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Salatin S, Shafiee-Kandjani AR, Ghobadloo PA, Pakkhesal S, Hamidi S. Nanopsychiatry: Advancing psychiatric diagnosis and monitoring through nanotechnology-based detection. Clin Chim Acta 2025; 572:120268. [PMID: 40154722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2025.120268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2025] [Revised: 03/24/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/01/2025]
Abstract
Nanopsychiatry, operating at the nanoscale, leverages engineered nanomaterials and nanodevices to revolutionize psychiatric diagnostics and therapeutics. This review systematically analyzes the implementation of advanced nanomaterials, including quantum dots, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and metal nanoparticles, in neural interface systems for neurotransmitter detection and drug monitoring. We evaluate the integration of nanoscale architectures in developing high-specificity biosensors for key neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate. The review critically examines recent advances in nanomaterial-based electrochemical and optical sensing platforms, incorporating modified electrodes with conducting polymers, metallic nanocomposites, and functionalized graphene derivatives. These systems demonstrate enhanced sensitivity and selective multi-analyte detection capabilities in complex biological matrices. We analyze how these nanosensors complement conventional neuroimaging techniques, enabling monitoring of neurochemical dynamics in psychiatric conditions with improved spatial and temporal resolution. Furthermore, we assess the development of flexible, nanomaterial-enhanced wearable biosensors incorporating screen-printed electrodes and microfluidic systems. These devices achieve continuous monitoring of neurological biomarkers, facilitating quantitative assessment of psychiatric symptoms and treatment responses. The integration of machine learning algorithms with these nanoscale sensing platforms enables data processing and pattern recognition for personalized psychiatric interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salatin
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Shafiee-Kandjani
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Abedi Ghobadloo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Pakkhesal
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samin Hamidi
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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2
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Ciarrocchi D, Pecoraro PM, Zompanti A, Pennazza G, Santonico M, di Biase L. Biochemical Sensors for Personalized Therapy in Parkinson's Disease: Where We Stand. J Clin Med 2024; 13:7458. [PMID: 39685917 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13237458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2024] [Revised: 11/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/05/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its first introduction, levodopa has remained the cornerstone treatment for Parkinson's disease. However, as the disease advances, the therapeutic window for levodopa narrows, leading to motor complications like fluctuations and dyskinesias. Clinicians face challenges in optimizing daily therapeutic regimens, particularly in advanced stages, due to the lack of quantitative biomarkers for continuous motor monitoring. Biochemical sensing of levodopa offers a promising approach for real-time therapeutic feedback, potentially sustaining an optimal motor state throughout the day. These sensors vary in invasiveness, encompassing techniques like microdialysis, electrochemical non-enzymatic sensing, and enzymatic approaches. Electrochemical sensing, including wearable solutions that utilize reverse iontophoresis and microneedles, is notable for its potential in non-invasive or minimally invasive monitoring. Point-of-care devices and standard electrochemical cells demonstrate superior performance compared to wearable solutions; however, this comes at the cost of wearability. As a result, they are better suited for clinical use. The integration of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, metal-organic frameworks, and graphene has significantly enhanced sensor sensitivity, selectivity, and detection performance. This framework paves the way for accurate, continuous monitoring of levodopa and its metabolites in biofluids such as sweat and interstitial fluid, aiding real-time motor performance assessment in Parkinson's disease. This review highlights recent advancements in biochemical sensing for levodopa and catecholamine monitoring, exploring emerging technologies and their potential role in developing closed-loop therapy for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ciarrocchi
- Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Maria Pecoraro
- Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zompanti
- Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Santonico
- Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Lazzaro di Biase
- Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Brain Innovations Lab, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Moradpour H, Forootanfar H, Ameri A, Beitollahi H. Fabrication of the carbon paste electrode modified with Trametes versicolor laccase immobilized on carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and its application for measurement of dopamine. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 283:137891. [PMID: 39571857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) shows numerous roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. In this study, an immobilized laccase-derived biosensor was developed for DA detection. The carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) was applied for immobilization of laccase from Trametes versicolor (TvLac). According to Plackett-Burman statistical design, the optimum conditions showed at 5 mg/mL of MWCNTs-COOH, 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), sonication time for 15 min, 2.5 U/mg of enzyme concentration, immobilization time for 4 h at 4 °C, and rotation at 100 rpm. At these conditions, the experimental and predicted specific activities were 14.19 ± 1.41 U/mg and 13.99 ± 1.54 U/mg, respectively. The activity of immobilized TvLac was >90 % at 60 °C and pH 7.0 as well as after 10 sets of uses. The carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with the immobilized TvLac was then fabricated, characterized and applied as a biosensor (TvLac@MWCNTs-COOH/CPE) for determination of DA. The mean of diffusion coefficient for DA was considered to be 9.1 × 10-6 cm2/s. The TvLac@MWCNTs-COOH/CPE represented a linear dynamic range of 0.005-100.0 μM with detection limit of 1.0 nM. The TvLac@MWCNTs-COOH/CPE might be introduced as a suitable sensor for monitoring of DA in real specimens which merit further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hediyeh Moradpour
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Forootanfar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Atefeh Ameri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hadi Beitollahi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
