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Sadique FL, Subramaiam H, Krishnappa P, Chellappan DK, Ma JH. Recent advances in breast cancer metastasis with special emphasis on metastasis to the brain. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155378. [PMID: 38850880 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis is of vital importance for developing treatment approaches. This review emphasizes contemporary breakthrough studies with special focus on breast cancer brain metastasis. Acquired mutational changes in metastatic lesions are often distinct from the primary tumor, suggesting altered mutagenesis pathways. The concept of micrometastases and heterogeneity within the tumors unravels novel therapeutic targets at genomic and molecular levels through epigenetic and proteomic profiling. Several pre-clinical studies have identified mechanisms involving the immune system, where tumor associated macrophages are key players. Expression of cell proteins like Syndecan1, fatty acid-binding protein 7 and tropomyosin kinase receptor B have been implicated in aiding the transmigration of breast cancer cells to the brain. Changes in the proteomic landscape of the blood-brain-barrier show altered permeability characteristics, supporting entry of cancer cells. Findings from laboratory studies pave the path for the emergence of new biomarkers, especially blood-based miRNA and circulating tumor cell markers for prognostic staging. The constantly evolving therapeutics call for clinical trials backing supportive evidence of efficacies of both novel and existing approaches. The challenge lying ahead is discovering innovative techniques to replace use of human samples and optimize small-scale patient recruitment in trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fairooz Labiba Sadique
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Hemavathy Subramaiam
- Division of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Purushotham Krishnappa
- Division of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Jin Hao Ma
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Kaleem M, Dalhat MH, Azmi L, Asar TO, Ahmad W, Alghanmi M, Almostadi A, Zughaibi TA, Tabrez S. An Insight into Molecular Targets of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911687. [PMID: 36232989 PMCID: PMC9569595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis is one of the major reasons of death in breast cancer (BC) patients, significantly affecting the quality of life, physical activity, and interdependence on several individuals. There is no clear evidence in scientific literature that depicts an exact mechanism relating to brain metastasis in BC patients. The tendency to develop breast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs) differs by the BC subtype, varying from almost half with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (HER2- ER- PR-), one-third with HER2+ (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, and around one-tenth with luminal subclass (ER+ (estrogen positive) or PR+ (progesterone positive)) breast cancer. This review focuses on the molecular pathways as possible therapeutic targets of BCBMs and their potent drugs under different stages of clinical trial. In view of increased numbers of clinical trials and systemic studies, the scientific community is hopeful of unraveling the underlying mechanisms of BCBMs that will help in designing an effective treatment regimen with multiple molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kaleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur 440037, India
| | - Mahmood Hassan Dalhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubna Azmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Turky Omar Asar
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Alkamil, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Kuliyate Tib, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalya, Bengaluru 560091, India
| | - Maimonah Alghanmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Almostadi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Torki A. Zughaibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams Tabrez
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Concept: A randomised multicentre trial of first line chemotherapy comparing three weekly cabazitaxel versus weekly paclitaxel in HER2 negative metastatic breast cancer. Breast 2022; 66:69-76. [PMID: 36194950 PMCID: PMC9530955 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paclitaxel is commonly used as first-line chemotherapy for HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. However, with response rates of 21.5-53.7% and significant risk of peripheral neuropathy, there is need for better chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS This open-label phase II/III trial randomised HER2-negative MBC patients 1:1 to either 6 cycles of three-weekly cabazitaxel (25 mg/m2), or, weekly paclitaxel (80 mg/m2) over 18 weeks. The primary endpoint was progression free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), time to response (TTR), overall survival (OS), safety and tolerability and quality of life (QoL). RESULTS 158 patients were recruited. Comparing cabazitaxel to paclitaxel, median PFS was 6.7 vs 5.8 months (HR 0.87; 80%CI 0.70-1.08, P = 0.4). There was no difference in median OS (20.6 vs 18.2 months, HR 1.00; 95%CI 0.69-1.45, P = 0.99), ORR (41.8% vs 36.7%) or TTR (HR 1.09; 95%CI 0.68-1.75, P = 0.7). Grade ≥3 adverse events occurred in 41.8% on cabazitaxel and 46.8% on paclitaxel; the most common being neutropenia (16.5%) and febrile neutropenia (12.7%) cabazitaxel and neutropenia (8.9%) and lung infection (7.6%) paclitaxel. Peripheral neuropathy of any grade occurred in 54.5% paclitaxel vs 16.5% cabazitaxel. Mean EQ-5D-5L single index utility score (+0.05; 95%CI 0.004-0.09, P = 0.03) and visual analogue scale score (+7.7; 95%CI 3.1-12.3, P = 0.001) were higher in cabazitaxel vs paclitaxel. CONCLUSIONS Three-weekly cabazitaxel in HER2-negative MBC does not significantly improve PFS compared to weekly paclitaxel, although it has a lower risk of peripheral neuropathy with better patient reported QoL outcomes. It is well tolerated and requires fewer hospital visits.
