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Brunner S, Höring M, Liebisch G, Schweizer S, Scheiber J, Giansanti P, Hidrobo M, Hermeling S, Oeckl J, Prudente de Mello N, Perocchi F, Seeliger C, Strohmeyer A, Klingenspor M, Plagge J, Küster B, Burkhardt R, Janssen KP, Ecker J. Mitochondrial lipidomes are tissue specific - low cholesterol contents relate to UCP1 activity. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202402828. [PMID: 38843936 PMCID: PMC11157264 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202402828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid composition is conserved within sub-cellular compartments to maintain cell function. Lipidomic analyses of liver, muscle, white and brown adipose tissue (BAT) mitochondria revealed substantial differences in their glycerophospholipid (GPL) and free cholesterol (FC) contents. The GPL to FC ratio was 50-fold higher in brown than white adipose tissue mitochondria. Their purity was verified by comparison of proteomes with ER and mitochondria-associated membranes. A lipid signature containing PC and FC, calculated from the lipidomic profiles, allowed differentiation of mitochondria from BAT of mice housed at different temperatures. Elevating FC in BAT mitochondria prevented uncoupling protein (UCP) 1 function, whereas increasing GPL boosted it. Similarly, STARD3 overexpression facilitating mitochondrial FC import inhibited UCP1 function in primary brown adipocytes, whereas a knockdown promoted it. We conclude that the mitochondrial GPL/FC ratio is key for BAT function and propose that targeting it might be a promising strategy to promote UCP1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Brunner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Marcus Höring
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schweizer
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Piero Giansanti
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry at the University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Hidrobo
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sven Hermeling
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Josef Oeckl
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Natalia Prudente de Mello
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabiana Perocchi
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudine Seeliger
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Akim Strohmeyer
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Johannes Plagge
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Küster
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Josef Ecker
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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2
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Sharma AK, Khandelwal R, Wolfrum C. Futile cycles: Emerging utility from apparent futility. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1184-1203. [PMID: 38565147 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Futile cycles are biological phenomena where two opposing biochemical reactions run simultaneously, resulting in a net energy loss without appreciable productivity. Such a state was presumed to be a biological aberration and thus deemed an energy-wasting "futile" cycle. However, multiple pieces of evidence suggest that biological utilities emerge from futile cycles. A few established functions of futile cycles are to control metabolic sensitivity, modulate energy homeostasis, and drive adaptive thermogenesis. Yet, the physiological regulation, implication, and pathological relevance of most futile cycles remain poorly studied. In this review, we highlight the abundance and versatility of futile cycles and propose a classification scheme. We further discuss the energetic implications of various futile cycles and their impact on basal metabolic rate, their bona fide and tentative pathophysiological implications, and putative drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Sharma
- Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| | - Radhika Khandelwal
- Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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3
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Ruswandi YAR, Lesmana R, Rosdianto AM, Gunadi JW, Goenawan H, Zulhendri F. Understanding the Roles of Selenium on Thyroid Hormone-Induced Thermogenesis in Adipose Tissue. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2419-2441. [PMID: 37758980 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) are known to regulate lipid metabolism. A lower amount of BAT compared to WAT, along with adipose tissue dysfunction, can result in obesity. Studies have shown that selenium supplementation protects against adipocyte dysfunction, decreases WAT triglycerides, and increases BAT triiodothyronine (T3). In this review, we discuss the relationship between selenium and lipid metabolism regulation through selenoprotein deiodinases and the role of deiodinases and thyroid hormones in the induction of adipose tissue thermogenesis. Upon 22 studies included in our review, we found that studies investigating the relationship between selenium and deiodinases demonstrated that selenium supplementation affects the iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2) protein and the expression of its associated gene, DIO2, proportionally. However, its effect on DIO1 is inconsistent while its effect on DIO3 activity is not detected. Studies have shown that the activity of deiodinases especially DIO2 protein and DIO2 gene expression is increased along with other browning markers upon white adipose tissue browning induction. Studies showed that thermogenesis is stimulated by the thyroid hormone T3 as its activity is correlated to the expression of other thermogenesis markers. A proposed mechanism of thermogenesis induction in selenium supplementation is by autophagy control. However, more studies are needed to establish the role of T3 and autophagy in adipose tissue thermogenesis, especially, since some studies have shown that thermogenesis can function even when T3 activity is lacking and studies related to autophagy in adipose tissue thermogenesis have contradictory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Anissa R Ruswandi
- Graduate School of Master Program in Anti-Aging and Aesthetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kec. Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia.
