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Trifonova OP, Maslov DL, Balashova EE, Lokhov PG. Current State and Future Perspectives on Personalized Metabolomics. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010067. [PMID: 36676992 PMCID: PMC9863827 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is one of the most promising 'omics' sciences for the implementation in medicine by developing new diagnostic tests and optimizing drug therapy. Since in metabolomics, the end products of the biochemical processes in an organism are studied, which are under the influence of both genetic and environmental factors, the metabolomics analysis can detect any changes associated with both lifestyle and pathological processes. Almost every case-controlled metabolomics study shows a high diagnostic accuracy. Taking into account that metabolomics processes are already described for most nosologies, there are prerequisites that a high-speed and comprehensive metabolite analysis will replace, in near future, the narrow range of chemical analyses used today, by the medical community. However, despite the promising perspectives of personalized metabolomics, there are currently no FDA-approved metabolomics tests. The well-known problem of complexity of personalized metabolomics data analysis and their interpretation for the end-users, in addition to a traditional need for analytical methods to address the quality control, standardization, and data treatment are reported in the review. Possible ways to solve the problems and change the situation with the introduction of metabolomics tests into clinical practice, are also discussed.
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Comparison of Direct Sequencing with Real-time PCR High Resolution Melt and PCR Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis to Identify Clinically Important Candida Species. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.110202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Candida albicans is the predominant yeast reported from human infection. Non-albicans Candida species have been recently developed as medically vital fungi. Therefore, it is essential to detect and identify the pathogens at the species level to prescribe appropriate treatment. Methods: This study assessed two complementary methods, including real-time polymerase chain reaction-high resolution melt (PCR-HRM) and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length morphism (PCR-RFLP) with standard PCR and Sanger sequencing as the benchmark. Results: In total, 66 samples were tested, and two newly-advanced assays were more effective and displayed comprehensive concordance (66/66, 100%) with Sanger sequencing outcomes. Moreover, accurate and economical tests were positively advanced by real-time PCR-HRM for C. albicans and C. parapsilosis complexes. Conclusions: Given the number of studies performed on the comparison of sensitivity and specificity of phenotypic and genotypic methods to diagnose and identify invasive fungal pathogens and the findings of this study, it could be stated that the correlative PCR-HRM and PCR-RFLP methods were effectively advanced as substitutes for conventional Sanger sequencing for the reasonable identification. However, supplementary evaluations and confirming studies should be carried out with a broad range of samples to standardize this method for routine application in medical laboratories.
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Lichtenberg S, Trifonova OP, Maslov DL, Balashova EE, Lokhov PG. Metabolomic Laboratory-Developed Tests: Current Status and Perspectives. Metabolites 2021; 11:423. [PMID: 34206934 PMCID: PMC8305461 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) are a subset of in vitro diagnostic devices, which the US Food and Drug Administration defines as "tests that are manufactured by and used within a single laboratory". The review describes the emergence and history of LDTs. The current state and development prospects of LDTs based on metabolomics are analyzed. By comparing LDTs with the scientific metabolomics study of human bio samples, the characteristic features of metabolomic LDT are shown, revealing its essence, strengths, and limitations. The possibilities for further developments and scaling of metabolomic LDTs and their potential significance for healthcare are discussed. The legal aspects of LDT regulation in the United States, European Union, and Singapore, demonstrating different approaches to this issue, are also provided. Based on the data presented in the review, recommendations were made on the feasibility and ways of further introducing metabolomic LDTs into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lichtenberg
- Metabometrics, Inc., 651 N Broad St, Suite 205 #1370, Middletown, DE 19709, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.T.); (D.L.M.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Oxana P. Trifonova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.T.); (D.L.M.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Dmitry L. Maslov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.T.); (D.L.M.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Elena E. Balashova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.T.); (D.L.M.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Petr G. Lokhov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.T.); (D.L.M.); (E.E.B.)
