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Kudamatsu H, Kawashiri T, Mine K, Mori K, Inoue M, Ishida H, Uchida M, Tsuchiya T, Kobayashi D, Shimazoe T. Ameliorating effects of cystine and theanine in a cancer cachexia mouse model. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 152:163-166. [PMID: 37257943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a common cancer complication and is associated with weight loss and anorexia. In this study, we investigated the ameliorating effects of cystine and theanine on cancer cachexia using a mouse model. In mice carrying the colon cancer cell line C-26, there was a suppression of body weight increase and reduction in both internal fat and lower limb muscles. Repeated cystine and theanine administration significantly prevented weight loss, internal fat loss, lower limb muscle loss, and serum IL-6 increase in the cachexia model. These results suggested that cystine and theanine may be effective in ameliorating cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibiki Kudamatsu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kawashiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Mine
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kohei Mori
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mizuki Inoue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruna Ishida
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mayako Uchida
- Department of Education and Research Center for Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, 97-1, Kodominamihokotate, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0395 Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuchiya
- Department of Surgery, Sendai City Medical Center, 5-22-1 Tsurugaya, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, 983-0824, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takao Shimazoe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Matsuu-Matsuyama M, Shichijo K, Tsuchiya T, Nakashima M. The effects of cystine and theanine mixture on the chronic survival rate and tumor incidence of rats after total body X-ray irradiation†. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2023:rrad047. [PMID: 37336495 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Cystine and theanine (CT), an amino acid mixture, provides the substrates cysteine and glutamic acid that promote glutathione synthesis. We previously reported that CT pre-treatment significantly improved the acute survival rate and reduced acute radiation injury of the small intestine and bone marrow of rats after 5 Gy of total body X-ray irradiation. To examine the long-term effects of CT administration after irradiation, we investigated the effects of CT pre-treatment and pre- and post-treatment on the chronic survival rate and solid tumor (spleen, skin and subcutis, and thyroid) incidence after irradiation using 7-week-old male Wistar rats. CT pre-treatment of 280 mg/kg was administered orally for 5 days before 5 Gy irradiation, and CT pre- and post-treatment was administered 5 days before and 5 days after irradiation. A 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose solution was administered as a control. The chronic survival rate of the pre-treated rats was higher than that of the control rats at 441 days after irradiation (40 vs 8.1%, P = 0.011). However, the survival rate did not significantly differ between the pre- and post-treatment and control rats at 467 days after irradiation (33.8 vs 30.2%, P = 0.792). In addition, more solid tumors, especially subcutis sarcomas, were observed in the pre-treatment rats (26.1%, 6/23) than in the control rats (4.5%, 1/22) after irradiation. Therefore, pre-administration of CT improves the chronic survival rate after irradiation; however, the occurrence of solid tumors was not suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Matsuu-Matsuyama
- Division of Strategic Collaborative Research, Center for Promotion of Collaborative Research on Radiation and Environment Health Effects, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kazuko Shichijo
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuchiya
- Department of Surgery, Sendai City Medical Center, 5-22-1 Tsurugaya, Miyagino, Sendai, Miyagi 983-0824, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Chen S, Kang J, Zhu H, Wang K, Han Z, Wang L, Liu J, Wu Y, He P, Tu Y, Li B. L-Theanine and Immunity: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093846. [PMID: 37175254 PMCID: PMC10179891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
L-theanine (N-ethyl-γ-glutamine) is the main amino acid in tea leaves. It not only contributes to tea flavor but also possesses several health benefits. Compared with its sedative and calming activities, the immunomodulatory effects of L-theanine have received less attention. Clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that L-theanine reduces immunosuppression caused by strenuous exercise and prevents colds and influenza by improving immunity. Numerous cell and animal studies have proven that theanine plays an immunoregulatory role in inflammation, nerve damage, the intestinal tract, and tumors by regulating γδT lymphocyte function, glutathione (GSH) synthesis, and the secretion of cytokines and neurotransmitters. In addition, theanine can be used as an immunomodulator in animal production. This article reviews the research progress of L-theanine on immunoregulation and related mechanisms, as well as its application in poultry and animal husbandry. It is hoped that this work will be beneficial to future related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Chen