| | - Aziiz Mardanarian Rosdianto
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kec. Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Julia Windi Gunadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hanna Goenawan
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kec. Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Felix Zulhendri
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
- Kebun Efi, Kabanjahe, 22171, North Sumatra, Indonesia
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Rao Y, Liang LW, Li MJ, Wang YY, Wang BZ, Gou KM. Transgenic female mice producing trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid present excessive prostaglandin E2, adrenaline, corticosterone, glucagon, and FGF21. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12430. [PMID: 38816541 PMCID: PMC11139873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) is a potential candidate in anti-obesity trials. A transgenic mouse was previously successfully established to determine the anti-obesity properties of t10c12-CLA in male mice that could produce endogenous t10c12-CLA. To test whether there is a different impact of t10c12-CLA on lipid metabolism in both sexes, this study investigated the adiposity and metabolic profiles of female Pai mice that exhibited a dose-dependent expression of foreign Pai gene and a shift of t10c12-CLA content in tested tissues. Compared to their gender-match wild-type littermates, Pai mice had no fat reduction but exhibited enhanced lipolysis and thermogenesis by phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase and up-regulating uncoupling proteins in brown adipose tissue. Simultaneously, Pai mice showed hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia by decreasing gene expression involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Further investigations revealed that t10c10-CLA induced excessive prostaglandin E2, adrenaline, corticosterone, glucagon and inflammatory factors in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in less heat release and oxygen consumption in Pai mice. Moreover, fibroblast growth factor 21 overproduction only in monoallelic Pai/wt mice indicates that it was sensitive to low doses of t10c12-CLA. These results suggest that chronic t10c12-CLA has system-wide effects on female health via synergistic actions of various hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rao
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Experimental Zoology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Lu-Wen Liang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Mei-Juan Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550005, China
| | - Yang-Yang Wang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Wang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ke-Mian Gou
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Experimental Zoology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Diaz A, Sang L, Garcia S, Wague A, Davies M, Youn A, Liu X, Feeley BT. Age-dependent decline of B3AR agonist-mediated activation of FAP UCP-1 expression in murine models of chronic rotator cuff repair. J Orthop Res 2024. [PMID: 38796742 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Amibegron, a β3-adrenergic receptor (B3AR) agonist, has recently been shown to provide therapeutic effects for chronic rotator cuff (RC) tears by inducing the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), a marker of brown fat, in fibroadipogenic progenitors (FAPs). However, it remains to be seen if these beneficial effects hold true with age and in older, more clinically relevant populations. This study seeks to understand the impacts of aging on the efficacy of amibegron to treat chronic RC tears. Young (4-month-old) and aged (33-month-old) C57BL/6 mice underwent a RC injury procedure with delayed repair (DR). Mice were equally randomized to receive amibegron or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatments after repair. Functional ability was measured at baseline and 6-weeks after DR. Wet muscle weight and histology of injured and contralateral supraspinatus were also analyzed 6-weeks post-DR. For in vitro histology and real-time quantitative PCR experiments, FAPs were isolated from young and aged mice via fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Young and aged FAPs were treated with amibegron or DMSO either immediately after seeding (early exposure) or 8-days after seeding (late exposure). In vitro results showed that amibegron-mediated FAP UCP-1 expression decreases with age. In vivo data demonstrated that aged mice have a decreased responsiveness to amibegron and decreased propensity for intramuscular FAP UCP-1 expression. Further, delayed amibegron treatment with RC repair did not lead to improvements in muscle atrophy and functional outcomes. Our findings demonstrate that age and the timing of interventions play a critical role in FAP-targeted therapeutics for chronic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Diaz
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Luke Sang
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven Garcia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aboubacar Wague
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Davies
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alex Youn
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xuhui Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian T Feeley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
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6
