug concentrations, may be used to improve treatment outcomes. The prospective, multicenter, non-interventional ON-TARGET study (DRKS00025325) aims to investigate the potential of routine TDM to reduce adverse drug reactions in renal cell carcinoma patients receiving axitinib or cabozantinib. Furthermore, the feasibility of using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS), a minimally invasive and easy to handle blood sampling technique, for sample collection is examined. During routine visits, blood samples are collected and sent to bioanalytical laboratories. Venous and VAMS blood samples are collected in the first study phase to facilitate home-based capillary blood sampling in the second study phase. Within one week, the drug plasma concentrations are measured, interpreted, and reported back to the physician. Patients report their drug intake and toxicity using PRO-CTCAE-based questionnaires in dedicated diaries. Ultimately, the ON-TARGET study aims to develop a nationwide infrastructure for TDM for oral anticancer drugs.
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11
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Attia MS, Mahmoud SA, Ahmed AM, Amin TA, Youssef AO, Amin MA, Abou-Omar MN, Mohamed EH. Tb 3+-atorvastatin doped in poly(ethylene glycol) optical biosensor for selective determination of progesterone and testosterone in serum samples. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33326-33333. [PMID: 35497545 PMCID: PMC9042288 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05860f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An innovative, simple and cost effective Tb3+-atorvastatin photo probe was designed and used as a core for a spectrofluorometric approach to sensitively determine two vital biological compounds in serum samples. Tb3+-atorvastatin complex displays a characteristic electrical band with λ em at 545 nm with significant luminescence intensity, which is quenched in the presence of progesterone and testosterone at two variant sets of pH; 6.2 and 7.5, respectively. The conditions were optimized and the best solvent for operation was found to be acetonitrile with λ ex at 320 nm. Progesterone and testosterone were assessed in serum samples using the same optimal conditions within concentration ranges of 2 × 10-9 to 2.9 × 10-6 and 3.1 × 10-9 to 4.8 × 10-6 mol L-1, respectively. The proposed luminescence method was validated in accordance to ICH guidelines and found to be accurate, precise and specific and free from any interference. The cost effectiveness and applicability of the method make it a good choice for routine analysis of the two compounds and early diagnosis of chronic diseases associated with abnormalities in their physiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Attia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt +202 1229867311 +202 1060819022
| | - Safwat A Mahmoud
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University Arar Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal M Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt +202 1229867311 +202 1060819022
| | - Tarek A Amin
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt +202 1229867311 +202 1060819022
| | - Ahmed O Youssef
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt +202 1229867311 +202 1060819022
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Chemistry, Collage of Science, Taif University P. O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona N Abou-Omar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
| | - Ekram H Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Analytical, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt El Sherouk City Cairo 11837 Egypt
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12
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Saad K, Salama S, Horvatovich P, Al Maadheed M, Georgakopoulos C. Olympic anti-doping laboratory: the analytical technological road from 2016 Rio De Janeiro to 2021 Tokyo. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1511-1527. [PMID: 34617444 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The summer Olympic Games is the major mega sports event since the first modern era Olympiad, held in Athens, Greece in 1896. International Olympic Committee (IOC) has the responsibility of the organization of the summer and winter Games ensuring the broadcast in all corners of earth. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is the responsible organization of the fight against doping in sports. IOC and WADA support the event's country WADA Accredited Laboratory to incorporate the maximum of the new analytical technologies to become applicable during the event's antidoping testing. The current study reviewed the last 5 years progresses of the antidoping system with emphasis on the laboratory field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Saad
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar (ADLQ), Doha, 27775, Qatar
| | - Sofia Salama
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar (ADLQ), Doha, 27775, Qatar
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13
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Fabris AL, Yonamine M. Dried matrix spots in forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1441-1458. [PMID: 34551580 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried matrix spots (DMS) has gained the attention of different professionals in different fields, including toxicology. Investigations have been carried out in order to assess the potential of using DMS for the analysis of illicit substances, the main interest of forensic toxicologists. This technique uses minimal volumes of samples and solvents, resulting in simple and rapid extraction procedures. Furthermore, it has proved to increase analyte stability, improving storage and transportation. However, DMS presents some limitations: the hematocrit influencing accuracy and inconsistencies regarding the means of spotting samples and adding internal standard on paper. Thus, we provide an overview of analytical methodologies with forensic applications focusing on drugs of abuse and discussing the main particularities, limitations and achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Fabris
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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14