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaxin Kang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huanqing Zhu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kaixi Wang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ziyi Han
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Leyu Wang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junsheng Liu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Puming He
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Youying Tu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Ritiu SA, Rogobete AF, Sandesc D, Bedreag OH, Papurica M, Popovici SE, Toma D, Ivascu RI, Velovan R, Garofil DN, Corneci D, Bratu LM, Pahontu EM, Pistol A. The Impact of General Anesthesia on Redox Stability and Epigenetic Inflammation Pathways: Crosstalk on Perioperative Antioxidant Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:1880. [PMID: 35741011 PMCID: PMC9221536 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the prevalence of surgery under general anesthesia has significantly increased, both because of modern anesthetic and pain-control techniques and because of better diagnosis and the increased complexity of surgical techniques. Apart from developing new concepts in the surgical field, researchers and clinicians are now working on minimizing the impact of surgical trauma and offering minimal invasive procedures due to the recent discoveries in the field of cellular and molecular mechanisms that have revealed a systemic inflammatory and pro-oxidative impact not only in the perioperative period but also in the long term, contributing to more difficult recovery, increased morbidity and mortality, and a negative financial impact. Detailed molecular and cellular analysis has shown an overproduction of inflammatory and pro-oxidative species, responsible for augmenting the systemic inflammatory status and making postoperative recovery more difficult. Moreover, there are a series of changes in certain epigenetic structures, the most important being the microRNAs. This review describes the most important molecular and cellular mechanisms that impact the surgical patient undergoing general anesthesia, and it presents a series of antioxidant therapies that can reduce systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelian Adrian Ritiu
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Florin Rogobete
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Dorel Sandesc
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Horea Bedreag
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Marius Papurica
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Sonia Elena Popovici
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Daiana Toma
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Robert Iulian Ivascu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.I.); (D.C.); (A.P.)
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Central Military Emergency Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Velovan
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Dragos Nicolae Garofil
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.I.); (D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Dan Corneci
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.I.); (D.C.); (A.P.)
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Central Military Emergency Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lavinia Melania Bratu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Elena Mihaela Pahontu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adriana Pistol
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.I.); (D.C.); (A.P.)
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Perioperative Administration of Cystine and Theanine Suppresses Inflammation and Facilitates Early Rehabilitation and Recovery after Esophagectomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112319. [PMID: 35684118 PMCID: PMC9182838 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of cystine and theanine (CT) increases glutathione levels to modulate the inflammatory response, which has yet to be sufficiently explored for patients’ recovery and early rehabilitation. We planned a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether perioperative oral administration of CT promotes recovery after esophagectomy. Patients were randomized into either CT or placebo groups, who received preoperative and postoperative treatments for 4 and 13 days, respectively. The main outcome measures were triaxial accelerometer readings, inflammation indicators, a 6 min walk test (6MWT), and a quality of life questionnaire (QoR-40). The study involved 32 patients. Although the CT group (n = 16) showed better patient activity across the investigated period, there was no significant difference between the two groups. However, white blood cell count on postoperative days (POD) 2 and 10, neutrophil count (POD 2, 7, and 10), and C-reactive protein level (POD 13) in the CT group were significantly lower than in the placebo group. Furthermore, 6MWT on POD 7 and QoR-40 on POD 13 were significantly higher in the CT group than those in the placebo group. This study suggests that perioperative administration of CT may contribute to early recovery and rehabilitation after esophagectomy via suppression of inflammatory response.