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Talamonti E, Davegardh J, Kalinovich A, van Beek SMM, Dehvari N, Halleskog C, Bokhari HM, Hutchinson DS, Ham S, Humphrys LJ, Dijon NC, Motso A, Sandstrom A, Zacharewicz E, Mutule I, Suna E, Spura J, Ditrychova K, Stoddart LA, Holliday ND, Wright SC, Lauschke VM, Nielsen S, Scheele C, Cheesman E, Hoeks J, Molenaar P, Summers RJ, Pelcman B, Yakala GK, Bengtsson T. The novel adrenergic agonist ATR-127 targets skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue to tackle diabesity and steatohepatitis. Mol Metab 2024:101931. [PMID: 38796310 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simultaneous activation of β2- and β3-adrenoceptors (ARs) improves whole-body metabolism via beneficial effects in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Nevertheless, high-efficacy agonists simultaneously targeting these receptors whilst limiting activation of β1-ARs - and thus inducing cardiovascular complications - are currently non-existent. Therefore, we here developed and evaluated the therapeutic potential of a novel β2-and β3-AR, named ATR-127, for the treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic perturbations in preclinical models. METHODS In the developmental phase, we assessed the impact of ATR-127's on cAMP accumulation in relation to the non-selective β-AR agonist isoprenaline across various rodent β-AR subtypes, including neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Following these experiments, L6 muscle cells were stimulated with ATR-127 to assess the impact on GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake and intramyocellular cAMP accumulation. Additionally, in vitro, and in vivo assessments are conducted to measure ATR-127's effects on BAT glucose uptake and thermogenesis. Finally, diet-induced obese mice were treated with 5 mg/kg ATR-127 for 21 days to investigate the effects on glucose homeostasis, body weight, fat mass, skeletal muscle glucose uptake, BAT thermogenesis and hepatic steatosis. RESULTS Exposure of L6 muscle cells to ATR-127 robustly enhanced GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake despite low intramyocellular cAMP accumulation. Similarly, ATR-127 markedly increased BAT glucose uptake and thermogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Prolonged treatment of diet-induced obese mice with ATR-127 dramatically improved glucose homeostasis, an effect accompanied by decreases in body weight and fat mass. These effects were paralleled by an enhanced skeletal muscle glucose uptake, BAT thermogenesis, and improvements in hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that ATR-127 is a highly effective, novel β2- and β3-ARs agonist holding great therapeutic promise for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities, whilst potentially limiting cardiovascular complications. As such, the therapeutic effects of ATR-127 should be investigated in more detail in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelena Davegardh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Nodi Dehvari
- Atrogi AB, Tomtebodavagen 6, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seungmin Ham
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura J Humphrys
- School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nicola C Dijon
- School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Aikaterini Motso
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Evelyn Zacharewicz
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ilga Mutule
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jana Spura
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Karolina Ditrychova
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Righospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Excellerate Bioscience, The Triangle, NG2 Business Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nicholas D Holliday
- School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Excellerate Bioscience, The Triangle, NG2 Business Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Shane C Wright
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden; Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Soren Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Righospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Righospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Cheesman
- Cardio-Vascular Molecular & Therapeutics Translational Research Group, Northside Clinical School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Molenaar
- Cardio-Vascular Molecular & Therapeutics Translational Research Group, Northside Clinical School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Tore Bengtsson
- Atrogi AB, Tomtebodavagen 6, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mooli RGR, Zhu B, Khan SR, Nagati V, Michealraj KA, Jurczak MJ, Ramakrishnan SK. Epigenetically active chromatin in neonatal iWAT reveals GABPα as a potential regulator of beige adipogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1385811. [PMID: 38765953 PMCID: PMC11099907 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1385811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Thermogenic beige adipocytes, which dissipate energy as heat, are found in neonates and adults. Recent studies show that neonatal beige adipocytes are highly plastic and contribute to >50% of beige adipocytes in adults. Neonatal beige adipocytes are distinct from recruited beige adipocytes in that they develop independently of temperature and sympathetic innervation through poorly defined mechanisms. Methods We characterized the neonatal beige adipocytes in the inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) of C57BL6 postnatal day 3 and 20 mice (P3 and P20) by imaging, genome-wide RNA-seq analysis, ChIP-seq analysis, qRT-PCR validation, and biochemical assays. Results We found an increase in acetylated histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27ac) on the promoter and enhancer regions of beige-specific gene UCP1 in iWAT of P20 mice. Furthermore, H3K27ac ChIP-seq analysis in the iWAT of P3 and P20 mice revealed strong H3K27ac signals at beige adipocyte-associated genes in the iWAT of P20 mice. The integration of H3K27ac ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analysis in the iWAT of P20 mice reveal epigenetically active signatures of beige adipocytes, including oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial metabolism. We identify the enrichment of GA-binding protein alpha (GABPα) binding regions in the epigenetically active chromatin regions of the P20 iWAT, particularly on beige genes, and demonstrate that GABPα is required for beige adipocyte differentiation. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis and glucose oxidation assays revealed increased glycolytic activity in the neonatal iWAT from P20. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that epigenetic mechanisms regulate the development of peri-weaning beige adipocytes via GABPα. Further studies to better understand the upstream mechanisms that regulate epigenetic activation of GABPα and characterization of the metabolic identity of neonatal beige adipocytes will help us harness their therapeutic potential in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Gopal Reddy Mooli
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Centre, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Aging Institute of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Saifur R. Khan
- Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Centre, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Immunometabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Veerababu Nagati
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Michael J. Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sadeesh K. Ramakrishnan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Centre, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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8
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Dumont L, Caron A, Richard G, Croteau E, Fortin M, Frisch F, Phoenix S, Dubreuil S, Guérin B, Turcotte ÉE, Carpentier AC, Blondin DP. The effects of the β 1-adrenergic receptor antagonist bisoprolol administration on mirabegron-stimulated human brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14127. [PMID: 38502056 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
AIM Pharmacological stimulation of human brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been hindered by ineffective activation or undesirable off-target effects. Oral administration of the maximal allowable dose of mirabegron (200 mg), a β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) agonist, has been effective in stimulating BAT thermogenesis and whole-body energy expenditure. However, this has been accompanied by undesirable cardiovascular effects. Therefore, we hypothesized that combining mirabegron with a β1-AR antagonist could suppress these unwanted effects and increase the stimulation of the β3-AR and β2-AR in BAT. METHODS We performed a randomized crossover trial (NCT04823442) in 8 lean men. Mirabegron (200 mg) was administered orally with or without the β1-AR antagonist bisoprolol (10 mg). Dynamic [11C]-acetate and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose PET/CT scans were performed sequentially after oral administration of mirabegron ± bisoprolol. RESULTS Compared to room temperature, mirabegron alone increased BAT oxidative metabolism (0.84 ± 0.46 vs. 1.79 ± 0.91 min-1, p = 0.0433), but not when combined with bisoprolol. The metabolic rate of glucose in BAT, measured using [18F]FDG PET, was significantly higher with mirabegron than mirabegron with bisoprolol (24 ± 10 vs. 16 ± 8 nmol/g/min, p = 0.0284). Bisoprolol inhibited the mirabegron-induced increase in systolic blood pressure and heart rate. CONCLUSION The administration of bisoprolol decreases the adverse cardiovascular effects of mirabegron. However, the provided dose also blunted the mirabegron-stimulated increase in BAT lipolysis, thermogenesis, and glucose uptake. The attenuation in BAT blood flow induced by the large dose of bisoprolol may have limited BAT thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauralyne Dumont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Richard
- Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Etienne Croteau
- Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Fortin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédérique Frisch
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Phoenix
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Dubreuil
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric E Turcotte
- Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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9
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Khani S, Topel H, Kardinal R, Tavanez AR, Josephrajan A, Larsen BDM, Gaudry MJ, Leyendecker P, Egedal NM, Güller AS, Stanic N, Ruppert PMM, Gaziano I, Hansmeier NR, Schmidt E, Klemm P, Vagliano LM, Stahl R, Duthie F, Krause JH, Bici A, Engelhard CA, Gohlke S, Frommolt P, Gnad T, Rada-Iglesias A, Pradas-Juni M, Schulz TJ, Wunderlich FT, Pfeifer A, Bartelt A, Jastroch M, Wachten D, Kornfeld JW. Cold-induced expression of a truncated adenylyl cyclase 3 acts as rheostat to brown fat function. Nat Metab 2024:10.1038/s42255-024-01033-8. [PMID: 38684889 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Promoting brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity innovatively targets obesity and metabolic disease. While thermogenic activation of BAT is well understood, the rheostatic regulation of BAT to avoid excessive energy dissipation remains ill-defined. Here, we demonstrate that adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3) is key for BAT function. We identified a cold-inducible promoter that generates a 5' truncated AC3 mRNA isoform (Adcy3-at), whose expression is driven by a cold-induced, truncated isoform of PPARGC1A (PPARGC1A-AT). Male mice lacking Adcy3-at display increased energy expenditure and are resistant to obesity and ensuing metabolic imbalances. Mouse and human AC3-AT are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, unable to translocate to the plasma membrane and lack enzymatic activity. AC3-AT interacts with AC3 and sequesters it in the endoplasmic reticulum, reducing the pool of adenylyl cyclases available for G-protein-mediated cAMP synthesis. Thus, AC3-AT acts as a cold-induced rheostat in BAT, limiting adverse consequences of cAMP activity during chronic BAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Khani