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Li J, Jiang J, Bao X, Kumar V, Alley SC, Peterson S, Lee AJ. Mechanistic Modeling of Central Nervous System Pharmacokinetics and Target Engagement of HER2 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors to Inform Treatment of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:3329-3341. [PMID: 35727144 PMCID: PMC9357092 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics and target engagement of lapatinib, neratinib, and tucatinib in patients with cancer, using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Drug-specific parameters for in vitro metabolism, binding to plasma proteins and brain tissues, transcellular passive permeability, and interactions with efflux transporters were determined. Whole-body PBPK models integrated with a 4-compartment permeability-limited brain model was developed and verified for predicting plasma and CNS pharmacokinetics. Target engagement ratio (TER), defined as the ratio of the average steady-state unbound drug brain concentration (Css,ave,br) to in vitro IC50 for HER2 inhibition, was used as a predictor of intracranial efficacy. RESULTS PBPK models predicted that following 1 cycle of standard dosing, tucatinib and lapatinib achieved similar Css,ave,br (14.5 vs. 16.8 nmol/L), while neratinib Css,ave,br (0.68 nmol/L) was 20-fold lower. Tucatinib and neratinib were equally potent for HER2 inhibition (IC50, 6.9 vs. 5.6 nmol/L), while lapatinib was less potent (IC50, 109 nmol/L). The model-predicted population mean TER in the human normal brain was 2.1 for tucatinib, but < 0.20 for lapatinib and neratinib. CONCLUSIONS The PBPK modeling suggests that tucatinib induces sufficient HER2 inhibition (TER > 2.0) in not only brain metastases with a disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB), but also micrometastases where the BBB largely remains intact. These findings, in line with available clinical pharmacokinetics and efficacy data, support the therapeutic value of tucatinib for treatment of brain metastases and warrant further clinical investigation for the prevention of brain metastases in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jun Jiang
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Xun Bao
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Translational Sciences, Seagen Inc., Bothell, Washington
| | | | | | - Anthony J. Lee
- Translational Sciences, Seagen Inc., Bothell, Washington
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Wang C, Chen L, Sun Y, Guo W, Taouil AK, Ojima I. Design, synthesis and SAR study of Fluorine-containing 3rd-generation taxoids. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105578. [PMID: 34979464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the incorporation of fluorine or organofluorine groups into pharmaceutical and agricultural drugs often induces desirable pharmacological properties through unique protein-drug interactions involving fluorine. We have reported separately remarkable effects of the 2,2-difluorovinyl (DFV) group at the C3' position, as well as those of the CF3O and CHF2O groups at the 3-position of the C2-benzoyl moiety of the 2nd- and 3rd-generation taxoids on their potency and pharmacological properties. Thus, it was very natural for us to investigate the combination of these two modifications in the 3rd-generation taxoids and to find out whether these two modifications are cooperative at the binding site in the β-tubulin or not, as well as to see how these effects are reflected in the biological activities of the new 3rd-generation DFV-taxoids. Accordingly, we designed, synthesized and fully characterized 14 new 3rd-generation DFV-taxoids. These new DFV-taxoids exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity against human breast, lung, colon, pancreatic and prostate cancer cell lines. All of these new DFV-taxoids exhibited subnanomolar IC50 values against drug-sensitive cell lines, A549, HT29, Vcap and PC3, as well as CFPAC-1. All of the novel DFV-taxoids exhibited 2-4 orders of magnitude greater potency against extremely drug-resistant cancer cell lines, LCC6-MDR and DLD-1, as compared to paclitaxel, indicating that these new DFV-taxoids can overcome MDR caused by the overexpression of Pgp and other ABC cassette transporters. Dose-response (kill) curve analysis of the new DFV-taxoids in LCC6-MDR and DLD-1 cell lines revealed