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Disturbed fluid responsiveness and lactate/pyruvate ratio as predictors for mortality of septic shock patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egja.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Lu J, Genzen JR, Grenache DG. Development of an enzymatic assay to measure lactate in perchloric acid-precipitated cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 483:142-144. [PMID: 29709451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with inherited deficiencies of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex or the respiratory chain complex can have increased concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate. Such measurements are clinical useful when measured in conjunction with pyruvate in order to calculate the lactate:pyruvate (L:P) ratio, a useful surrogate of cytosolic redox status. CSF pyruvate is measured in a protein-free supernatant prepared by the addition of CSF to perchloric acid while lactate is measured in untreated CSF. Utilizing the same sample for both lactate and pyruvate measurements is desirable. OBJECTIVE To develop a method to measure lactate in perchloric-acid precipitated CSF and validate the L:P ratio as calculated from the analysis of both analytes in the same sample. METHODS Samples were prepared by the addition of 1 mL CSF to 2 mL 8% (w/v) cold perchloric acid, incubated on ice for 10 min, then centrifuged to obtain a protein-free supernatant. Lactate was measured by its oxidation to pyruvate and hydrogen peroxide using lactate oxidase and the absorbance of the resulting chromogen determined at 540 nm on a Roche cobas c501 chemistry analyzer. Method accuracy, linearity, imprecision and sensitivity were determined and a reference interval was verified. RESULTS To assess accuracy, this method was compared to lactate determined in unaltered CSF at another laboratory using 41 specimens with lactate concentrations from 0.6-11.9 mmol/L. Linear regression produced a slope of 1.09 and y-intercept of 0.26 (R2 = 1.00). Recovery was performed by ad-mixes of a high lactate standard and a CSF pool in different ratios to create a set of 19 samples prior to preparing protein-free supernatants. Recovery was 94.6-100% (mean ± SD was 97.4 ± 1.4%) at lactate concentrations of 2.68 to 12.63 mmol/L. Linearity was determined by combining two supernatants with low and high lactate concentrations in different ratios to create a set of six samples (0.15-12.70 mmol/L) that were tested in duplicate. Linear regression generated a slope of 1.01, y-intercept of -0.04 (R2 = 1.00). Precision was verified by analyzing quality control materials (acid-treated lactate standard) in 3 replicates each day for 5 days. Within-laboratory imprecision was 2.3% at 1.5 mmol/L and 1.5% at 10.5 mmol/L. The limit of blank was 0.05 mmol/L as determined by the mean added to three standard deviations determined from 10 replicates of perchloric-acid treated saline pool. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.12 mmol/L calculated from 10 replicates of a patient sample treated with perchloric-acid. The manufacturer's reference interval of 1.1-2.4 mmol/L was verified using 20 residual patient CSF samples. CONCLUSIONS CSF lactate can be measured with accuracy and precision using the same perchloric-acid treated sample that is used for pyruvate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States.
| | - Jonathan R Genzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - David G Grenache
- TriCore Reference Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87102, United States
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Lu J, Pulsipher BS, Grenache DG. Development of an enzymatic assay to measure lactate in perchloric acid-precipitated whole blood. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 444:208-11. [PMID: 25727513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lactate to pyruvate (L:P) ratio is used to identify the cause of a lactic acidosis. Because tests for whole blood lactate and pyruvate require different sample types, the accuracy of the L:P ratio may be compromised by preanalytical errors. The measurement of lactate in the sample required for pyruvate is desirable. METHODS Whole blood was added to 8% perchloric acid to obtain a protein-free supernatant. Lactate was measured by its oxidation to pyruvate and hydrogen peroxide by lactate oxidase. Assay accuracy, imprecision, analytical sensitivity, linearity, analyte stability, and a reference interval were determined. RESULTS Deming regression of lactate results from paired plasma and supernatant produced a slope of 0.95 and y-intercept of -0.37 mmol/l (R(2)=0.95). Recovery of lactate added to supernatant ranged from 103.4 to 112.7%. Within-laboratory CVs were 6.1% and 1.1% at 1.58 and 10.89 mmol/l, respectively and between-day CVs were 2.3% and 0.9%, respectively. The limit-of-detection was 0.18 mmol/l and the assay was linear to 13.15 mmol/l. Lactate in the supernatant was stable for a minimum of 8h, 21 days, or 6 months at room temperature, 4-8°C, and -20°C, respectively. The lactate reference interval was 0.31-2.00 mmol/l from 116 healthy adults. CONCLUSIONS Lactate can be quantified in the same protein-free supernatant used for the measurement of pyruvate allowing the calculation of the L:P ratio from a single specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | | | - David G Grenache
