1
|
Dakshinamoorthy Putchen D, Nambiar A, Ashok Menon A, Jayaram A, Ramaprasad S. Electrospray triple quadrupole mass spectrometry guides pathologists to suggest appropriate molecular testing in the identification of rare hemoglobin variants. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2024; 32:18-23. [PMID: 38371348 PMCID: PMC10874710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The presumptive diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies relies on routine tests such as Complete Blood Count (CBC), peripheral blood smear, Liquid Chromatography (LC), and Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), along with clinical findings. Pathologists suggest molecular sequencing of HBA and HBB genes to correlate blood picture with clinical findings in order to identify unknown rare haemoglobin (Hb) variants or variants that coelute with Hb. This paper presents a low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS)-based method for presumptive identification of variants that eluted in zone 12 of CE, followed by molecular sequencing of the HBB gene for a definitive diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies. Methods Eight patient samples with a variant peak in zone 12 of CE (Sebia) were analyzed using MS. The mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) observed was deconvoluted to determine the mass of Hb variants. The β variants were subsequently confirmed through molecular sequencing. Results Based on the intact mass of the variants, there were two samples of the α variant (α + 58 Da and α + 44 Da), and six samples of the β variant. Out of these six β variant samples, three were the β + 58 Da variant, and three were the β + 30 Da variant. By correlating the intact mass information with the CE pattern and considering the ethnicity of the patients, it was presumed that the α variants were HbJ Meerut (α + 58 Da, x-axis 102) and HbJ Paris-I (α + 44 Da, x-axis 80). Molecular analysis confirmed the identity of β variants as Hb Rambam/HbJ Cambridge, HbJ Bangkok (+58 Da), and Hb Hofu (+30 Da). Conclusion The mass information of Hb variants obtained using Electrospray triple quadrupole MS assists pathologists in recommending the appropriate molecular sequencing for identifying unknown variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Athira Nambiar
- R&D, Neuberg Anand Academy of Laboratory Medicine Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, India
| | - Aswathy Ashok Menon
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuberg Anand Reference Laboratory, A Unit of Neuberg Diagnostics Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ananthvikas Jayaram
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuberg Anand Reference Laboratory, A Unit of Neuberg Diagnostics Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sujay Ramaprasad
- R&D, Neuberg Anand Academy of Laboratory Medicine Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, India
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuberg Anand Reference Laboratory, A Unit of Neuberg Diagnostics Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, India
- Technical Director, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scirè A, Casari G, Romaldi B, de Bari L, Antognelli C, Armeni T. Glutathionyl Hemoglobin and Its Emerging Role as a Clinical Biomarker of Chronic Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1976. [PMID: 38001829 PMCID: PMC10669486 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin is one of the proteins that are more susceptible to S-glutathionylation and the levels of its modified form, glutathionyl hemoglobin (HbSSG), increase in several human pathological conditions. The scope of the present review is to provide knowledge about how hemoglobin is subjected to S-glutathionylation and how this modification affects its functionality. The different diseases that showed increased levels of HbSSG and the methods used for its quantification in clinical investigations will be also outlined. Since there is a growing need for precise and reliable methods for markers of oxidative stress in human blood, this review highlights how HbSSG is emerging more and more as a good indicator of severe oxidative stress but also as a key pathogenic factor in several diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scirè
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (Di.S.V.A.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Casari
- Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (G.C.); (B.R.); (T.A.)
| | - Brenda Romaldi
- Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (G.C.); (B.R.); (T.A.)
| | - Lidia de Bari
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Antognelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (G.C.); (B.R.); (T.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuleshova ID, Zaripov PI, Poluektov YM, Anashkina AA, Kaluzhny DN, Parshina EY, Maksimov GV, Mitkevich VA, Makarov AA, Petrushanko IY. Changes in Hemoglobin Properties in Complex with Glutathione and after Glutathionylation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13557. [PMID: 37686361 PMCID: PMC10487563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin is the main protein of red blood cells that provides oxygen transport to all cells of the human body. The ability of hemoglobin to bind the main low-molecular-weight thiol of the cell glutathione, both covalently and noncovalently, is not only an important part of the antioxidant protection of red blood cells, but also affects its affinity for oxygen in both cases. In this study, the properties of oxyhemoglobin in complex with reduced glutathione (GSH) and properties of glutathionylated hemoglobin bound to glutathione via an SS bond were characterized. For this purpose, the methods of circular dichroism, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, tryptophan fluorescence, differential scanning fluorimetry, and molecular modeling were used. It was found that the glutathionylation of oxyhemoglobin caused changes in the secondary structure of the protein, reducing the alpha helicity, but did not affect the heme environment, tryptophan fluorescence, and the thermostability of the protein. In the noncovalent complex of oxyhemoglobin with reduced glutathione, the secondary structure of hemoglobin remained almost unchanged; however, changes in the heme environment and the microenvironment of tryptophans, as well as a decrease in the protein's thermal stability, were observed. Thus, the formation of a noncovalent complex of hemoglobin with glutathione makes a more significant effect on the tertiary and quaternary structure of hemoglobin than glutathionylation, which mainly affects the secondary structure of the protein. The obtained data are important for understanding the functioning of glutathionylated hemoglobin, which is a marker of oxidative stress, and hemoglobin in complex with GSH, which appears to deposit GSH and release it during deoxygenation to increase the antioxidant protection of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia D. Kuleshova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (I.D.K.); (P.I.Z.); (Y.M.P.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.K.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Pavel I. Zaripov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (I.D.K.); (P.I.Z.); (Y.M.P.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.K.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.M.)