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Tsuchiya T, Kurihara S. Cystine and Theanine as Stress-Reducing Amino Acids-Perioperative Use for Early Recovery after Surgical Stress. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010129. [PMID: 35011010 PMCID: PMC8746811 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative nutritional therapy requires the consideration of metabolic changes, and it is desirable to reduce stress aiming at early metabolic normalization. Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. It is one of the strongest antioxidants in the body and important for adjusting immune function. Cystine and theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide) provide substrates of GSH, cysteine and glutamic acid, promoting the synthesis of GSH. It has been reported that the ingestion of cystine (700 mg) and theanine (280 mg) exhibits inhibitory effects against excess inflammation after strong exercise loads in athletes, based on which its application for invasive surgery has been tried. In patients undergoing gastrectomy, ingestion of cystine (700 mg) and theanine (280 mg) for 10 days from 5 days before surgery inhibited a postoperative increase in resting energy expenditure, promoted recovery from changes in interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, lymphocyte ratio, and granulocyte ratio and inhibited an increase in body temperature. In a mouse small intestine manipulation model, preoperative 5-day administration of cystine/theanine inhibited a postoperative decrease in GSH in the small intestine and promoted recovery from a decrease in behavior quantity. Based on the above, cystine/theanine reduces surgical stress, being useful for perioperative management as stress-reducing amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuchiya
- Department of Surgery, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai 983-0824, Japan;
| | - Shigekazu Kurihara
- Nutrition Care Group, Quick Nourishment Department, Food Products Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Tokyo 104-8315, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-80-2158-8086
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Yoneda J, Nishikawa S, Kurihara S. Oral administration of cystine and theanine attenuates 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis and diarrhea by suppressing both glutathione level decrease and ROS production in the small intestine of mucositis mouse model. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1343. [PMID: 34922485 PMCID: PMC8684148 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-09057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy is frequently used in cancer treatment; however, it may cause adverse events, which must be managed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported to be involved in the induction of intestinal mucositis and diarrhea, which are common side effects of treatment with fluoropyrimidine 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Our previous studies have shown that oral administration of cystine and theanine (CT) increases glutathione (GSH) production in vivo. In the present study, we hypothesized that CT might inhibit oxidative stress, including the overproduction of ROS, and attenuate 5-FU-induced mucositis and diarrhea. METHODS We investigated the inhibitory effect of CT administration on mucositis and diarrhea, as well as its mechanism, using a mouse model of 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis. RESULTS CT administration suppressed 5-FU-induced diarrhea and weight loss in the studied mice. After 5-FU administration, the GSH level and the GSH/GSSG ratio in the small intestine mucosal tissue decreased compared to normal control group; but CT administration improved the GSH/GSSG ratio to normal control levels. 5-FU induced ROS production in the basal region of the crypt of the small intestine mucosal tissue, which was inhibited by CT. CT did not affect the antitumor effect of 5-FU. CONCLUSIONS CT administration suppressed intestinal mucositis and diarrhea in a mouse model. This finding might be associated with the antioxidant characteristics of CT, including the improved rate of GSH redox and the reduced rate of ROS production in the small intestine mucosal tissue. CT might be a suitable candidate for the treatment of gastrointestinal mucositis associated with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Yoneda
- Research Institute For Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Nishikawa
- Research Institute For Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Kurihara
- Research Institute For Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, 210-8681, Japan
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Matsuu-Matsuyama M, Shichijo K, Tsuchiya T, Kondo H, Miura S, Matsuda K, Sekine I, Nakashima M. Protective effects of a cystine and theanine mixture against acute radiation injury in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 78:103395. [PMID: 32325407 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to examine the effects of cystine and theanine (CT), which increases glutathione biosynthesis, on the survival rate and acute radiation injury of the small intestine and bone marrow using a rat model. CT pre-treatment (280 mg/kg for 5 days) significantly improved weight loss and survival rate of rats as compared with the control group after 5 Gy. CT pre-treatment significantly increased the rate of mucosa and crypt length, and decreased the number of apoptotic cells, TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 positive cells, while increasing the number of mitotic cells and Ki-67 positive cells in jejunal crypts and villi compared to control rats post-irradiation. CT also suppressed bone marrow cell loss and reduced the number of apoptotic cells in bone marrow. These results suggest a protective effect of CT pre-treatment for acute injury after irradiation through apoptosis inhibition and increased proliferative activity in jejunal crypt cells and bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Matsuu-Matsuyama
- Tissue and Histopathology Section, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Kazuko Shichijo
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tsuchiya
- Sendai City Medical Center, 5-22-1 Tsurugaya, Miyagino, Miyagi 983-0824, Japan.
