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Wang W, Peng G, Sun J, Jiang C, Hao J, Zhang X. Screening and Characterization of Marine Bacillus atrophaeus G4 Protease and Its Application in the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sheep ( Ovis aries) Placenta for the Preparation of Antioxidant Peptides. Molecules 2025; 30:2217. [PMID: 40430389 PMCID: PMC12114319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules30102217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2025] [Revised: 05/14/2025] [Accepted: 05/15/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes, which play a crucial role in peptide bond cleavage, are widely applied in various industries. In this study, protease-producing bacteria were isolated and characterized from marine sediments collected from the Yellow Sea, China. Comprehensive screening and 16S rDNA sequencing identified a promising G4 strain as Bacillus atrophaeus. Following meticulous optimization of fermentation conditions and medium composition via response surface methodology, protease production using strain G4 was significantly enhanced by 64%, achieving a yield of 3258 U/mL. The G4 protease exhibited optimal activity at 50 °C and pH 7.5, demonstrating moderate thermal stability with 52% residual activity after 30-min incubation at 50 °C-characteristics typical of an alkaline protease. Notably, the enzyme retained over 79% activity across a broad pH range (6-11) and exhibited excellent salt tolerance, maintaining over 50% activity in a saturated NaCl solution. Inhibition by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, a serine protease inhibitor, confirmed its classification as a serine protease. The enzyme's potential in generating bioactive peptides was further demonstrated through hydrolysis of sheep (Ovis aries) placenta, resulting in a hydrolysate with notable antioxidant properties. The hydrolysate exhibited a 64% superoxide anion scavenging activity, surpassing that of reduced glutathione. These findings expand the current understanding of Bacillus atrophaeus G4 proteases and provide a foundation for innovative sheep placenta utilization with potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.W.); (G.P.); (J.S.); (C.J.)
| | - Guoqing Peng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.W.); (G.P.); (J.S.); (C.J.)
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.W.); (G.P.); (J.S.); (C.J.)
| | - Chengcheng Jiang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.W.); (G.P.); (J.S.); (C.J.)
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.W.); (G.P.); (J.S.); (C.J.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resource, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiu Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
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Shang J, Gao W, Cai J, Yang Y, Wang C, Zhao N, Wang H, Zhang Y. A Novel Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Endogenous Peroxynitrite (ONOO -) in Living Cells. J Fluoresc 2025; 35:3091-3098. [PMID: 38722498 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2025]
Abstract
In this study, we present a novel near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe Nile-ONO designed for the selective and sensitive detection of ONOO-. The probe Nile-ONO employed Nile red as the fluorophore, with diphenylphosphinate serving as the reaction site. In the presence of ONOO-, the probe Nile-ONO exhibits remarkable fluorescence enhancement at 659 nm, with a response time of less than 20 min and a low detection limit of 0.32 µM. Importantly, MTT assays demonstrate low cytotoxicity in living cells. Furthermore, Nile-ONO has excellent imaging capabilities for endogenous ONOO-. Overall, this work introduces a valuable new method for the rapid detection of ONOO- in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinting Shang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Advanced Technology Institute of Suzhou Chinese Academy of Science, Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Wanxia Gao
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Advanced Technology Institute of Suzhou Chinese Academy of Science, Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Junluan Cai
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Advanced Technology Institute of Suzhou Chinese Academy of Science, Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Advanced Technology Institute of Suzhou Chinese Academy of Science, Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Advanced Technology Institute of Suzhou Chinese Academy of Science, Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Advanced Technology Institute of Suzhou Chinese Academy of Science, Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Advanced Technology Institute of Suzhou Chinese Academy of Science, Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Yibin Zhang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Advanced Technology Institute of Suzhou Chinese Academy of Science, Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China.