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Han E, Li L, Gao T, Pan Y, Cai J. Nitrite determination in food using electrochemical sensor based on self-assembled MWCNTs/AuNPs/poly-melamine nanocomposite. Food Chem 2023; 437:137773. [PMID: 39491295 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
A nanocomposite of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticles/poly-melamine (MWCNTs/AuNPs/PM) was designed using layer-by-layer self-assembled method on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by electrochemical deposition to construct an electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of nitrite. First, a layer of MWCNTs was modified on electrode, and then gold nanoparticles and melamine were in-situ polymerized onto MWCNTs through self-assembled technique to form GCE/MWCNTs/AuNPs/PM. MWCNTs have large specific surface area, which increased the number of gold nanoparticles deposited on MWCNTs. Meanwhile, the doping of gold nanoparticles also improved the polymerization of melamine. The synergistic interaction of nanocomposite further improved the catalytic effect on nitrite. Under optimized conditions, the detection range for nitrite was from 0.4 to 1475 μM and the detection limit was 0.041 μM. Through the detection of nitrite in food samples, the recovery rates were from 93.16% to 108.68%. Therefore, the method can be used as a practical platform for nitrite detection in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Lei Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Ting Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Yingying Pan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jianrong Cai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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Santos AM, Wong A, Feitosa MHA, Cardenas-Riojas AA, Calderon-Zavaleta SL, Baena-Moncada AM, Sotomayor MDPT, Moraes FC. Voltammetric Sensing of Nifedipine Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Carbon Nanofibers and Gold Nanoparticles. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:829. [PMID: 37622915 PMCID: PMC10452116 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Nifedipine, a widely utilized medication, plays a crucial role in managing blood pressure in humans. Due to its global prevalence and extensive usage, close monitoring is necessary to address this widespread concern effectively. Therefore, the development of an electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon nanofibers and gold nanoparticles in a Nafion® film was performed, resulting in an active electrode surface for oxidation of the nifedipine molecule. This was applied, together with a voltammetric methodology, for the analysis of nifedipine in biological and environmental samples, presenting a linear concentration range from 0.020 to 2.5 × 10-6 µmol L-1 with a limit of detection 2.8 nmol L-1. In addition, it presented a good recovery analysis in the complexity of the samples, a low deviation in the presence of interfering potentials, and good repeatability between measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson M. Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Ademar Wong
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-970, Brazil
| | - Maria H. A. Feitosa
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Andy A. Cardenas-Riojas
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Electroquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Túpac Amaru 210, Rímac 15333, Peru
| | - Sandy L. Calderon-Zavaleta
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Electroquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Túpac Amaru 210, Rímac 15333, Peru
| | - Angélica M. Baena-Moncada
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Electroquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Túpac Amaru 210, Rímac 15333, Peru
| | | | - Fernando C. Moraes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
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Srinivas S, Senthil Kumar A. Surface-Activated Pencil Graphite Electrode for Dopamine Sensor Applications: A Critical Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:353. [PMID: 36979565 PMCID: PMC10046220 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pencil graphite electrode (PGE) is an alternative, commercially available, ready-to-use, screen-printed electrode for a wide range of electroanalytical applications. Due to the complex-matrix composition and unpredictable electro-inactive nature of PGE in its native form, a surface pre-treatment/activation procedure is highly preferred for using it as an electroactive working electrode for electroanalytical applications. In this article, we review various surface pre-treatment and modification procedures adopted in the literature with respect to the sensitive and selective detection of dopamine as a model system. Specific generation of the carbon-oxygen functional group, along with partial surface exfoliation of PGE, has been referred to as a key step for the activation. Based on the Scopus® index, the literature collection was searched with the keywords "pencil and dopamine". The obtained data were segregated into three main headings as: (i) electrochemically pre-treated PGE; (ii) polymer-modified PGEs; and (iii) metal and metal nanocomposite-modified PGE. This critical review covers various surface activation procedures adopted for the activation for PGE suitable for dopamine electroanalytical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Srinivas
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Annamalai Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
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Fredj Z, Sawan M. Advanced Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Catecholamines Detection: Challenges and Trends. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:211. [PMID: 36831978 PMCID: PMC9953752 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines, including dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, are considered one of the most crucial subgroups of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS), in which they act at the brain's highest levels of mental function and play key roles in neurological disorders. Accordingly, the analysis of such catecholamines in biological samples has shown a great interest in clinical and pharmaceutical importance toward the early diagnosis of neurological diseases such as Epilepsy, Parkinson, and Alzheimer diseases. As promising routes for the real-time monitoring of catecholamine neurotransmitters, optical and electrochemical biosensors have been widely adopted and perceived as a dramatically accelerating development in the last decade. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the recent advances and main challenges in catecholamines biosensors. Particular emphasis is given to electrochemical biosensors, reviewing their sensing mechanism and the unique characteristics brought by the emergence of nanotechnology. Based on specific biosensors' performance metrics, multiple perspectives on the therapeutic use of nanomaterial for catecholamines analysis and future development trends are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
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Gold nanoparticles stabilized by sulfonated imidazolium salt for the manufacture of modified electrodes in order to electrochemical detection of indomethacin. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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