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Lokhov PG, Maslov DL, Lichtenberg S, Trifonova OP, Balashova EE. Holistic Metabolomic Laboratory-Developed Test (LDT): Development and Use for the Diagnosis of Early-Stage Parkinson's Disease. Metabolites 2020; 11:metabo11010014. [PMID: 33383698 PMCID: PMC7824177 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A laboratory-developed test (LDT) is a type of in vitro diagnostic test that is developed and used within a single laboratory. The holistic metabolomic LDT integrating the currently available data on human metabolic pathways, changes in the concentrations of low-molecular-weight compounds in the human blood during diseases and other conditions, and their prevalent location in the body was developed. That is, the LDT uses all of the accumulated metabolic data relevant for disease diagnosis and high-resolution mass spectrometry with data processing by in-house software. In this study, the LDT was applied to diagnose early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD), which currently lacks available laboratory tests. The use of the LDT for blood plasma samples confirmed its ability for such diagnostics with 73% accuracy. The diagnosis was based on relevant data, such as the detection of overrepresented metabolite sets associated with PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the ability of the LDT to detect normal composition of low-molecular-weight compounds in blood was demonstrated, thus providing a definition of healthy at the molecular level. This LDT approach as a screening tool can be used for the further widespread testing for other diseases, since 'omics' tests, to which the metabolomic LDT belongs, cover a variety of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr G. Lokhov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (D.L.M.); (O.P.T.); (E.E.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dmitry L. Maslov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (D.L.M.); (O.P.T.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Steven Lichtenberg
- Metabometrics, Inc, 651 N Broad St, Suite 205 #1370, Middletown, DE 19709, USA;
| | - Oxana P. Trifonova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (D.L.M.); (O.P.T.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Elena E. Balashova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (D.L.M.); (O.P.T.); (E.E.B.)
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Zalizko P, Stefanovics J, Sokolovska J, Paramonova N, Klavina E, Erts R, Rovite V, Klovins J, Pukitis A. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase genetic polymorphisms in adult patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in the Latvian population. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13:1756284820937426. [PMID: 32704308 PMCID: PMC7361485 DOI: 10.1177/1756284820937426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) plays a significant role in the metabolism of thiopurines, and, for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is useful to perform TPMT genotyping prior to azathioprine (AZA) treatment. In this study, we determined TPMT gene polymorphisms in a cohort of IBD patients in Latvia. METHODS DNA samples were obtained from 244 IBD patients, and qPCR was performed for detection of rs1800462, rs1800460, and rs1142345 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Three common, non-functional TPMT alleles (TPMT*2, *3B, and *3C) were identified (women, 51%; men, 49%). TPMT*2, *3A, *3B, and *3C allelic variants detected using qPCR were consistent with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data. RESULTS Among patients, 78% had ulcerative colitis and 22% had Crohn's disease, with 93.9% of the former carrying a wild-type homozygous TPMT*1/*1 genotype and 6.1% carrying heterozygous genotypes. The most frequent polymorphisms were TPMT*1/*3A (5.3%: two variants: TPMT*3B and TPMT*3C), TPMT*1/*3C (0.4%), and TPMT*1/*2 (0.4%). None of the patients carried a TPMT*3B polymorphism and no patients were homozygous for any mutation. CONCLUSION This is the first study to identify TPMT gene polymorphisms in adult IBD patients in Latvia. The results indicate that the frequency of common TPMT alleles is similar to that of other European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juris Stefanovics
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jelizaveta Sokolovska
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Natalia Paramonova
- Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biology of the University of Latvia, Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Evija Klavina
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Renars Erts
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Vita Rovite
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Klovins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aldis Pukitis