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Shah KG, Idrovo JP, Nicastro J, McMullen HF, Molmenti EP, Coppa G. A retrospective analysis of the incidence of hemolysis in type and screen specimens from trauma patients. Int J Angiol 2012; 18:182-3. [PMID: 22477549 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1278350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemolysis of blood samples has been a concern in hospitals. Currently, residents and nurses have replaced traditional teams of skilled phlebotomists for both routine and 'stat' blood draws. Although this leads to a decreased operating cost for institutions, the lack of skill and experience leads to a higher percentage of hemolyzed specimens. OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of hemolyzed 'type and screen' blood samples at Staten Island University Hospital (SIUH) (New York, USA). METHODS The study group comprised 615 consecutive trauma patients at SIUH between July 2006 and June 2007. Patients were treated according to the Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol. The primary survey for a trauma patient consists of 'airway', 'breathing' and 'circulation'. The primary objective of 'circulation' is to establish vascular access and collect blood samples for analysis. The SIUH in-house laboratory provided all of the reports. RESULTS Of the 615 samples collected, 155 samples (25.2%) were hemolyzed. CONCLUSIONS The hemolysis rate of 25.2% for type and screen samples is higher than previously reported in the literature. The data suggest that the high rate of hemolysis in these trauma patients is due to the residents' lack of experience and skills required to obtain an adequate blood draw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavin G Shah
- Department of Surgery, North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset
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Dranka BP, Benavides GA, Diers AR, Giordano S, Zelickson BR, Reily C, Zou L, Chatham JC, Hill BG, Zhang J, Landar A, Darley-Usmar VM. Assessing bioenergetic function in response to oxidative stress by metabolic profiling. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1621-35. [PMID: 21872656 PMCID: PMC3548422 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is now clear that mitochondria are an important target for oxidative stress in a broad range of pathologies, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Methods for assessing the impact of reactive species on isolated mitochondria are well established but constrained by the need for large amounts of material to prepare intact mitochondria for polarographic measurements. With the availability of high-resolution polarography and fluorescence techniques for the measurement of oxygen concentration in solution, measurements of mitochondrial function in intact cells can be made. Recently, the development of extracellular flux methods to monitor changes in oxygen concentration and pH in cultures of adherent cells in multiple-sample wells simultaneously has greatly enhanced the ability to measure bioenergetic function in response to oxidative stress. Here we describe these methods in detail using representative cell types from renal, cardiovascular, nervous, and tumorigenic model systems while illustrating the application of three protocols to analyze the bioenergetic response of cells to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Dranka
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Gloria A. Benavides
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Anne R. Diers
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Samantha Giordano
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Blake R. Zelickson
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Colin Reily
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Luyun Zou
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John C. Chatham
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Bradford G. Hill
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Aimee Landar
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Victor M. Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Pormsila W, Morand R, Krähenbühl S, Hauser PC. Quantification of plasma lactate concentrations using capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:884-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vernon C, Letourneau JL. Lactic acidosis: recognition, kinetics, and associated prognosis. Crit Care Clin 2010; 26:255-83, table of contents. [PMID: 20381719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acidosis is a common condition encountered by critical care providers. Elevated lactate and decreased lactate clearance are important for prognostication. Not all lactate in the intensive care unit is due to tissue hypoxia or ischemia and other sources should be evaluated. Lactate, in and of itself, is unlikely to be harmful and is a preferred fuel for many cells. Treatment of lactic acidosis continues to be aimed the underlying source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Vernon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, UHN 67, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Tan Q, Wang N, Yang H, Zhang L, Liu S, Chen L, Liu J, Zhang L, Hu N, Zhao C, Zhang J. Characterization, stabilization and activity of uricase loaded in lipid vesicles. Int J Pharm 2010; 384:165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tan Q, Wang N, Yang H, Chen L, Xiong H, Zhang L, Liu J, Zhao C, Zhang J. Preparation and characterization of lipid vesicles containing uricase. Drug Deliv 2009; 17:28-37. [DOI: 10.3109/10717540903508953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chuang CK, Wang TJ, Yeung CY, Lin DS, Lin HY, Liu HL, Ho HT, Hsieh WS, Lin SP. A method for lactate and pyruvate determination in filter-paper dried blood spots. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8947-52. [PMID: 19913794 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acidemia is commonly associated with severe diseases in pediatric patients. Quantitation of blood lactate and pyruvate is important for the diagnosis and clinical management. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method using dried blood spots (DBS) was developed and could be used for simultaneous quantification of blood lactate and pyruvate. The applicability of the developed method was tested and confirmed by the regression analysis between LC-MS/MS method and enzymatic assay. Lactate and pyruvate were extracted from DBS obtained from 580 full-term, 120 pre-term infants (gestations ranging from 24 to 36 weeks), and 65 patients with suspected lactic acidemia, with methanolic internal standard (IS) solutions of sodium L-lactate-(13)C(3) and pyruvate-(13)C(3). An API-2000 LC-MS/MS system with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was applied. The within-run and between-run precisions (CV%) were determined and the results were 1.9% and 3.9% for lactate (n=20) and 5.7% and 7.3% for pyruvate (n=20). The linearity of lactate (r=0.9986) and pyruvate (r=0.9973) based on the IS was excellent. The parameter r squared (r(2)) of linear regression between LC-MS/MS method and enzymatic assay was 0.9405 for lactate and 0.9447 for pyruvate, respectively, and the agreement between these methods was consistent and acceptable. The stability of lactate and pyruvate on DBS was also confirmed. The LC-MS/MS method we developed is a specific, sensitive, and reproducible method for measuring blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations. The use of DBS in this method makes it particularly attractive for pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuang Chuang
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Chung-Shan N. Rd., Taipei 10449, Taiwan
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Uran S, Landmark KE, Hjellum G, Skotland T. Quantification of 13C pyruvate and 13C lactate in dog blood by reversed-phase liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry after derivatization with 3-nitrophenylhydrazine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:947-54. [PMID: 17482415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Injection of hyperpolarized (13)C-labelled pyruvate ((13)C pyruvate) is under evaluation as an agent for medical metabolic imaging by measuring formation of (13)C lactate using magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the (13)C nuclei. A quantitative method for analysis of these (13)C-labelled substances in dog blood was needed as part of the development of this agent and we here describe a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for that purpose. Immediately after blood collection, the blood proteins were precipitated using methanol added internal standard ([U-(13)C]pyruvate and [U-(13)C]lactate). Prior to analysis, the compounds were derivatized using 3-nitrophenylhydrazine. Following separation on a Supelco Discovery HS C18 column, (13)C pyruvate and (13)C lactate were detected using negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Calibration standards (4.5-4500 microM (13)C pyruvate and 9-9000 microM (13)C lactate) and added internal standard were used to make the calibration curves, which were fitted to a non-linear equation y=a+bx+cx(2) and weighted with a weighting factor of 1/y(2). The analytical lower limit of quantification of (13)C pyruvate and (13)C lactate was 4.5 and 9 microM, respectively. The total precision of the method was below 9.2% for (13)C pyruvate and below 5.8% for (13)C lactate. The accuracy of the method showed a relative error less than 2.4% for (13)C pyruvate and less than 6.3% for (13)C lactate. The recoveries were in the range 93-115% for (13)C pyruvate and 70-111% for (13)C lactate. Both substances were stable in protein-free supernatant when stored for up to 3 weeks in a -20 degrees C freezer, during three freeze/thaw cycles, and when stored in an autosampler for at least 30 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinar Uran
- Research and Development, GE Healthcare, Nycoveien 2, N-0401 Oslo, Norway
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Stove V, Wuyts B, Delanghe J. Perchloric acid treatment to stabilize uric acid concentrations in blood samples of patients receiving uric acid oxidase (rasburicase) therapy. Clin Chem 2007; 53:369-70. [PMID: 17259256 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.081414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chiang WL, Hsieh YS, Yang SF, Lu TA, Chu SC. Differential expression of glutathione-S-transferase isoenzymes in various types of anemia in Taiwan. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 375:110-4. [PMID: 16904091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Published reports concerning the expression of GST in various anemias including aplastic, hemolytic, iron deficiency and thalassemia anemia has been insufficient. We improved the conventional GST assay by incorporating a chloroform treatment to remove the interference of hemoglobin and evaluated the altered expression of GSTs in various anemias in Taiwan. METHODS We incorporated a chloroform treatment to eliminate the interference of hemoglobin. Erythrocyte total GST and isoenzymes activities from 35 control subjects and 125 subjects of various anemias, including aplastic, hemolytic, iron deficiency and thalassemia anemias were measured spectrophotometrically. RESULTS Chloroform treatment did not significantly affect GST activities in erythrocytes of control subjects while the activities of erythrocyte total GST and alpha-GST were significantly increased in all anemic patients (P<0.001). The expression of mu-GST was significantly decreased, although at a less extent, in cases of aplastic, iron deficiency and thalassemia anemia (P<0.05), but pi-GST was not physiologically different in various types of anemia. CONCLUSION The determination of changes in erythrocyte GST activity is a promising indicator of oxidative stress conditions that occur in various types of anemia. Measurement of GST activity might be useful for the evaluation of prophylactic treatment in trials of antioxidant strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whei-Ling Chiang
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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