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (E.Y.P.); (G.V.M.)
| | - Yuri M. Poluektov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (I.D.K.); (P.I.Z.); (Y.M.P.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.K.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Anastasia A. Anashkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (I.D.K.); (P.I.Z.); (Y.M.P.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.K.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Dmitry N. Kaluzhny
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (I.D.K.); (P.I.Z.); (Y.M.P.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.K.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Evgeniia Yu. Parshina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (E.Y.P.); (G.V.M.)
| | - Georgy V. Maksimov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (E.Y.P.); (G.V.M.)
| | - Vladimir A. Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (I.D.K.); (P.I.Z.); (Y.M.P.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.K.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Alexander A. Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (I.D.K.); (P.I.Z.); (Y.M.P.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.K.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Irina Yu. Petrushanko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (I.D.K.); (P.I.Z.); (Y.M.P.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.K.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Giustarini D, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R. Measurement of S-glutathionylated proteins by HPLC. Amino Acids 2021; 54:675-686. [PMID: 34129091 PMCID: PMC9117368 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
S-glutathionylated proteins (GSSP), i.e., protein-mixed disulfides with glutathione (GSH), are considered a suitable biomarker of oxidative stress. In fact, they occur within cells at low level and their concentration increases markedly under pro-oxidant conditions. Plasma is something different, since it is physiologically rich in S-thiolated proteins (RSSP), i.e., protein-mixed disulfides with various types of low molecular mass thiols (LMM-SH). However, albumin, which is largely the most abundant plasma protein, possesses a cysteine residue at position 34 that is mostly reduced (about 60%) under physiological conditions, but easily involved in the formation of additional RSSP in the presence of oxidants. The quantification of GSSP requires special attention to sample handling, since their level can be overestimated as a result of artefactual oxidation of GSH. We have developed the present protocol to avoid this methodological problem. Samples should be treated as soon as possible after their collection with the alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide that masks –SH groups and prevents their oxidation. The GSH released from mixed disulfides by reduction with dithiothreitol is then labeled with the fluorescent probe monobromobimane and quantified by HPLC. The method can be applied to many different biological samples, comprising blood components, red blood cell plasma membrane, cultured cells, and solid organs from animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rubino FM. The Redox Potential of the β- 93-Cysteine Thiol Group in Human Hemoglobin Estimated from In Vitro Oxidant Challenge Experiments. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092528. [PMID: 33926119 PMCID: PMC8123695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathionyl hemoglobin is a minor form of hemoglobin with intriguing properties. The measurement of the redox potential of its reactive β-93-Cysteine is useful to improve understanding of the response of erythrocytes to transient and chronic conditions of oxidative stress, where the level of glutathionyl hemoglobin is increased. An independent literature experiment describes the recovery of human erythrocytes exposed to an oxidant burst by measuring glutathione, glutathione disulfide and glutathionyl hemoglobin in a two-hour period. This article calculates a value for the redox potential E0 of the β-93-Cysteine, considering the erythrocyte as a closed system at equilibrium described by the Nernst equation and using the measurements of the literature experiment. The obtained value of E0 of −121 mV at pH 7.4 places hemoglobin as the most oxidizing thiol of the erythrocyte. By using as synthetic indicators of the concentrations the electrochemical potentials of the two main redox pairs in the erythrocytes, those of glutathione–glutathione disulfide and of glutathionyl–hemoglobin, the mechanism of the recovery phase can be hypothesized. Hemoglobin acts as the redox buffer that scavenges oxidized glutathione in the oxidative phase and releases it in the recovery phase, by acting as the substrate of the NAD(P)H-cofactored enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maria Rubino
- LaTMA Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabonomics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano at "Ospedale San Paolo" v. A. di Rudinì 8, I-20142 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang T, Gaffrey MJ, Li X, Qian WJ. Characterization of cellular oxidative stress response by stoichiometric redox proteomics. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C182-C194. [PMID: 33264075 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00040.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The thiol redox proteome refers to all proteins whose cysteine thiols are subjected to various redox-dependent posttranslational modifications (PTMs) including S-glutathionylation (SSG), S-nitrosylation (SNO), S-sulfenylation (SOH), and S-sulfhydration (SSH). These modifications can impact various aspects of protein function such as activity, binding, conformation, localization, and interactions with other molecules. To identify novel redox proteins in signaling and regulation, it is highly desirable to have robust redox proteomics methods that can provide global, site-specific, and stoichiometric quantification of redox PTMs. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based redox proteomics has emerged as the primary platform for broad characterization of thiol PTMs in cells and tissues. Herein, we review recent advances in MS-based redox proteomics approaches for quantitative profiling of redox PTMs at physiological or oxidative stress conditions and highlight some recent applications. Considering the relative maturity of available methods, emphasis will be on two types of modifications: 1) total oxidation (i.e., all reversible thiol modifications), the level of which represents the overall redox state, and 2) S-glutathionylation, a major form of reversible thiol oxidation. We also discuss the significance of stoichiometric measurements of thiol PTMs as well as future perspectives toward a better understanding of cellular redox regulatory networks in cells and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington.,Bioproducts Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, Washington
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Potential of Lactobacillus spp. for Modulating Oxidative Stress in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070610. [PMID: 32664392 PMCID: PMC7402165 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is crucial for food digestion and nutrient absorption in humans. However, the GI tract is usually challenged with oxidative stress that can be induced by various factors, such as exogenous pathogenic microorganisms and dietary alterations. As a part of gut microbiota, Lactobacillus spp. play an important role in modulating oxidative stress in cells and tissues, especially in the GI tract. Oxidative stress is linked with excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can be formed by a few enzymes, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs). The redox mechanisms of Lactobacillus spp. may contribute to the downregulation of these ROS-forming enzymes. In addition, nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) are two common transcription factors, through which Lactobacillus spp. modulate oxidative stress as well. As oxidative stress is closely associated with inflammation and certain diseases, Lactobacillus spp. could potentially be applied for early treatment and amelioration of these diseases, either individually or together with prebiotics. However, further research is required for revealing their mechanisms of action as well as their extensive application in the future.