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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Yao P, Qu XM, Ren S, Ren XD, Su N, Zhao N, Wang L, Cheng L, Weng BB, Sun FJ, Huang Q. Scorpion primer PCR analysis for genotyping of allele variants of thiopurine s‑methyltransferase*3. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1994-2002. [PMID: 32705177 PMCID: PMC7411393 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) plays an important role in the metabolism of thiopurines. Mutations in the TPMT gene can affect drug activity, which may have adverse effects in humans. Thus, genotyping can help elucidate genetic determinants of drug response to thiopurines and optimize the selection of drug therapies for individual patients, effectively avoiding palindromia during maintenance treatment caused by insufficient dosing and the serious side effects caused by excessive doses. The current available detection methods used for TPMT*3B and TPMT*3C are complex, costly and time-consuming. Therefore, innovative detection methods for TPMT genotyping are urgently required. The aim of the present study was to establish and optimize a simple, specific and timesaving TPMT genotyping method. Using the principles of Web-based Allele-Specific PCR and competitive real-time fluorescent allele-specific PCR (CRAS-PCR), two pairs of Scorpion primers were designed for the detection of TPMT*3B and *3C, respectively, and a mutation in TPMT*3A was inferred based on data from TPMT*3B and *3C. In total, 226 samples from volunteers living in Chongqing were used for CRAS-PCR to detect TPMT*3 mutations. Results showed that nine (3.98%) were mutant (MT) heterozygotes and none were MT homozygotes for TPMT*3C, and no TPMT*3A and TPMT*3B mutations were found. Three TPMT*3C MT heterozygotes were randomly selected for DNA sequencing, and CRAS-PCR results were consistent with the sequencing results. In conclusion, in order to improve simplicity, specificity and efficiency, the present study established and optimized CRAS-PCR assays for commonly found mutant alleles of TPMT*3A (G460A and A719G), TPMT*3B (G460A), and TPMT*3C (A719G).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Mei Qu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Sai Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Liu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Bang-Bi Weng
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Jun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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Lokhov PG, Trifonova OP, Maslov DL, Lichtenberg S, Balashova EE. Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease by A Metabolomics-Based Laboratory-Developed Test (LDT). Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10050332. [PMID: 32455603 PMCID: PMC7277951 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10050332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A laboratory-developed test (LDT) is a type of in vitro diagnostic test that is designed, manufactured and used in the same laboratory (i.e., an in-house test). In this study, a metabolomics-based LDT was developed. This test involves a blood plasma preparation, direct-infusion mass spectrometry analysis with a high-resolution mass spectrometer, alignment and normalization of mass peaks using original algorithms, metabolite annotation by a biochemical context-driven algorithm, detection of overrepresented metabolic pathways and results in a visualization in the form of a pathway names cloud. The LDT was applied to detect early stage Parkinson’s disease (PD)—the diagnosis of which currently requires great effort due to the lack of available laboratory tests. In a case–control study (n = 56), the LDT revealed a statistically sound pattern in the PD-relevant pathways. Usage of the LDT for individuals confirmed its ability to reveal this pattern and thus diagnose PD at the early-stage (1–2.5 stages, according to Hoehn and Yahr scale). The detection of this pattern by LDT could diagnose PD with a specificity of 64%, sensitivity of 86% and an accuracy of 75%. Thus, this LDT can be used for further widespread testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr G. Lokhov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.T.); (D.L.M.); (E.E.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Oxana P. Trifonova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.T.); (D.L.M.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Dmitry L. Maslov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.T.); (D.L.M.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Steven Lichtenberg
- Metabometrics, Inc., 651 N Broad St., Suite 205 #1370, Middletown, DE 19709, USA;
| | - Elena E. Balashova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.T.); (D.L.M.); (E.E.B.)
