1
|
Wang C, Liu H, Sun R, Wang J. Determination of glycidyl fatty acid esters in edible vegetable oils by HPLC-ESI-QQQ-MS/MS combined with cryo-degreasing tandem dispersive solid-phase extraction. Food Chem 2024; 432:137293. [PMID: 37657342 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs) have been identified as food contaminants that can form during the processing and heating of edible oils. Their widespread occurrence raises potential concerns for consumers. This study aimed to develop a simple and effective analytical method for molecular recognition using mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns. Furthermore, it sought to simultaneously and quantitatively determine five common GEs in highly complex fatty matrices (oils) using high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QQQ-MS/MS). An extraction method using acetonitrile was used, and the purification of the extract was optimized using cryo-degreasing-tandem dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) to eliminate fatty interferents. The method validation yielded recoveries ranging from 81.17% to 109.28% and the method precision was < 10.00%. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.08 to 0.21 ng/g, which is below the current legal limits. This approach may play a crucial role in ensuring food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang M, Olajide TM, Cao W. Automated methods for the determination of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol (MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters in milk powder products by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and risk assessment. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
3
|
Custodio-Mendoza JA, Sendón R, de Quirós ARB, Lorenzo RA, Carro AM. Development of a QuEChERS method for simultaneous analysis of 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol monoesters and Glycidyl esters in edible oils and margarine by LC-APCI-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340712. [PMID: 36628717 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple, fast and effective direct method based on HPLC-APCI-QqQ-MS/MS has been developed to simultaneously determine four 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol monoesters (3-MCPDE) esterified with palmitic, linoleic, stearic, and oleic acid, and two glycidyl esters (GE) with palmitic and oleic acid in margarine and olive oil using a QuEChERS approach. Factors affecting the efficiency of the extraction process were assessed, including type and amount of salt, extraction solvent, test portion amount, and clean-up sorbent. The analytical method was validated according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines using matrix-matched calibration with internal standards and showed good results in terms of linearity (r2 > 0.9992), accuracy (80<Recovery<120%), and precision (RSD<15%). The method was successfully applied for the first time to 11 margarine samples for simultaneous analysis of 3-MCPDE and GE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Custodio-Mendoza
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Raquel Sendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa A Lorenzo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonia M Carro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Materiais (iMATUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wei T, Liu W, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Shen M, Li C. Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends on 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol Esters in Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15347-15359. [PMID: 36468534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) are common food contaminants mainly formed in the edible oil refining process. Due to their potential hazards, 3-MCPDE has become a widespread food safety concern. In this study, CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to conduct a bibliometric analysis on the 3-MCPDE research papers collected in the Web of Science Core Collection from 1998 to 2022. The results showed that the number of research publications on 3-MCPDE has increased rapidly since 2010. Analysis of the hotspots in 3-MCPDE studies showed that more attention has been paid to the exposure assessment, formation mechanism, detection methods, mitigation methods and toxicity, and toxicology of 3-MCPDE. Finally, the future trends of research on 3-MCPDE were analyzed and proposed. The mitigation methods and toxicology studies of 3-MCPDE are still the research hotspots in the future. In addition, nutritional intervention for 3-MCPDE toxicity will be an emerging trend.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun C, Wu N, Kou S, Wu H, Liu Y, Pei A, Li Q. Occurrence, formation mechanism, detection methods, and removal approaches for chloropropanols and their esters in food: An updated systematic review. Food Chem X 2022; 17:100529. [PMID: 36845468 PMCID: PMC9943786 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloropropanols, one of the major contaminants in food, and the corresponding esters or glycidyl esters (GEs) are of great concern in terms of product safety due to their potential carcinogenicity. During heat processing, glycerol, allyl alcohol, chloropropanol esters, sucralose, and carbohydrate in mixed foodstuffs are probable precursors of chloropropanol. The standard analytical techniques for chloropropanols or their esters are GC-MS or LC-MS following sample derivatization pretreatment. By comparing modern data against that five-year-old before, it appears that the levels of chloropropanols and their esters/GEs in food products have somewhat decreased. 3-MCPD esters or GEs may yet exceed the permitted intake set, however, especially in newborn formula which requires particularly stringent regulatory measures. Citespace (6.1. R2) software was employed in this study to examine the research focii of chloropropanols and their corresponding esters/GEs in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Sun