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen HJC, Lai PY, Wu DC. Analysis of cysteine glutathionylation in hemoglobin of gastric cancer patients using nanoflow liquid chromatography/triple-stage mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 1:e8588. [PMID: 31509281 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is an intracellular antioxidant capable of scavenging free radicals and detoxifying electrophiles from endogenous and exogenous sources via the free thiol group. Post-translational glutathionylation at cysteine residues of proteins can affect the structure and cause a functional change of proteins. Protein glutathionylation has been proven to reflect the cellular redox status. Our previous report indicates that the levels of glutathionylation in hemoglobin from peripheral blood of smokers are significantly higher than in nonsmokers. In this study, a nanoflow liquid chromatography/nanospray ionization triple-stage mass spectrometric (nanoLC/NSI-MS3 ) method with a linear ion trap mass spectrometer was employed to quantify glutathionylated peptides in the trypsin digests of hemoglobin from gastric cancer patients. We compare the extent of glutathionylation in hemoglobin from nonsmoking gastric cancer patients with that from nonsmoking healthy adults. Using a carboxymethylated peptide as the reference peptide, the relative quantification of each glutathionylated peptide was measured as the peak area ratio of the modified peptide versus the sum of the peak areas of the modified and the carboxymethylated parent peptide in the selected reaction monitoring chromatograms. Using this method, we found that the extents of glutathionylation at Cys-104 of the α-globin and Cys-93 of β-globulin hemoglobin from 10 gastric cancer patients were significantly higher than those from 14 normal individuals with p values <0.0001. Our results suggest the possibility of using the extent of cysteine glutathionylation at β-93 of hemoglobin as an oxidative stress biomarker candidate for gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62142, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Yen Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62142, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mathew B, Srinivasan K, Johnson P, Thomas T, Mandal AK. Elevated levels of glutathionyl haemoglobin as an oxidative stress marker in patients with major depressive disorder. Indian J Med Res 2020; 149:497-502. [PMID: 31411173 PMCID: PMC6676840 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_586_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), but biomarkers to assess oxidative stress in patients with MDD have yielded ambiguous results. Glutathionyl haemoglobin (GS-Hb) has been reported as a stable and potential biomarker for oxidative stress in various clinical conditions. The objective of the study was to evaluate GS-Hb as a potential biomarker of oxidative stress in patients with MDD through its quantification and to compare the levels of GS-Hb in age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Methods: The levels of GS-Hb were estimated using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in patients diagnosed with MDD and in a subset of patients after six weeks of treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Results: GS-Hb levels in drug-naïve patients with MDD (n=26) were significantly elevated compared to matched healthy controls (n=17). GS-Hb levels were not significantly different between MDD patients with and without co-morbid anxiety disorders. There were no significant differences in GS-Hb levels following six weeks of treatment with SSRIs compared to baseline. Interpretation & conclusions: Compared to controls, GS-Hb level in patients with MDD was significantly elevated, suggestive of increased oxidative stress associated with MDD. However, six weeks of antidepressant treatment was not sufficient to modify the alterations in antioxidant/oxidant system. Further studies need to be done with a large sample of MDD patients with a longer duration of antidepressant treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boby Mathew
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Krishnamachari Srinivasan
- Department of Psychiatry, St. John's Medical College & Hospital, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pradeep Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, St. John's Medical College & Hospital, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Tinku Thomas
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, St. John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) is an example of a genetic variant of human hemoglobin where a point mutation in the β globin gene results in substitution of glutamic acid to valine at sixth position of the β globin chain. Association between tetrameric hemoglobin molecules through noncovalent interactions between side chain residue of βVal6 and hydrophobic grooves formed by βAla70, βPhe85 and βLeu88 amino acid residues of another tetramer followed by the precipitation of the elongated polymer leads to the formation of sickle-shaped RBCs in the deoxygenated state of HbS. There are multiple non-covalent interactions between residues across intra- and inter-strands that stabilize the polymer. The clinical phenotype of sickling of RBCs manifests as sickle cell anemia, which was first documented in the year 1910 in an African patient. Although the molecular reason of the disease has been understood well over the decades of research and several treatment procedures have been explored to date, an effective therapeutic strategy for sickle cell anemia has not been discovered yet. Surprisingly, it has been observed that the oxy form of HbS and glutathionylated form of deoxy HbS inhibits polymerization. In addition to describe the residue level interactions in the HbS polymer that provides its stability, here we explain the mechanism of inhibition in the polymerization of HbS in its oxy state. Additionally, we reported the molecular insights of inhibition in the polymerization for glutathionyl HbS, a posttranslational modification of hemoglobin, even in its deoxy state. In this chapter we briefly consider the available treatment procedures of sickle cell anemia and propose that the elevation of glutathionylation of HbS within RBCs, without inducing oxidative stress, might be an effective therapeutic strategy for sickle cell anemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
| | - Amrita Mitra
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, 100 ft road, Koramangala, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Rajdeep Das
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, 100 ft road, Koramangala, Bangalore, 560034, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Muralidharan M, Bhat V, Mandal AK. Structural analysis of glycated human hemoglobin using native mass spectrometry. FEBS J 2019; 287:1247-1254. [PMID: 31599087 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycated hemoglobin (GHb) is the indicator of the long-term glycemic index of an individual. GHb is formed by the irreversible modification of N-terminal α-amino group of β globin chain with glucose via Amadori rearrangement. Cation exchange chromatography exploits the difference in surface charges between GHb and native hemoglobin (HbA0 ) for their separation and quantification. However, glucose condensation is specific to primary amino groups. Therefore, structural characterization of GHb synthesized in vivo is essential as multiple glycation may interfere with GHb assessment. The stoichiometric composition of different glycated hemoglobin from a 19% GHb sample was deduced using native mass spectrometry. We observed a comparable population of α and β glycated tetramers for mono-glycated HbA0 . Surprisingly, doubly and triply glycated HbA0 also showed mono-glycated α and β globins. Thus, we propose that glycation of hemoglobin (HbA) occurs symmetrically across α and β globins with preference to unmodified globin first. Correlation between conventional and mass spectrometry-based quantification of GHb showed a reliable estimation of the glycemic index of individuals carrying HbA0 . Mutant HbAs have different retention time than HbA0 due to the differences in their surface charge. Thus, their glycated analog may elute at different retention time compared to GHb. Consequently, our method would be ideal for assessing the glycemic index of an individual carrying mutant HbA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monita Muralidharan