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Comparison of Direct Sequencing, Real-Time PCR-High Resolution Melt (PCR-HRM) and PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) Analysis for Genotyping of Common Thiopurine Intolerant Variant Alleles NUDT15 c.415C>T and TPMT c.719A>G (TPMT*3C). Diagnostics (Basel) 2017; 7:diagnostics7020027. [PMID: 28498350 PMCID: PMC5489947 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics7020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiopurine intolerance and treatment-related toxicity, such as fatal myelosuppression, is related to non-function genetic variants encoding thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) and Nudix hydrolase 15 (NUDT15). Genetic testing of the common variants NUDT15:NM_018283.2:c.415C>T (Arg139Cys, dbSNP rs116855232 T allele) and TPMT: NM_000367.4:c.719A>G (TPMT*3C, dbSNP rs1142345 G allele) in East Asians including Chinese can potentially prevent treatment-related complications. Two complementary genotyping approaches, real-time PCR-high resolution melt (PCR-HRM) and PCR-restriction fragment length morphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis were evaluated using conventional PCR and Sanger sequencing genotyping as the gold standard. Sixty patient samples were tested, revealing seven patients (11.7%) heterozygous for NUDT15 c.415C>T, one patient homozygous for the variant and one patient heterozygous for the TPMT*3C non-function allele. No patient was found to harbor both variants. In total, nine out of 60 (15%) patients tested had genotypic evidence of thiopurine intolerance, which may require dosage adjustment or alternative medication should they be started on azathioprine, mercaptopurine or thioguanine. The two newly developed assays were more efficient and showed complete concordance (60/60, 100%) compared to the Sanger sequencing results. Accurate and cost-effective genotyping assays by real-time PCR-HRM and PCR-RFLP for NUDT15 c.415C>T and TPMT*3C were successfully developed. Further studies may establish their roles in genotype-informed clinical decision-making in the prevention of morbidity and mortality due to thiopurine intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Moroni
- Nephrological Unit, Divisione di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Ponticelli
- Nephrological Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milano), Italy
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Skrzypczak-Zielinska M, Borun P, Bartkowiak-Kaczmarek A, Zakerska-Banaszak O, Walczak M, Dobrowolska A, Kurzawski M, Waszak M, Lipinski D, Plawski A, Slomski R. A Simple Method for TPMT and ITPA Genotyping Using Multiplex HRMA for Patients Treated with Thiopurine Drugs. Mol Diagn Ther 2016; 20:493-9. [PMID: 27307154 PMCID: PMC5021755 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) are crucial enzymes involved in the metabolism of thiopurine drugs: azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine, used in the treatment of leukemia or inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The activity in these enzymes correlates with the genetic polymorphism of the TPMT and ITPA genes, respectively, which determines an individual reaction and dosing of thiopurines. Three main TPMT alleles: TPMT*2 (c.238G>C), TPMT*3A (c.460G>A, c.719A>G) and TPMT*3C (c.719A>G) account for 80-95 % of inherited TPMT deficiency in different populations in the world. In the ITPA gene, a c.94C>A mutation is significantly associated with an adverse thiopurine reaction. The aim of this study was to develop a quick and highly sensitive method for determining major TPMT and ITPA alleles. Here we present the molecular test for genotyping c.238G>C, c.460G>A, c.719A>G and c.94C>A changes based on multiplex high resolution melting analysis (HRMA). We analyzed DNA samples from 100 clinically diagnosed IBD patients treated with thiopurine drugs, and a known genotype in the positions 238, 460 and 719 of the TPMT gene as well as in position 94 of the ITPA gene. Our results obtained with multiplex HRMA indicated 100 % accuracy in comparison with data from restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) and standard DNA sequencing. We conclude, that multiplex HRMA can be used as a quick, sensitive and efficient alternative diagnostic method compared to conventional techniques for the determination of TPMT*2, TPMT*3A and TPMT*3C alleles and c.94C>A change in the ITPA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Borun
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Bartkowiak-Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oliwia Zakerska-Banaszak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Walczak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dobrowolska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Human Nutrition and Internal Diseases, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kurzawski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Waszak
- Department of Functional Anatomy, University School of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Daniel Lipinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Plawski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ryszard Slomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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