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hande Topel
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Adipocyte Signaling (Adiposign), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ronja Kardinal
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ana Rita Tavanez
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Adipocyte Signaling (Adiposign), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ajeetha Josephrajan
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Adipocyte Signaling (Adiposign), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Michael James Gaudry
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Leyendecker
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nadia Meincke Egedal
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Adipocyte Signaling (Adiposign), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Aylin Seren Güller
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Natasa Stanic
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Adipocyte Signaling (Adiposign), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Phillip M M Ruppert
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Elena Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Klemm
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lara-Marie Vagliano
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Stahl
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fraser Duthie
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens-Henning Krause
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ana Bici
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Andreas Engelhard
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Gohlke
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Peter Frommolt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Gnad
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alvaro Rada-Iglesias
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC/University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Marta Pradas-Juni
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (CBMR), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim Julius Schulz
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Molecular Metabolism and Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jan-Wilhelm Kornfeld
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Adipocyte Signaling (Adiposign), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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10
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Yang Y, Zhou T, Zhao X, Cai Y, Xu Y, Gang X, Wang G. Main mechanisms and clinical implications of alterations in energy expenditure state among patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37916. [PMID: 38669419 PMCID: PMC11049756 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors with diverse clinical presentations. Alterations in energy expenditure state are commonly observed in patients with PPGL. However, the reported prevalence of hypermetabolism varies significantly and the underlying mechanisms and implications of this presentation have not been well elucidated. This review discusses and analyzes the factors that contribute to energy consumption. Elevated catecholamine levels in patients can significantly affect substance and energy metabolism. Additionally, changes in the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), inflammation, and the inherent energy demands of the tumor can contribute to increased resting energy expenditure (REE) and other energy metabolism indicators. The PPGL biomarker, chromogranin A (CgA), and its fragments also influence energy metabolism. Chronic hypermetabolic states may be detrimental to these patients, with surgical tumor removal remaining the primary therapeutic intervention. The high energy expenditure of PPGL has not received the attention it deserves, and an accurate assessment of energy metabolism is the cornerstone for an adequate understanding and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunjia Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Kim S, Yazawa T, Koide A, Yoneda E, Aoki R, Okazaki T, Tomita K, Watanabe H, Muroi Y, Testuka M, Muranishi Y. Potential Role of Pig UCP3 in Modulating Adipocyte Browning via the Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling Pathway. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:284. [PMID: 38785767 PMCID: PMC11117546 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays an important role in regulating body temperature and metabolism, with white adipocytes serving as storage units for energy. Recent research focused on the browning of white adipocytes (beige adipocytes), causing thermogenesis and lipolysis. The process of browning is linked to the activation of uncoupling protein (UCP) expression, which can be mediated by the β3 adrenergic receptor pathway. Transcriptional factors, such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha, play vital roles in cell fate determination for fat cells. Beige adipocytes have metabolic therapeutic potential to combat diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, owing to their significant impact on metabolic functions. However, the molecular mechanisms that cause the induction of browning are unclear. Therefore, research using animal models and primary culture is essential to provide an understanding of browning for further application in human metabolic studies. Pigs have physiological similarities to humans; hence, they are valuable models for research on adipose tissue. This study demonstrates the browning potential of pig white adipocytes through primary culture experiments. The results show that upregulation of UCP3 gene expression and fragmentation of lipid droplets into smaller particles occur due to isoproterenol stimulation, which activates beta-adrenergic receptor signaling. Furthermore, PPARγ and PGC-1α were found to activate the UCP3 promoter region, similar to that of UCP1. These findings suggest that pigs undergo metabolic changes that induce browning in white adipocytes, providing a promising approach for metabolic research with potential implications for human health. This study offers valuable insights into the mechanism of adipocyte browning using pig primary culture that can enhance our understanding of human metabolism, leading to cures for commonly occurring diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Kim