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Muralidharan M, Mitra A, Maity D, Pal D, Mandal AK. Structural analysis of glutathionyl hemoglobin using native mass spectrometry. J Struct Biol 2019; 208:107386. [PMID: 31518635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutathionylation is an example of reversible post-translation modification of proteins where free and accessible cysteine residues of proteins undergo thiol-disulfide exchange with oxidized glutathione (GSSG). In general, glutathionylation occurs under the condition of elevated oxidative stress in vivo. In human hemoglobin, Cys93 residue of β globin chain was found to undergo this oxidative modification. Glutathionyl hemoglobin (GSHb) was reported to act as a biomarker of oxidative stress under several clinical conditions such as chronic renal failure, iron deficiency anemia, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, Friedreich's ataxia, atherosclerosis. Previously we showed that the functional abnormality associated with six-fold tighter oxygen binding of GSHb supposedly attributed to the conformational transition of the deoxy state of GSHb towards oxy hemoglobin like conformation. In the present study, we investigated the structural integrity and overall architecture of the quaternary structure of GSHb using native mass spectrometry and ion mobility mass spectrometry platforms. The dissociation equilibrium constants of both tetramer/dimer (Kd1) and dimer/monomer equilibrium (Kd2) was observed to increase by 1.91 folds and 3.64 folds respectively. However, the collision cross-section area of the tetrameric hemoglobin molecule remained unchanged upon glutathionylation. The molecular dynamics simulation data of normal human hemoglobin and GSHb was employed to support our experimental findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monita Muralidharan
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, 100 ft Road, Koramangala, Bangalore 560034, India
| | - Amrita Mitra
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, 100 ft Road, Koramangala, Bangalore 560034, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Maity
- IISc Mathematics Initiative, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Debnath Pal
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Computational & Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, 100 ft Road, Koramangala, Bangalore 560034, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Muralidharan M, Bhat V, Bindu YS, Mandal AK. Glycation profile of minor abundant erythrocyte proteome across varying glycemic index in diabetes mellitus. Anal Biochem 2019; 573:37-43. [PMID: 30831097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Long-term glycemic index in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is measured by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) besides blood glucose. In DM, the primary amino groups of proteins get glycated via non-enzymatic post-translational modification. This study aims at identifying and characterizing site-specific glycation of erythrocyte proteome across varying glycemic index in patients with DM. EXPERIMENTS We isolated the glycated erythrocyte proteome devoid of hemoglobin from control and diabetic samples using boronate affinity chromatography. Proteomic analysis was performed using nanoLC/ESI-MS proteomics platform. The site-specific modification on different proteins was deciphered using a customized database. RESULTS We report 37 glycated proteins identified and characterized from samples with HbA1c of 6%, 8%, 12%, and 16%. Our results show that both extent and site-specific modification of proteins increased with increasing HbA1c. The observed residue-specific modifications of catalase, peroxiredoxin, carbonic anhydrase, lactate dehydrogenase B and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase were correlated with the literature report on their functional disorder in DM. CONCLUSIONS and clinical relevance: 37 glycated erythrocyte proteins apart from hemoglobin were characterized from DM patient samples with varying HbA1c values. We correlated the site-specific glycation and associated functional disorder of five representative proteins. However, the clinical correlation with the observed modifications needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monita Muralidharan
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, 100ft Road, Koramangala, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Vijay Bhat
- Manipal Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Old Airport Road, Bangalore, 560017, India
| | - Y S Bindu
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, 100ft Road, Koramangala, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, 100ft Road, Koramangala, Bangalore, 560034, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Srivastava D, Kukkuta Sarma GR, Dsouza DS, Muralidharan M, Srinivasan K, Mandal AK. Characterization of residue-specific glutathionylation of CSF proteins in multiple sclerosis - A MS-based approach. Anal Biochem 2018; 564-565:108-115. [PMID: 30367882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of a disulfide linkage between cysteine residues in proteins, a standard step in the preanalytical preparation of samples in conventional proteomics approach, presents a challenge to characterize S-glutathionylation of proteins. S-glutathionylation of proteins has been reported in medical conditions associated with high oxidative stress. In the present study, we attempted to characterize glutathionylation of CSF proteins in patients with multiple sclerosis which is associated with high oxidative stress. Using the nano-LC/ESI-MS platform, we adopted a modified proteomics approach and a targeted database search to investigate glutathionylation at the residue level of CSF proteins. Compared to patients with Intracranial hypertension, the following CSF proteins: Extracellular Superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) at Cys195, α1-antitrypsin (A1AT) at Cys232, Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) at Cys318, Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein at Cys340, Ectonucleotide pyrophosphate (ENPP-2) at Cys773, Gelsolin at Cys304, Interleukin-18 (IL-18) at Cys38 and Ig heavy chain V III region POM at Cys22 were found to be glutathionylated in patients with multiple sclerosis during a relapse. ECSOD, A1AT, and PLTP were observed to be glutathionylated at the functionally important cysteine residues. In conclusion, in the present study using a modified proteomics approach we have identified and characterized glutathionylation of CSF proteins in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepsikha Srivastava
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Clinical Proteomics Unit, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Gosala Raja Kukkuta Sarma
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Hospital, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Delon Snehal Dsouza
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Hospital, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Monita Muralidharan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Clinical Proteomics Unit, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Krishnamachari Srinivasan
- Department of Psychiatry, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Clinical Proteomics Unit, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560034, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Molecular insights of inhibition in sickle hemoglobin polymerization upon glutathionylation: hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics simulation-based approach. Biochem J 2018; 475:2153-2166. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In sickle cell anemia, polymerization of hemoglobin in its deoxy state leads to the formation of insoluble fibers that result in sickling of red blood cells. Stereo-specific binding of isopropyl group of βVal6, the mutated amino-acid residue of a tetrameric sickle hemoglobin molecule (HbS), with hydrophobic groove of another HbS tetramer initiates the polymerization. Glutathionylation of βCys93 in HbS was reported to inhibit the polymerization. However, the mechanism of inhibition in polymerization is unknown to date. In our study, the molecular insights of inhibition in polymerization were investigated by monitoring the conformational dynamics in solution phase using hydrogen/deuterium exchange-based mass spectrometry. The conformational rigidity imparted due to glutathionylation of HbS results in solvent shielding of βVal6 and perturbation in the conformation of hydrophobic groove of HbS. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulation trajectory showed that the stereo-specific localization of glutathione moiety in the hydrophobic groove across the globin subunit interface of tetrameric HbS might contribute to inhibition in polymerization. These conformational insights in the inhibition of HbS polymerization upon glutathionylation might be translated in the molecularly targeted therapeutic approaches for sickle cell anemia.