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Salamin O, Nicoli R, Xu C, Boccard J, Rudaz S, Pitteloud N, Saugy M, Kuuranne T. Steroid profiling by UHPLC-MS/MS in dried blood spots collected from healthy women with and without testosterone gel administration. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 204:114280. [PMID: 34340018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The quantification of a large panel of endogenous steroids in serum by LC-MS/MS represents a powerful clinical tool for the screening or diagnosis of diverse endocrine disorders. This approach has also demonstrated excellent sensitivity for the detection of testosterone misuse in the anti-doping field, especially in female athlete population. In both situations, the use of dried blood spots (DBS) could provide a viable alternative to invasive venous blood collection. Here, the evaluation of DBS sampling for the quantification of a panel of endogenous steroids using UHPLC-MS/MS is described. The UHPLC-MS/MS method was validated for quantitative analysis of eleven free and eight conjugated steroids and was then used for the analysis of DBS samples collected in 14 healthy women during a normal menstrual cycle (control phase) followed by a 28-days testosterone gel treatment (treatment phase). Results were compared with those obtained from serum matrix. Satisfactory performance was obtained for all compounds in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, combined uncertainty, stability as well as extraction recovery and matrix effects. In control phase, high correlation was observed between DBS and serum concentrations for most compounds. In treatment phase, higher testosterone concentrations were observed in capillary than in venous DBS, suggesting a possible interference resulting from testosterone contamination on finger(s) used for gel application. Steroid profiling in capillary DBS represents a simple and efficient strategy for monitoring endogenous steroid concentrations and their fluctuation in clinical context of steroid-related disorders, or for the detection of testosterone abuse in anti-doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Salamin
- Center of Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cheng Xu
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University Medical Centre, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Biomedical and Metabolomic Analyses, Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University Medical Centre, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Biomedical and Metabolomic Analyses, Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Center of Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Thomas A, Geyer H. Do dried blood spots have the potential to support result management processes in routine sports drug testing?-Part 2: Proactive sampling for follow-up investigations concerning atypical or adverse analytical findings. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:505-509. [PMID: 33538088 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Capillary blood sampled as dried blood spot (DBS) has shown substantial potential as test matrix in sports drug testing in various different settings, enabling the analysis of numerous different drugs and/or their respective metabolites. In addition to established beneficial aspects of DBS specimens in general (such as the minimally invasive and non-intrusive nature, and simplified sample transport), a yet unexplored advantage of DBS in the anti-doping context could be the opportunity of preserving a source of information complementary to routine doping controls performed in urine or venous blood. Whenever follow-up investigations are warranted or required, frequently collected and stored (but yet not analyzed) DBS samples could be target-tested for the compound(s) in question, in order to contribute to results management and decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Attia MS, Ahmed AM, Amin TA, Youssef AO, Amin MA, Mohamed EH, Mahmoud SA, Abou-Omar MN. New Tb 3+–simvastatin optical biosensor for sensitive determination of folic acid, progesterone, testosterone and vitamin D 3 in biological fluids. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32861-32872. [PMID: 35493587 PMCID: PMC9042109 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05368j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An innovative, simple and cost effective Tb3+–simvastatin photo probe was designed and used as a core for a spectrofluorometric approach to sensitively determine four vital biological compounds in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Attia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Amal M. Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Tarek A. Amin
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Ahmed. O. Youssef
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A. Amin
- Department of Chemistry, Collage of Science, Taif University, P. O. BOX 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ekram H. Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Analytical, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, 11837, El Sherouk City, Egypt
| | - Safwat A. Mahmoud
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona N. Abou-Omar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned-substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2019/2020. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:8-35. [PMID: 33185038 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Analytical chemistry-based research in sports drug testing has been a dynamic endeavor for several decades, with technology-driven innovations continuously contributing to significant improvements in various regards including analytical sensitivity, comprehensiveness of target analytes, differentiation of natural/endogenous substances from structurally identical but synthetically derived compounds, assessment of alternative matrices for doping control purposes, and so forth. The resulting breadth of tools being investigated and developed by anti-doping researchers has allowed to substantially improve anti-doping programs and data interpretation in general. Additionally, these outcomes have been an extremely valuable pledge for routine doping controls during the unprecedented global health crisis that severely affected established sports drug testing strategies. In this edition of the annual banned-substance review, literature on recent developments in anti-doping published between October 2019 and September 2020 is summarized and discussed, particularly focusing on human doping controls and potential applications of new testing strategies to substances and methods of doping specified the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2020 Prohibited List.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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