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Akari Koide
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Erina Yoneda
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Risa Aoki
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Tatsuki Okazaki
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Kisaki Tomita
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Yoshikage Muroi
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Masafumi Testuka
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Yuki Muranishi
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Ishida Y, Matsushita M, Yoneshiro T, Saito M, Fuse S, Hamaoka T, Kuroiwa M, Tanaka R, Kurosawa Y, Nishimura T, Motoi M, Maeda T, Nakayama K. Genetic evidence for involvement of β2-adrenergic receptor in brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01522-6. [PMID: 38632325 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sympathetic activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis can ameliorate obesity and related metabolic abnormalities. However, crucial subtypes of the β-adrenergic receptor (AR), as well as effects of its genetic variants on functions of BAT, remains unclear in humans. We conducted association analyses of genes encoding β-ARs and BAT activity in human adults. METHODS Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in β1-, β2-, and β3-AR genes (ADRB1, ADRB2, and ADRB3) were tested for the association with BAT activity under mild cold exposure (19 °C, 2 h) in 399 healthy Japanese adults. BAT activity was measured using fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography and computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). To validate the results, we assessed the effects of SNPs in the two independent populations comprising 277 healthy East Asian adults using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy (NIRTRS) or infrared thermography (IRT). Effects of SNPs on physiological responses to intensive cold exposure were tested in 42 healthy Japanese adult males using an artificial climate chamber. RESULTS We found a significant association between a functional SNP (rs1042718) in ADRB2 and BAT activity assessed with FDG-PET/CT (p < 0.001). This SNP also showed an association with cold-induced thermogenesis in the population subset. Furthermore, the association was replicated in the two other independent populations; BAT activity was evaluated by NIRTRS or IRT (p < 0.05). This SNP did not show associations with oxygen consumption and cold-induced thermogenesis under intensive cold exposure, suggesting the irrelevance of shivering thermogenesis. The SNPs of ADRB1 and ADRB3 were not associated with these BAT-related traits. CONCLUSIONS The present study supports the importance of β2-AR in the sympathetic regulation of BAT thermogenesis in humans. The present collection of DNA samples is the largest to which information on the donor's BAT activity has been assigned and can serve as a reference for further in-depth understanding of human BAT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ishida
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Mami Matsushita
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0013, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoneshiro
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
- Department of Molecular Metabolism and Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saito
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0013, Japan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Sayuri Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Riki Tanaka
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nishimura
- Department of Human Life Design and Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan
- Physiological Anthropology Research Center, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan
| | - Midori Motoi
- Department of Human Life Design and Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan
| | - Takafumi Maeda
- Department of Human Life Design and Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan
- Physiological Anthropology Research Center, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakayama
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
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13