Collapse
|
16
|
Suitability of biomarkers of biological effects (BOBEs) for assessing the likelihood of reducing the tobacco related disease risk by new and innovative tobacco products: A literature review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:203-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
17
|
Muralidharan M, Das R, Bhat V, Mandal AK. Analysis of the Quaternary Structure of Hemoglobin Beckman Variant and Molecular Interpretation of Its Functional Abnormality: A Mass-Spectrometry-Based Approach. Chembiochem 2018; 19:633-640. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monita Muralidharan
- Clinical Proteomics Unit; Division of Molecular Medicine; St. John's Research Institute; St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences; 100ft Road Koramangala Bangalore 560034 India
| | - Rajdeep Das
- Clinical Proteomics Unit; Division of Molecular Medicine; St. John's Research Institute; St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences; 100ft Road Koramangala Bangalore 560034 India
| | - Vijay Bhat
- Manipal Hospital; Old Airport Road Bangalore 560017 India
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Clinical Proteomics Unit; Division of Molecular Medicine; St. John's Research Institute; St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences; 100ft Road Koramangala Bangalore 560034 India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mitra A, Muralidharan M, Srivastava D, Das R, Bhat V, Mandal AK. Assessment of Cysteine Reactivity of Human Hemoglobin at Its Residue Level: A Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach. Hemoglobin 2017; 41:300-305. [PMID: 29210301 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2017.1399905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In general, the reactivity of cysteine residues of proteins is measured by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) kinetics using spectrophotometry. Proteins with several cysteine residues may exhibit varying DTNB kinetics but residue level information can only be obtained with the prior knowledge of their three-dimensional structure. However, this method is limited in its application to the proteins containing chromophores having overlapping absorption profile with 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid, such as hemoglobin (Hb). Additionally, this method is incapable of assigning cysteine reactivity at the residue levels of proteins with unknown crystal structures. However, a mass spectrometry (MS)-based platform might provide a solution to these problems. In the present study, alkylation kinetics of cysteine residues of adult human Hb (Hb A; α2β2) and sickle cell Hb (Hb S; HBB: c.20A>T) were investigated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS. Differential site-specific reactivities of cysteine residues of Hb were investigated using alkylation kinetics with iodoacetamide (IAM). The observed reactivities corroborated well with the differential surface accessibilities of cysteine residues in the crystal structures of human Hb. The proposed method might be used to investigate cysteine reactivities of all the genetic and post-translational variants of Hb discovered to date. In addition, this method can be extended to explore cysteine reactivities of proteins, irrespective of the presence of chromophores and availability of crystal structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mitra
- a Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine , St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Koramangala, Bangalore , India
| | - Monita Muralidharan
- a Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine , St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Koramangala, Bangalore , India
| | - Deepsikha Srivastava
- a Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine , St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Koramangala, Bangalore , India
| | - Rajdeep Das
- a Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine , St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Koramangala, Bangalore , India
| | - Vijay Bhat
- b Department of Biochemistry , Manipal Hospital Diagnostic Services, Manipal Hospital , Bangalore , India
| | - Amit K Mandal
- a Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine , St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Koramangala, Bangalore , India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gajjala PR, Fliser D, Speer T, Jankowski V, Jankowski J. Emerging role of post-translational modifications in chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:1814-1824. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
|
20
|
Srinivasu BY, Mitra G, Muralidharan M, Srivastava D, Pinto J, Thankachan P, Suresh S, Shet A, Rao S, Ravikumar G, Thomas TS, Kurpad AV, Mandal AK. Beneficiary effect of nanosizing ferric pyrophosphate as food fortificant in iron deficiency anemia: evaluation of bioavailability, toxicity and plasma biomarker. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NP-Fe4(P2O7)3significantly improved hemoglobin level in iron-deficient rats and Fetuin-B showed differential biological response across NP doses through plasma proteomics.