| | - Hisayoshi Kondo
- Biostatistics Section, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Shiro Miura
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, Nagasaki 856-8562, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Matsuda
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Sekine
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Tissue and Histopathology Section, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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Kawashiri T, Kobayashi D, Egashira N, Tsuchiya T, Shimazoe T. Oral administration of Cystine and Theanine ameliorates oxaliplatin-induced chronic peripheral neuropathy in rodents. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12665. [PMID: 32728157 PMCID: PMC7391686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin frequently causes severe peripheral neuropathy as a dose-limiting toxicity. However, this toxicity lacks a strategy for prevention. Cystine/Theanine is a supplement, which includes precursors for the biosynthesis of glutathione. In this study, we investigated the effects of Cystine/Theanine on oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy using an in vivo model. Repeated injection of oxaliplatin (4 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice a week for 2 weeks) caused mechanical allodynia, cold hyperalgesia and axonal degeneration of the sciatic nerve in rats. Mechanical allodynia and axonal degeneration, but not cold hyperalgesia, were ameliorated by daily co-administration of Cystine [200 mg/kg orally (p.o.)] and Theanine (80 mg/kg p.o.). Moreover, co-administration of Cystine and Theanine to rats significantly increased the glutathione level in the sciatic nerve compared with the oxaliplatin group. Furthermore, Cystine and Theanine did not attenuate the tumour cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin in C-26 tumour cell-bearing mice. These findings suggest that Cystine and Theanine may be beneficial for preventing oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Kawashiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Egashira
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuchiya
- Department of Surgery, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-0824, Japan
| | - Takao Shimazoe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Williams J, Sergi D, McKune AJ, Georgousopoulou EN, Mellor DD, Naumovski N. The beneficial health effects of green tea amino acid l
-theanine in animal models: Promises and prospects for human trials. Phytother Res 2019; 33:571-583. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Williams
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Health and Biosecurity; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Andrew J. McKune
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE); Bruce ACT Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
| | - Ekavi N. Georgousopoulou
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education; Harokopio University; Athens Greece
| | - Duane D. Mellor
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
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11
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Zeng WJ, Tan Z, Lai XF, Xu YN, Mai CL, Zhang J, Lin ZJ, Liu XG, Sun SL, Zhou LJ. Topical delivery of l-theanine ameliorates TPA-induced acute skin inflammation via downregulating endothelial PECAM-1 and neutrophil infiltration and activation. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 284:69-79. [PMID: 29458014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
l-theanine, the most abundant free amino acid in tea, has been documented to possess many different bioactive properties through oral or intragastrical delivery. However, little is known about the effect of topical delivery of l-theanine on acute inflammation. In the present study, by using 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 2.5 μg/ear)-induced ear edema model in mice, we first found that single-dose local pretreatment of l-theanine 30 min before TPA time- and dose-dependently suppressed the increases in both skin thickness and weight. Subsequently l-theanine ameliorated TPA-induced erythema, vascular permeability increase, epidermal and dermal hyperplasia, neutrophil infiltration and activation via downregulating the expression of PECAM-1 (a platelet endothelial adhesion molecule-1) in blood vessels and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and mediator cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is mainly expressed in neutrophils. It highlighted the potential of l-theanine as a locally administrable therapeutic agent for acute cutaneous inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhi Tan
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xing-Fei Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dafeng Road 6th, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ya-Nan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chun-Lin Mai
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhen-Jia Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xian-Guo Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shi-Li Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dafeng Road 6th, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Li-Jun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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12
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Oral administration of the amino acids cystine and theanine attenuates the adverse events of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Int J Clin Oncol 2016; 21:1085-1090. [PMID: 27306219 PMCID: PMC5124434 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-016-0996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Nutritional therapy is used to reduce the adverse events (AEs) of anticancer drugs. Here, we determined whether the amino acids cystine and theanine, which provide substrates for glutathione, attenuated the AEs of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods Patients scheduled to receive S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy were randomized to the C/T or the control groups. The C/T group received 700 mg cystine and 280 mg theanine orally 1 week before the administration of S-1, which then continued for 5 weeks. Each group received S-1 for 4 weeks. Blood sampling was performed and AEs were evaluated (CTCAE ver. 4.0) before and after the administration of S-1. S-1 was discontinued when AEs ≥ grade 2 occurred. Results The incidences of AEs of any grade and those over grade 2 were lower in the C/T group than in the controls. The incidence of diarrhea (G ≥ 2) was significantly less (p < 0.05) in the C/T group (3.1 %) than in the controls (25.8 %). The duration and completion rate of the S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy were significantly longer (p < 0.01) and higher (p < 0.01), respectively, in the C/T group (complete ratio: 75.0 %, duration: 24.8 ± 5.8 days) than in the controls (complete ratio: 35.5 %, duration: 20.0 ± 7.7 days). Conclusions The oral administration of cystine and theanine attenuated the AEs of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy and increased the S-1 completion rate, suggesting that cystine and theanine is a useful supportive care for chemotherapy.