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3
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Zhou Y, Kuang X, Yang X, Li J, Wei X, Jang WJ, Zhang SS, Yan M, Yoon J. Recent progress in small-molecule fluorescent probes for the detection of superoxide anion, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite anion in biological systems. Chem Sci 2024; 15:19669-19697. [PMID: 39574532 PMCID: PMC11577272 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc06722c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Superoxide anion (O2˙-), nitric oxide (NO), and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) play essential roles in physiological and pathological processes, which are related to various symptoms and diseases. There is a growing need to develop reliable techniques for effectively monitoring the changes in these three reactive species across different molecular events. Currently, small-molecule fluorescent probes have been demonstrated to be reliable imaging tools for the optical detection and biological analysis of reactive species in biological systems due to their high spatiotemporal resolution and in situ capabilities. In consideration of the distinct features of these three reactive species, abundant fluorescent probes have been developed to meet various requirements. In this context, we systematically summarized the latest progress (2020-2023) in organic fluorescent probes for monitoring O2˙-, NO, and ONOO- in living systems. Furthermore, the working principles and biological applications of representative fluorescent probes were illustrated. Moreover, we highlighted the current challenges and future trends of fluorescent probes, offering general insights into future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Kuang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhe Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 People's Republic of China
| | - Won Jun Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 People's Republic of China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
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Yang D, Wu XT, Ning JY, Wei BY, Miao JY, Zhao BX, Lin ZM. Novel fluorescence probe for ClO - in living cells: Based on FRET mechanism. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 321:124754. [PMID: 38955067 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HClO) as a kind of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a vital role in many biological processes. Organic fluorescence probes have attracted great interests for the detection of HClO, due to their relatively high selectivity and sensitivity, satisfactory spatiotemporal resolution and good biocompatibility. Constructing fluorescence probes to detect HClO with advantages of large Stokes shift, wide emission gap, near infrared emission and good water solubility is still challenging. In this work, a new ratiometric fluorescence probe (named HCY) for HClO was developed. FRET-based HCY was constructed by bonding a coumarin and a flavone fluorophore. In absence of HClO, HCY exists FRET process, however, FRET is inhibited in the presence of HClO because the conjugated double bond broke. Due to the good match of the emission spectrum of the donor and the absorption spectrum of the acceptor, the FRET system appears favorable energy transfer efficiency. HCY showed high sensitivity and rapid response time. The linearity between the ratios of fluorescence intensity and concentration of HClO was established with a low limit of detection. What's more, HCY was also applied for fluorescence images of HClO in RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xiao-Tian Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Jun-Ya Ning
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Bing-Yu Wei
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Jun-Ying Miao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Bao-Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Zhao-Min Lin
- Institute of Medical Science, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, PR China.
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5
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Cabello MC, Chen G, Melville MJ, Osman R, Kumar GD, Domaille DW, Lippert AR. Ex Tenebris Lux: Illuminating Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species with Small Molecule Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9225-9375. [PMID: 39137397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are small reactive molecules derived from elements in the air─oxygen and nitrogen. They are produced in biological systems to mediate fundamental aspects of cellular signaling but must be very tightly balanced to prevent indiscriminate damage to biological molecules. Small molecule probes can transmute the specific nature of each reactive oxygen and nitrogen species into an observable luminescent signal (or even an acoustic wave) to offer sensitive and selective imaging in living cells and whole animals. This review focuses specifically on small molecule probes for superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite that provide a luminescent or photoacoustic signal. Important background information on general photophysical phenomena, common probe designs, mechanisms, and imaging modalities will be provided, and then, probes for each analyte will be thoroughly evaluated. A discussion of the successes of the field will be presented, followed by recommendations for improvement and a future outlook of emerging trends. Our objectives are to provide an informative, useful, and thorough field guide to small molecule probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as important context to compare the ecosystem of chemistries and molecular scaffolds that has manifested within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidileyvis C Cabello
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Michael J Melville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rokia Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - G Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dylan W Domaille
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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Zhang J, Nan Y, Wang H. Novel NIR fluorescent probe for hypochlorite ion detection in biological systems. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 308:123717. [PMID: 38056184 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis and application of a novel fluorescent probe, NR-ClO, for the detection of hypochlorite ion (ClO-) in biological systems. The probe was synthesized through a nucleophilic substitution reaction between Nile red and dimethylcarbamothioic chloride. The synthesized probe had high sensitivity and selectivity towards ClO-, with a detection limit of 75 nM and a linear range of 0.1-200 μM. The probe's efficacy was validated through in vitro studies using HepG2 cells and in vivo experiments using a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. The findings demonstrate that the NR-ClO probe is a promisingly reliable tool for real-time monitoring of ClO- in complex biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Nan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Hushan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
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7
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Lin S, Ye C, Lin Z, Huang L, Li D. Recent progress of near-infrared fluorescent probes in the determination of reactive oxygen species for disease diagnosis. Talanta 2024; 268:125264. [PMID: 37832458 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a chemically defined group of reactive molecules derived from molecular oxygen, are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including immune defense, cellular metabolism, and other physiological processes. To access their detailed function in these processes, it is critical to establish rapid, accurate and in situ assays for these species in vivo. Among the potential assays, fluorescent probes are considered as the most promising candidate to monitor the biological ROS in vivo with great spatial and temporal resolution and are extensively used as an excellent tool in modern redox biology discovery. Recently, abundant fluorescent probes have been successively developed for in vitro or intracellular detection of ROS, but most of them could not be used for in vivo imaging due to their intrinsic shortcomings such as short emission wavelengths, phototoxicity and poor tissue penetration. Recent development of fluorescent ROS probes with near-infrared emission aim to address these concerns to develop practical assays. Herein, we review recent developments of ROS-sensitive near-infrared fluorescent probes, with an emphasis on the design, synthesis, characteristics of fluorescent probes, as well as their applications. We hope this review will aid the development of a new generation of efficient, sensitive and biocompatible fluorescent probes for in vivo ROS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, PR China
| | - Chenqian Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, PR China
| | - Zengyan Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, PR China
| | - Luqiang Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, PR China.
| | - Daliang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, PR China.