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing 100083, China,Corresponding authors at: College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ni Wu
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing 100083, China,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shunli Kou
- Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Zhejiang 310023, China
| | - Haolin Wu
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing 100083, China,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Annan Pei
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing 100083, China,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing 100083, China,Corresponding authors at: College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kourimsky T, Hrbek V, Steidl M, Hajšlová J. Analysis of MCPD and Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters in Refined Plant Oils by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography– High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. LCGC EUROPE 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.eu.bl7965l5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2- and 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (2- and 3-MCPD) and their fatty acid esters (2- and 3-MCPDEs) together with glycidyl fatty acids esters (GEs) belong to a group of process-induced contaminants. They are formed in high temperature environments and most commonly occur in refined vegetable oils. Since 2021, maximum limits for GEs and 3-MCPDEs have been enforceable in the EU, and the requirement for adequate analytical methods is constantly increasing. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient method to enable a rapid determination of nine 3-MCPDEs and seven GEs in vegetable oils within a single run employing supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (SFC–HRMS/MS). Contrary to a routine gas chromatography mass spectrometry method aimed at determination of the total MCPD pool, the sample throughput when using SFC–HRMS/MS was greatly increased, as the “dilute-and shoot” approach did not require any hydrolysis and derivatization. Additionally, the pattern of natural MCPDEs was characterized. The performance characteristics of this new method met the criteria required by Commision Regulation 2019/2093 for all target analytes.
Collapse
|
7
|
López-Ruiz R, Marín-Sáez J, Prestes OD, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Critical Evaluation of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Anthropogenic Organic Contaminants in Edible Oils: An Overview of the Last Five Years. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1733-1747. [PMID: 35175888 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic contaminants, as pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and monochloropropanediols (MCPDs), have become important to be controlled in edible oils, since their regular occurrence. In fact, alerts from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) in oils normally include these compounds. From a critical point of view, tools used to control these compounds in the last 5 years will be discussed, including sample preparation, analysis and current regulations. Extraction and analysis methods will be discussed next, being liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and QuEChERS, with or without clean-up step, as well as chromatographic methods coupled to different analyzers (mainly mass spectrometry), the most commonly used for extraction and analysis respectively. Occurrence in samples will also be reviewed and compared with the legal maximum residue limits (MRLs), observing that 4%, 20% and 60% of the analyzed samples exceed the legal limits for pesticides, MCPDs and PAHs respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis (LARP), Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jesús Marín-Sáez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Osmar D Prestes
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis (LARP), Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ioime P, Piva E, Pozzebon M, Pascali JP. Automated sample preparation and analysis by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for the determination of 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol (MCPD) esters and glycidol esters in edible oils. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1650:462253. [PMID: 34049252 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The potentially carcinogenic process contaminant 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol esters (2-MCPD and 3-MCPD esters) and glycidyl esters (GEs) are under study in refined oils and foodstuffs. Legislation set recommended total daily intake (TDI) for 3-MCPD of 0.8 µg/kg and as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) for glycidol. Usually, the so far adopted method for the determination of these contaminants relay on numerous and time-consuming steps for sample preparation (AOCS methods) and on GC-MS detection. The obtained sensitivities and the number of processable samples are thus limited. In this optic, new reliable methods that allow for the fast and sensitive determination of these contaminants in edible oils may be considered an improvement of the overall strategy of tackling the problem. In this paper a new automated method for sample preparation and detection by GC-MS/MS is presented and validated. Data on sensitivity (LOD at 1.5, 2.2 and 3 ng/g for 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, 3-MBPD (deriving from glycidol), respectively), linearity across low and high calibration ranges and precision showed to be fit-for-purposes. Finally, the methodology was applied to ten extra virgin oil samples and one sample of sunflower seeds oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Ioime
- dtoLABS, Via Pozzuoli, 13C/13D, 30038, Spinea (VE), Italy
| | - Elena Piva
- dtoLABS, Via Pozzuoli, 13C/13D, 30038, Spinea (VE), Italy
| | | | - Jennifer P Pascali
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35127, Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|