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13
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Cystine improves survival rates in a LPS-induced sepsis mouse model. Clin Nutr 2015; 34:1159-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Kurihara S, Shibakusa T, Tanaka KA. Cystine and theanine: amino acids as oral immunomodulative nutrients. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:635. [PMID: 24312747 PMCID: PMC3851524 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The decreases in the glutathione (GSH) level in the mouse spleen and liver after immune stimulation are suppressed by the oral administration of cystine and theanine (CT). GSH is considered to be important for the control of immune responses. Antibody production in mice after infection is enhanced by the oral administration of CT. In humans, also, the oral administration of CT has been confirmed to enhance antibody production after vaccination against Flu and also reduce the incidence of cold. However, the GSH level is reduced by intense exercise and surgery. In clinical studies of body-builders and long-distance runners, the intake of CT suppressed excessive inflammatory reactions and a decline in immune functions after intense training. Surgery as well as intense exercise induces excessive inflammatory reactions. In mice, the preoperative administration of CT suppressed excessive inflammatory reactions associated with surgery and promoted the postoperative recovery. Moreover, in clinical studies of gastrectomized patients, CT intake suppressed excessive postoperative inflammatory reactions and induced early recovery. If infection is regarded as invasive stress, CT intake is considered to exhibit an immunomodulatory effect by suppressing the decrease in GSH due to invasive stress. The clarification of their detailed action mechanisms and their application as medical or function foods is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Kurihara
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co, Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681 Japan
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15
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Physiological effects of L-theanine on Drosophila melanogaster. Molecules 2013; 18:13175-87. [PMID: 24284483 PMCID: PMC6270322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea has been consumed as the most popular drink in East Asia for centuries, and is believed to have a wide range of health benefits. l-Theanine, the major component of the free amino acids in green tea, has been reported to display neuronal protection and tumor inhibition in vitro, but its physiological effects on animal development and behavior remain elusive. In this report, we used Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, as a model organism to investigate the physiological effects of l-theanine. Flies were fed with three different concentrations of theanine as a dietary supplement after eclosion, and were examined for a variety of physiological parameters at different time points. We found theanine treatment results in significantly increased locomotion and courtship ability, and decreased resistance against wet and dry starvation in males, but not in females. Furthermore, theanine application diminished UV tolerance in females, but not in males. However, we did not perceive distinguishable effect of theanine on animal development, life span, weight, and tolerance of heat and anoxia. This work represents the first comprehensive physiological investigation of l-theanine at the whole animal level, and shall shed light on the mechanistic study of theanine in the future.
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16
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Miyachi T, Tsuchiya T, Oyama A, Tsuchiya T, Abe N, Sato A, Chiba Y, Kurihara S, Shibakusa T, Mikami T. Perioperative Oral Administration of Cystine and Theanine Enhances Recovery After Distal Gastrectomy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012; 37:384-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607112458798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Miyachi
- Department of Surgery, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuchiya
- Department of Surgery, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Oyama
- Department of Surgery, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Naomi Abe
- Department of Nutritional Management, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsuko Sato
- Department of Nutritional Management, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Chiba
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co, Inc, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Kurihara
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co, Inc, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shibakusa
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co, Inc, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Mikami
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co, Inc, Kanagawa, Japan
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