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen HJC, Lin WP, Chiu SD, Fan CH. Multistage Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Human Hemoglobin Glutathionylation: Correlation with Cigarette Smoking. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:864-72. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| | - Shei-Da Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Huang Fan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Metere A, Iorio E, Scorza G, Camerini S, Casella M, Crescenzi M, Minetti M, Pietraforte D. Carbon monoxide signaling in human red blood cells: evidence for pentose phosphate pathway activation and protein deglutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:403-16. [PMID: 23815439 PMCID: PMC3894680 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The biochemistry underlying the physiological, adaptive, and toxic effects of carbon monoxide (CO) is linked to its affinity for reduced transition metals. We investigated CO signaling in the vasculature, where hemoglobin (Hb), the CO most important metal-containing carrier is highly concentrated inside red blood cells (RBCs). RESULTS By combining NMR, MS, and spectrophotometric techniques, we found that CO treatment of whole blood increases the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in RBC cytosol, which is linked to a significant Hb deglutathionylation. In addition, this process (i) does not activate glycolytic metabolism, (ii) boosts the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), (iii) increases glutathione reductase activity, and (iv) decreases oxidized glutathione concentration. Moreover, GSH concentration was partially decreased in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose and the PPP antagonist dehydroepiandrosterone. Our MS results show for the first time that, besides Cys93, Hb glutathionylation occurs also at Cys112 of the β-chain, providing a new potential GSH source hitherto unknown. INNOVATION This work provides new insights on the signaling and antioxidant-boosting properties of CO in human blood, identifying Hb as a major source of GSH release and the PPP as a metabolic mechanism supporting Hb deglutathionylation. CONCLUSIONS CO-dependent GSH increase is a new RBC process linking a redox-inactive molecule, CO, to GSH redox signaling. This mechanism may be involved in the adaptive responses aimed to counteract stress conditions in mammalian tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Metere
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Sections of Biomarkers in Degenerative Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Egidio Iorio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Sections of Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scorza
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Sections of Biomarkers in Degenerative Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Camerini
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Casella
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Sections of Biomarkers in Degenerative Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Crescenzi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Sections of Biomarkers in Degenerative Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Minetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Sections of Biomarkers in Degenerative Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Pietraforte
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Sections of Biomarkers in Degenerative Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Khazim K, Giustarini D, Rossi R, Verkaik D, Cornell JE, Cunningham SED, Mohammad M, Trochta K, Lorenzo C, Folli F, Bansal S, Fanti P. Glutathione redox potential is low and glutathionylated and cysteinylated hemoglobin levels are elevated in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Transl Res 2013; 162:16-25. [PMID: 23333585 PMCID: PMC3683567 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), the most abundant intracellular low molecular mass thiol, protects cells from oxidative damage and regulates their function. Available information is inconsistent regarding levels of GSH and its disulfide (GSSG) in maintenance hemodialysis patients (HD). In addition, very limited data are available in HD about the relationship of GSH and GSSG with other measures of thiol metabolism and with the clinical profile. We tested the hypothesis that erythrocyte GSH/GSSG redox potential (Eh) is lower in HD than in healthy controls (C), and that Eh correlates with posttranslational thiolation of hemoglobin (Hb) and with standard clinical parameters in HD. In cross-sectional comparison of 33 stable HD and 21 C, we found a net loss of reducing capacity in HD as indicated by low erythrocyte GSH/GSSG Eh (-257 ± 5.5 vs -270 ± 5.6 mV, P = 0.002). Glutathionylated Hb (HbSSG) was 46% higher in HD than C (19.3 ± 4.80 vs 13.2 ± 2.79 pmol/mg Hb; P = 0.001) and cysteinylated Hb (HbSSCy) was >3-fold higher in HD than C [38.3 (29.0-63.3) vs 11.5 (9.6-17.2) pmol/mg Hb; P = 0.001]. In multiple regression analysis of the HD cases, statistically significant associations were found between the GSH/GSSG Eh and the blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.001), creatinine (P = 0.015) and normalized protein catabolic rate (P = 0.05), after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and etiology of end-stage renal disease. In conclusion, accurate and precise analysis of GSH, GSSG, and mixed disulfides reveals loss of erythrocyte GSH/GSSG Eh, rise of both HbSSG and HbSSCy, and correlation of these thiols with measures of uremia and dietary protein intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Khazim
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ghezzi P. Protein glutathionylation in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
25
|
Mitra G, Muralidharan M, Narayanan S, Pinto J, Srinivasan K, Mandal AK. Glutathionylation Induced Structural Changes in Oxy Human Hemoglobin Analyzed by Backbone Amide Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and MALDI-Mass Spectrometry. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2344-53. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300291u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gopa Mitra
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine,
St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, 100 ft Road, Koramangala,
Bangalore -560034, India
| | - Monita Muralidharan
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine,
St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, 100 ft Road, Koramangala,
Bangalore -560034, India
| | - Sreekala Narayanan
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine,
St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, 100 ft Road, Koramangala,
Bangalore -560034, India
| | - Jennifer Pinto
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine,
St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, 100 ft Road, Koramangala,
Bangalore -560034, India
| | - Krishnamachari Srinivasan
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine,
St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, 100 ft Road, Koramangala,
Bangalore -560034, India
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine,
St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, 100 ft Road, Koramangala,
Bangalore -560034, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