highly impressive profiles of several new DFV-taxoids. The cooperative effects of the combination of the 3'-DFV group and 3-CF3O/CHF2O-benzoyl moiety at the C2 position were investigated in detail by molecular docking analysis. We found that both the 3'-DFV moiety and the 3-CF3O/3-CHF2O group of the C2-benzoate moiety are nicely accommodated to the deep hydrophobic pocket of the paclitaxel/taxoid binding site in the β-tubulin, enabling an enhanced binding mode through unique attractive interactions between fluorine/CF3O/CHF2O and the protein beyond those of paclitaxel and new-generation taxoids without bearing organofluorine groups, which are reflected in the remarkable potency of the new 3rd-generation DFV-taxoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Drug Discovery Pipeline, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Wanrong Guo
- Drug Discovery Pipeline, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Adam K Taouil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA.
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Chand P, Kumar H, Badduri N, Gupta NV, Bettada VG, Madhunapantula SV, Kesharwani SS, Dey S, Jain V. Design and evaluation of cabazitaxel loaded NLCs against breast cancer cell lines. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 199:111535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Fares J, Kanojia D, Rashidi A, Ulasov I, Lesniak MS. Landscape of combination therapy trials in breast cancer brain metastasis. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:1939-1952. [PMID: 32086955 PMCID: PMC7423704 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Combination therapy has become a cornerstone in cancer treatment to potentiate therapeutic effectiveness and overcome drug resistance and metastasis. In this work, we explore combination trials in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM), highlighting deficiencies in trial design and underlining promising combination strategies. On October 31, 2019, we examined ClinicalTrials.gov for interventional and therapeutic clinical trials involving combination therapy for BCBM, without limiting for date or location. Information on trial characteristics was collected. Combination therapies used in trials were analyzed and explored in line with evidence from the medical literature. Sixty-five combination therapy trials were selected (n = 65), constituting less than 0.7% of all breast cancer trials. Most trials (62%) combined ≥2 chemotherapeutic agents. Chemotherapy with radiation was main-stay in 23% of trials. Trastuzumab was mostly used in combination (31%), followed by lapatinib (20%) and capecitabine (15%). Common strategies involved combining tyrosine kinase inhibitors with thymidylate synthase inhibitors (6 trials), dual HER-dimerization inhibitors (3 trials), microtubule inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (3 trials), and HER-dimerization inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (3 trials). The combination of tucatinib and capecitabine yielded the highest objective response rate (83%) in early phase trials. The triple combination of trastuzumab, tucatinib and capecitabine lowered the risk of disease progression or death by 52% in patients with HER2-positive BCBM. Combining therapeutic agents based on biological mechanisms is necessary to increase the effectiveness of available anti-cancer regimens. Significant survival benefit has yet to be achieved in future combination therapy trials. Enhancing drug delivery through blood-brain barrier permeable agents may potentiate the overall therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- High Impact Cancer Research program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maciej S. Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Kaboli PJ, Ling KH. Lapatinib as a Dual Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Unexpectedly Activates Akt in MDA-MB-231 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817666200212125658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
MDA-MB-231 is a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cell line, which
is resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as lapatinib. Lapatinib is well-recognized as an anti-
EGFR and anti-Her2 compound. Here, we report one of the possible explanations for lapatinibresistance
in TNBC cells, the most incurable type of breast cancer.