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8
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Li M, Lei P, Shuang S, Dong C, Zhang L. Recent advances in fluorescent probes for dual-detecting ONOO - and analytes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123179. [PMID: 37542874 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Although peroxynitrite (ONOO-) plays an essential role in cellular redox homeostasis, its excess ONOO- will affect the normal physiological function of cells. Therefore, real-time monitoring of changes in local ONOO- will contribute to further revealing the biological functions. Reliable and accurate detection of biogenic ONOO- will definitely benefit for disentangling its complex functions in living systems. In the past few years, more fluorescent probes have been developed to help understand and reveal cellular ONOO- changes. However, there has been no comprehensive and critical review of multifunctional fluorescent probes for cellular ONOO- and other analytes. To highlight the recent advances, this review first summarized the recent progress of multifunctional fluorescent probes since 2018, focusing on molecular structures, response mechanisms, optical properties, and biological imaging in the detection and imaging of cellular ONOO- and analytes. We classified and discussed in detail the limitations of existing multifunctional probes, and proposed new ideas to overcome these limitations. Finally, the challenges and future development trends of ONOO- fluorescence probes were discussed. We hoped this review will provide new research directions for developing of multifunctional fluorescent probes and contribute to the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Li
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Peng Lei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China.
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Sultangaziyev A, Ilyas A, Dyussupova A, Bukasov R. Trends in Application of SERS Substrates beyond Ag and Au, and Their Role in Bioanalysis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12110967. [PMID: 36354477 PMCID: PMC9688019 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This article compares the applications of traditional gold and silver-based SERS substrates and less conventional (Pd/Pt, Cu, Al, Si-based) SERS substrates, focusing on sensing, biosensing, and clinical analysis. In recent decades plethora of new biosensing and clinical SERS applications have fueled the search for more cost-effective, scalable, and stable substrates since traditional gold and silver-based substrates are quite expensive, prone to corrosion, contamination and non-specific binding, particularly by S-containing compounds. Following that, we briefly described our experimental experience with Si and Al-based SERS substrates and systematically analyzed the literature on SERS on substrate materials such as Pd/Pt, Cu, Al, and Si. We tabulated and discussed figures of merit such as enhancement factor (EF) and limit of detection (LOD) from analytical applications of these substrates. The results of the comparison showed that Pd/Pt substrates are not practical due to their high cost; Cu-based substrates are less stable and produce lower signal enhancement. Si and Al-based substrates showed promising results, particularly in combination with gold and silver nanostructures since they could produce comparable EFs and LODs as conventional substrates. In addition, their stability and relatively low cost make them viable alternatives for gold and silver-based substrates. Finally, this review highlighted and compared the clinical performance of non-traditional SERS substrates and traditional gold and silver SERS substrates. We discovered that if we take the average sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of clinical SERS assays reported in the literature, those parameters, particularly accuracy (93-94%), are similar for SERS bioassays on AgNP@Al, Si-based, Au-based, and Ag-based substrates. We hope that this review will encourage research into SERS biosensing on aluminum, silicon, and some other substrates. These Al and Si based substrates may respond efficiently to the major challenges to the SERS practical application. For instance, they may be not only less expensive, e.g., Al foil, but also in some cases more selective and sometimes more reproducible, when compared to gold-only or silver-only based SERS substrates. Overall, it may result in a greater diversity of applicable SERS substrates, allowing for better optimization and selection of the SERS substrate for a specific sensing/biosensing or clinical application.
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Screening and Characteristics of Marine Bacillus velezensis Z-1 Protease and Its Application of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Mussels to Prepare Antioxidant Active Substances. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196570. [PMID: 36235106 PMCID: PMC9572009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus velezensis is a type of microorganism that is beneficial to humans and animals. In this work, a protease-producing B. velezensis strain Z-1 was screened from sludge in the sea area near Qingdao (deposit number CGMCC No. 25059). The response surface methodology was used to analyze protease production, and the optimal temperature was 37.09 °C and pH 7.73 with the addition of 0.42% NaCl, resulting in maximum protease production of 17.64 U/mL. The optimum reaction temperature and pH of the protease of strain Z-1 were 60 °C and 9.0, respectively. The protease had good temperature and pH stability, and good stability in solvents such as methanol, ethanol and Tween 80. Ammonium, NH4+,and Mn2+ significantly promoted enzyme activity, while Zn2+ significantly inhibited the enzyme activity. The protease produced by strain Z-1 was used for the enzymolysis of mussel meat. The mussel hydrolysate exhibited good antioxidant function, with a DPPH free radical removal rate of 75.3%, a hydroxyl free radical removal rate of 75.9%, and a superoxide anion removal rate of 84.4%. This study provides a reference for the application of B. velez protease and the diverse processing applications of mussel meat.
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11
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Hatscher D. Der Umweg ist die schönste Verbindung zwischen zwei Punkten! CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.202200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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