de Souza PS, da Rocha LGC, Tromm CB, Scheffer DL, Victor EG, da Silveira PCL, de Souza CT, Silva LA, Pinho RA. Therapeutic action of physical exercise on markers of oxidative stress induced by chronic kidney disease. Life Sci 2012; 91:132-6. [PMID: 22771699 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effects physical training exerts on markers of oxidative stress in rats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). MAIN METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=6): sham, CKD, exercise-sham and exercise-CKD. Surgical reduction of the renal mass was performed (5/6 nephrectomized) and exercise was conducted on a treadmill (50 min/day up to 1 km/h for, 5 days/week for eight weeks). Forty-eight hours after the last exercise session, blood (1 mL) was collected from the abdominal aorta and animals were decapitated. The left kidney was surgically removed and stored at -70 °C for subsequent analysis. KEY FINDINGS An increase was observed in creatinine and urea levels, superoxide production, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative damage in the CKD group, as compared to sham animals (p<0.05). Physical training made superoxide production and oxidative damage decrease in the CKD group (p<0.05), increasing SOD and GPX activity, though it did not increase the antioxidant effects of CAT, and renal parameters. SIGNIFICANCE Even without altering renal function in animals induced to CKD model, the results show that physical training is an important component in the treatment of CKD, because it exerted a positive influence on oxidative stress parameters, especially on the reduction in superoxide production and oxidative damage, as well as an improvement in the antioxidant defense system, like SOD and GPX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Soares de Souza
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806000, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shet AS, Pinto SM, Mitra G, Mandal AK. Glutathionyl hemoglobin is elevated in iron deficiency anemia. Acta Haematol 2011; 127:26-30. [PMID: 21996674 DOI: 10.1159/000330945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There are few good biomarkers of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Since IDA patients have evidence for increased oxidative stress, we used mass spectrometry (MS) [i.e. matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization] to identify novel biomarkers. Using MALDI-MS, the following oxidative modifications of hemoglobin with the following mass-to-charge ratios were identified: 1,087.5 (α32-40), 1,545.7 (α17-31), 1,290.0 (β31-40) and 2,076.1 (β41-59). On electrospray ionization MS, the IDA patients had significantly elevated glutathionyl hemoglobin (GSHb) compared with the controls (16.9 ± 9.6 vs. 7.7 ± 3.7%; p = 0.002). GSHb levels correlated inversely with serum ferritin (Spearman rho -0.485; p = 0.003) and positively with serum transferrin receptor (0.460; p = 0.002). GSHb also demonstrated inverse correlations with hemoglobin (-0.512; p = 0.001), mean cell volume (-0.419; p = 0.026), serum iron (-0.446; p = 0.008) and transferrin saturation (-0.460; p = 0.008). For the first time, we show that GSHb is elevated in patients with IDA and has potential as a biomarker of this form of anemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Shet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. Johns National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hambali Z, Ahmad Z, Arab S, Khazaai H. Oxidative stress and its association with cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure patients. Indian J Nephrol 2011; 21:21-5. [PMID: 21655165 PMCID: PMC3109778 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.75218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for the majority of deaths in chronic renal failure (CRF). Oxidative stress plays a key role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and CVD, which is promoted by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired antioxidant enzymes. These ROS react with nitric oxide (NO) to produce cytotoxic reactive nitrogen species that cause oxidative injury to the endothelium. This study evaluated biomarkers of oxidative stress, NOx (total NO2 and NO3), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme in normal control and CRF patients as case group and correlated their association with CVD. This cross sectional study involved 173 CRF patients on different modes of treatment (hemodialysis, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and predialysis). Of these, 74 had CVD. The control group consisted of 33 healthy subjects who had no history of CRF and CVD. Both NOx and SOD levels were significantly lower (P<0.05, P<0.001, respectively) in the case group. Comparing between CRF patients with and without CVD, SOD level was found to be significantly lower in CRF patients with CVD (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed significant association of CVD event with age, male gender, diabetes, SOD level, and lipid profile in CRF patients. Oxidative stress occurs in the CRF patients with or without CVD. This study found that NOx and SOD levels were reduced in all CRF patients with or without CVD. However, it was noted that the levels of these biomarkers of oxidative stress were significantly lower in CRF patients with CVD compared with CRF patients without CVD. Therefore, these oxidative stress markers maybe contributing factors in the pathogenesis of CVD in patients with CRF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Hambali
- Department of Pathology, Chemical Pathology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mitra G, Muralidharan M, Pinto J, Srinivasan K, Mandal AK. Structural Perturbation of Human Hemoglobin on Glutathionylation Probed by Hydrogen−Deuterium Exchange and MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:785-93. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100602f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gopa Mitra
- Molecular Medicine & Clinical Proteomics, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Monita Muralidharan
- Molecular Medicine & Clinical Proteomics, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Jennifer Pinto
- Molecular Medicine & Clinical Proteomics, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Krishnamachari Srinivasan
- Molecular Medicine & Clinical Proteomics, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Molecular Medicine & Clinical Proteomics, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rysz J, Stolarek RA, Pedzik A, Nowicki M, Nowak D. Serum antioxidant capacity is preserved in peritoneal dialysis contrary to its robust depletion after hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration sessions. Ther Apher Dial 2010; 14:209-17. [PMID: 20438544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Renal replacement therapy (RRT) may differentially affect systemic generation of reactive oxygen species and depletion of antioxidant pools of low molecular weight molecules and proteins. This study was designed to assess the magnitude of the impairment of serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in relation to different RRT modalities. The study included patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD, N = 21), hemodialysis (HD, N = 21), hemodiafiltration (HDF, N = 20), and healthy controls (N = 33). TAC was assessed by the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In CAPD patients, predialysis FRAP and DPPH were increased: 1.46 mM and 10.5% vs. control 1.19 mM and 7.2%, respectively (P < 0.001 in each). In HD and HDF patients, the FRAP and DPPH were significantly increased before and lowered after the RRT session (P < 0.05) if compared with healthy controls. During an HD session, FRAP was decreased from pre-HD 1.71 +/- 0.29 mM to post-HD 0.85 +/- 0.20 mM (P = 0.0001). The decrease of FRAP was lower during HDF (P < 0.05 vs. HD), it decreased from pre-HDF 1.41 +/- 0.43 mM to post-HDF 0.87 +/- 0.23 mM (P = 0.0001 vs. pre-HDF). The HD session decreased DPPH from the pre-HD median 10.3%, interquartile range (IR) 9.3-12.0% to post-HD 2.6% IR 2.3-3.1% (P < 0.0001). The adjustment of either urate or bilirubin up to pre-HD levels did not restore lowered post-HD levels of TAC. TAC remains preserved in CAPD, whereas the robust depletion of TAC, lower after HDF than HD sessions, cannot be attributed solely to the washout of dialyzable compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Rysz