Methods:
Using western blotting, we have observed that lapatinib-treated cells enhanced activation
of Akt, an oncogenic protein activated at downstream of EGFR signaling.
Results:
Anti-EGFR activity of Lapatinib would be counteracted with sustained activation of Akt.
We found lapatinib-resistance in TNBC can be managed by administering Akt inhibitors. Further,
lapatinib enhanced PI3K/Akt signaling is an alternative pathway to ensure the viability of MDAMB-
231 cells. There might also be unknown targets for lapatinib, which needs further investigation.
Conclusion:
This observation opens up a new discussion on overcoming resistance to tyrosine kinase
inhibitors, a key challenge in treating TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Jabbarzadeh Kaboli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Erickson AW, Ghodrati F, Habbous S, Jerzak KJ, Sahgal A, Ahluwalia MS, Das S. HER2-targeted therapy prolongs survival in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer and intracranial metastatic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa136. [PMID: 33305268 PMCID: PMC7720818 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial metastatic disease (IMD) is a serious and known complication of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. The role of targeted therapy for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer and IMD remains unclear. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effect of HER2-targeted therapy on IMD from HER2-positive breast cancer. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and gray literature sources for interventional and observational studies reporting survival, response, and safety outcomes for patients with IMD receiving HER2-targeted therapy. We pooled outcomes through meta-analysis and examined confounder effects through forest plot stratification and meta-regression. Evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE (PROSPERO CRD42020161209). RESULTS A total of 97 studies (37 interventional and 60 observational) were included. HER2-targeted therapy was associated with prolonged overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.56) without significantly prolonged progression-free survival (HR 0.52; 95% CI, 0.27-1.02) versus non-targeted therapy; the intracranial objective response rate was 19% (95% CI, 12-27%), intracranial disease control rate 62% (95% CI, 55-69%), intracranial complete response rate 0% (95% CI, 0-0.01%), and grade 3+ adverse event rate 26% (95% CI, 11-45%). Risk of bias was high in 40% (39/97) of studies. CONCLUSION These findings support a potential role for systemic HER2-targeted therapy in the treatment of patients with IMD from HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders W Erickson
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farinaz Ghodrati
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Habbous
- Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katarzyna J Jerzak
- Division of Medical Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arjun Sahgal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manmeet S Ahluwalia
- Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sunit Das
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wang C, Wang X, Sun Y, Taouil AK, Yan S, Botchkina GI, Ojima I. Design, synthesis and SAR study of 3rd-generation taxoids bearing 3-CH 3, 3-CF 3O and 3-CHF 2O groups at the C2-benzoate position. Bioorg Chem 2019; 95:103523. [PMID: 31911305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that inclusion of CF3O and CHF2O groups to drug candidates often improve their pharmacological properties, especially metabolic stability, membrane permeability and PK profile. Moreover, the unique non-spherical structure of the OCHF2 group can provide interesting and beneficial characteristics. Accordingly, new 3rd-generation taxoids, bearing 3-OCF3 or 3-OCF2H (and 3-CH3 for comparison) at the C2 benzoate moiety, were synthesized and their potencies against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cell lines examined. In this study, our previous SAR studies on 3rd-generation taxoids were expanded to disclose that CH3, CF3O and CHF2O groups are well tolerated at this position and enhance potency, especially against MDR-cancer cell lines so that these taxoids can virtually overcome MDR. These new taxoids exhibit up to 7 times higher cytotoxicity (IC50) than paclitaxel against drug-sensitive cancer cell lines (MCF7 and LCC6-WT) and 2-3 orders of magnitude higher potency than paclitaxel against drug-resistant ovarian, breast and colon cancer cell lines with MDR-phenotype (NCI/ADR, LCC6-MDR and LDL-1), as well as pancreatic cancer cell line, CFPAC-1. Since it has been shown that a bulky group at this position reduces potency, it is noteworthy that rather bulky CF3O and CHF2O groups are well tolerated. Molecular modeling analysis indicated the favorable van der Waals interactions of CF3O and CHF2O groups in the binding site. It is also worthy of note that new taxoids, bearing a CHF2O group at the C2 benzoate position (1-06 series), exhibited the highest potencies against MDR-cancer cell lines and cancer stem cell (CSC)-enriched cancer cell lines. These new 3rd-generation taxoids are promising candidates for highly potent chemotherapeutic agents, as well as payloads for tumor-targeting drug conjugates such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Drug Discovery Pipeline, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Adam K Taouil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Su Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Galina I Botchkina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA.