- Departments of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Coelho BL, Rocha LG, Scarabelot KS, Scheffer DL, Ronsani MM, Silveira PC, Silva LA, Souza CT, Pinho RA. Physical Exercise Prevents the Exacerbation of Oxidative Stress Parameters in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Nutr 2010; 20:169-75. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
|
32
|
Iwasaki Y, Saito Y, Nakano Y, Mochizuki K, Sakata O, Ito R, Saito K, Nakazawa H. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis of glutathione in biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3309-17. [PMID: 19620027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological thiol compounds are classified into high-molecular-mass protein thiols and low-molecular-mass free thiols. Endogenous low-molecular-mass thiol compounds, namely, reduced glutathione (GSH) and its corresponding disulfide, glutathione disulfide (GSSG), are very important molecules that participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. GSH plays an essential role in protecting cells from oxidative and nitrosative stress and GSSG can be converted into the reduced form by action of glutathione reductase. Measurement of GSH and GSSG is a useful indicator of oxidative stress and disease risk. Many publications have reported successful determination of GSH and GSSG in biological samples. In this article, we review newly developed techniques, such as liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, for identifying GSH bound to proteins, or for localizing GSH in bound or free forms at specific sites in organs and in cellular locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Regazzoni L, Panusa A, Yeum KJ, Carini M, Aldini G. Hemoglobin glutathionylation can occur through cysteine sulfenic acid intermediate: electrospray ionization LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometry studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3456-61. [PMID: 19493711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glutathionylated hemoglobin (Hb-SSG) is now recognized as a promising biomarker of systemic oxidative stress. Aim of this study is to gain a mechanistic insight into its formation. The ability of GSSG to form Hb-SSG through a thiol-disulfide exchange mechanism was firstly examined. For this purpose, GSSG (ranging from 0.23 to 230micromol/g Hb, 15microM-15mM final concentrations) was incubated with 1mM Hb and the relative content of Hb-SSG determined by direct infusion mass spectrometry (Orbitrap as analyzer). No detectable Hb-SSG was observed at a GSSG concentration range found in physiopathological conditions (0.13-0.23micromol/g Hb). To reach a detectable Hb-SSG signal, the GSSG concentration was raised to 2.3micromol/g Hb (0.5% relative abundance). The relative content of Hb-GSSG dose-dependently increased to 6% and 11% at 77 and 153micromol/g Hb, respectively. The second step was to demonstrate whether Hb-SSG is formed through a sulfenic acid intermediate, a well-recognized mechanism of S-protein glutathionylation. Cys beta93 sulfenic acid was found to be formed by oxidizing Hb with 1mM H(2)O(2), as demonstrated by direct infusion and LC-ESI-MS/MS experiments and using dimedone as derivatazing agent. When H(2)O(2)-treated Hb was incubated with physiological concentrations of GSH (9micromol/g Hb), the corresponding Hb-SSG form was detected, reaching 15% of relative abundance. In summary, we here demonstrate that Hb glutathionylation can occur through a Cys sulfenic acid intermediate which is formed in oxidizing conditions. Hb glutathionylation is also mediated by a thiol-disulfide transfer mechanism, but this requires a concentration of GSSG which is far to be achieved in physiopathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Regazzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Pietro Pratesi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
The potential of mass spectrometry to study iron-containing proteins used in clinical diagnosis. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 634:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
35
|
Kumar P, Devi U, Ali S, Upadhya R, Pillai S, Raja A, Rao S, Rao A. Plasma protein oxidation in patients with brain tumors. Neurol Res 2008; 31:270-3. [PMID: 19040803 DOI: 10.1179/174313209x382296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proteins can undergo numerous covalent changes on exposure to oxidants. Oxidative modification of protein in vivo may affect a variety of cellular functions. Protein oxidation in vivo is a natural consequence of aerobic life. Oxygen radicals and other activated oxygen species generated as byproducts of cellular metabolism or from environmental sources cause modifications to the amino acids of proteins that generally result in loss of protein function/enzymatic activity. It is now well known that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in human cancer development. Moreover, the brain is especially vulnerable to ROS mediated injury. METHOD Therefore, in the present study, protein oxidation was assessed in the plasma of 17 patients with brain tumors and 16 age and gender-matched controls by measuring protein thiols and protein carbonyls spectrophotometrically. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in protein thiols and carbonyls in malignant cases of brain tumors when compared with the control group. No significant change in protein thiols was noted in benign cases compared to controls. A comparison of levels in benign and malignant cases for both the parameters also showed no significant difference. DISCUSSION Thus, free radical toxicity does lead to protein oxidation in patients with brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College and Hospital, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Primavera A, Fustinoni S, Biroccio A, Ballerini S, Urbani A, Bernardini S, Federici G, Capucci E, Manno M, Lo Bello M. Glutathione Transferases and Glutathionylated Hemoglobin in Workers Exposed to Low Doses of 1,3-Butadiene. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:3004-12. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
37
|
Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Gagliano N, Colombo R, Giustarini D, Rossi R. Molecular mechanisms and potential clinical significance of S-glutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:445-73. [PMID: 18092936 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein S-glutathionylation, the reversible binding of glutathione to protein thiols (PSH), is involved in protein redox regulation, storage of glutathione, and protection of PSH from irreversible oxidation. S-Glutathionylated protein (PSSG) can result from thiol/disulfide exchange between PSH and GSSG or PSSG; direct interaction between partially oxidized PSH and GSH; reactions between PSH and S-nitrosothiols, oxidized forms of GSH, or glutathione thiyl radical. Indeed, thiol/disulfide exchange is an unlikely intracellular mechanism for S-glutathionylation, because of the redox potential of most Cys residues and the GSSG export by most cells as a protective mechanism against oxidative stress. S-Glutathionylation can be reversed, following restoration of a reducing GSH/GSSG ratio, in an enzyme-dependent or -independent manner. Currently, definite evidence of protein S-glutathionylation has been clearly demonstrated in few human diseases. In aging human lenses, protein S-glutathionylation increases; during cataractogenesis, some of lens proteins, including alpha- and beta-crystallins, form both mixed disulfides and disulfide-cross-linked aggregates, which increase with cataract severity. The correlation of lens nuclear color and opalescence intensity with protein S-glutathionylation indicates that protein-thiol mixed disulfides may play an important role in cataractogenesis and development of brunescence in human lenses. Recently, specific PSSG have been identified in the inferior parietal lobule in Alzheimer's disease. However, much investigation is needed to clarify the actual involvement of protein S-glutathionylation in many human diseases.
Collapse
|