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Venur VA, Cohen JV, Brastianos PK. Targeting Molecular Pathways in Intracranial Metastatic Disease. Front Oncol 2019; 9:99. [PMID: 30886831 PMCID: PMC6409309 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery and clinical application of agents targeting pivotal molecular pathways in malignancies such as lung, breast, renal cell carcinoma, and melanoma have led to impressive improvements in clinical outcomes. Mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and rearrangements of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) are targetable in lung cancer, while BRAF mutations have been successfully targeted in metastatic melanoma. Targeting estrogen receptors, cyclin dependent kinases, and HER2 (Human Epidermal Receptor) have resulted in improvement in survival in breast cancer. Major strides have been made in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma by targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. However, intracranial metastases remain a major hurdle in the setting of targeted therapies. Traditional treatment options for brain metastases include surgery, whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT), and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Surgery is effective in symptomatic patients with dominant lesions or solitary intracranial metastases, however, recovery time can be prolonged, often requiring an interruption in systemic treatment. WBRT and SRS provide symptomatic relief and local control but data on improving overall survival is limited. Most targeted therapies which provide extracranial control have limited penetration through the blood brain barrier. Given the limited therapeutic options and increasing prevalence of brain metastases, finding new strategies for the management of intracranial metastatic disease is critical. Genomic analysis of brain metastases has led to a better understanding of variations in the driver mutations compared to the primary malignancy. Furthermore, newer generations of targeted agents have shown promising intracranial activity. In this review, we will discuss the major molecular alterations in brain metastases from melanoma, lung, breast, and renal cell carcinoma. We will provide an in-depth review of the completed and ongoing clinical trials of drugs targeting the molecular pathways enriched in brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Priscilla K. Brastianos
- Divisions of Neuro-Oncology and Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Neurology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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O'Sullivan CC, Smith KL. Therapeutic Considerations in Treating HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2014; 6:169-182. [PMID: 25285186 DOI: 10.1007/s12609-014-0155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in detection and treatment, metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains the second highest cause of cancer-related death for women in the United States. Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) is amplified in 25-30% of breast cancers and is associated with aggressive disease and, historically, with poorer outcomes. The advent of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody to HER2, revolutionized the management of HER2-positive breast cancer (BC) in the metastatic and adjuvant settings. However, relapse despite adjuvant trastuzumab and resistance to trastuzumab in the metastatic setting remain substantial clinical problems for many patients with HER2-positive BC. As such, analyzing the mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance and developing new therapy to overcome trastuzumab resistance are research priorities. There has been progress, with the approval of three additional HER2-targeted agents in the last six years: lapatinib, pertuzumab, and ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). Other HER2-targeted therapies, including neratinib and afatinib, are in clinical development, and trials of novel agents such as heat shock protein-90 (HSP90) inhibitors, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, and HER2-targeted vaccines are ongoing. In addition to developing new therapy, research is addressing several unique challenges in the management of HER2-positive MBC. In this article, we discuss advances in the treatment of HER2-positive MBC, with a focus on novel HER2-targeted therapy and HER2-targeted agents recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Additionally, we also address the management of brain metastases (BM) and hormone receptor (HR) - positive, HER2-positive MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara C O'Sullivan
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen L Smith
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
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