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Hu Y, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Weng L, Cai Z, He B. The Different Shades of Thermogenic Adipose Tissue. Curr Obes Rep 2024:10.1007/s13679-024-00559-y. [PMID: 38607478 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-024-00559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW By providing a concise overview of adipose tissue types, elucidating the regulation of adipose thermogenic capacity in both physiological contexts and chronic wasting diseases (a protracted hypermetabolic state that precipitates sustained catabolism and consequent progressive corporeal atrophy), and most importantly, delving into the ongoing discourse regarding the role of adipose tissue thermogenic activation in chronic wasting diseases, this review aims to provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the field. RECENT FINDINGS Adipose tissue, traditionally classified as white, brown, and beige (brite) based on its thermogenic activity and potential, is intricately regulated by complex mechanisms in response to exercise or cold exposure. This regulation is adipose depot-specific and dependent on the duration of exposure. Excessive thermogenic activation of adipose tissue has been observed in chronic wasting diseases and has been considered a pathological factor that accelerates disease progression. However, this conclusion may be confounded by the detrimental effects of excessive lipolysis. Recent research also suggests that such activation may play a beneficial role in the early stages of chronic wasting disease and provide potential therapeutic effects. A more comprehensive understanding of the changes in adipose tissue thermogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the underlying regulatory mechanisms, is essential for the development of novel interventions to improve health and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwen Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yijie Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yangjing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Lvkan Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Zhaohua Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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14
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Wang L, Lei Z, Zhang G, Cheng Y, Zhong M, Zhang G, Hu S. Olodaterol promotes thermogenesis in brown adipocytes via regulation of the β2-AR/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 703:149689. [PMID: 38382361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The escalating incidence of metabolic pathologies such as obesity and diabetes mellitus underscores the imperative for innovative therapeutics targeting lipid metabolism modulation. Within this context, augmenting thermogenic processes in adipose cells emerges as a viable therapeutic approach. Given the limitations of previous β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) agonist treatments in human diseases, there is an increasing focus on therapies targeting the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR). Olodaterol (OLO) is a potent β2-AR agonist that is a potential novel pharmacological candidate in this area. Our study explores the role and underlying mechanisms of OLO in enhancing brown adipose thermogenesis, providing robust evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. OLO demonstrated a dose-dependent enhancement of lipolysis, notably increasing the expression of Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) and raising the rate of oxygen consumption in primary brown adipocytes. This suggests a significant increase in thermogenic potential and energy expenditure. The administration of OLO to murine models noticeably enhanced cold-induced nonshivering thermogenesis. OLO elevated UCP1 expression in the brown adipose tissue of mice. Furthermore, it promoted brown adipocyte thermogenesis by activating the β2-AR/cAMP/PKA signaling cascades according to RNA sequencing, western blotting, and molecular docking analysis. This investigation underscores the therapeutic potential of OLO for metabolic ailments and sheds light on the intricate molecular dynamics of adipocyte thermogenesis, laying the groundwork for future targeted therapeutic interventions in human metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zhaobin Lei
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guanjie Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Mingwei Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guangyong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China.
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15
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Kowald A, Palmer D, Secci R, Fuellen G. Healthy Aging in Times of Extreme Temperatures: Biomedical Approaches. Aging Dis 2024; 15:601-611. [PMID: 37450930 PMCID: PMC10917539 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate extremes and rising energy prices present interconnected global health risks. Technical solutions can be supplemented with biomedical approaches to promote healthy longevity in hot and cold conditions. In summer, reducing basal metabolic rate through mild caloric restriction or CR mimetics, such as resveratrol, can potentially be used to lower body temperature. In winter, activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) for non-shivering thermogenesis and improved metabolic health can help adaptation to colder environments. Catechins found in green tea and in other food could be alternatives to drugs for these purposes. This review examines and discusses the biomedical evidence supporting the use of CR mimetics and BAT activators for health benefits amid increasingly extreme temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kowald
- Institut für Biostatistik und Informatik in Medizin und Alternsforschung, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Germany.
| | - Daniel Palmer
- Institut für Biostatistik und Informatik in Medizin und Alternsforschung, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Germany.
| | - Riccardo Secci
- Institut für Biostatistik und Informatik in Medizin und Alternsforschung, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Germany.
| | - Georg Fuellen
- Institut für Biostatistik und Informatik in Medizin und Alternsforschung, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Germany.
- Interdisziplinäre Fakultät, Department AGIS (Altern des Individuums und der Gesellschaft), Universität Rostock, Germany.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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16
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Negroiu CE, Tudorașcu I, Bezna CM, Godeanu S, Diaconu M, Danoiu R, Danoiu S. Beyond the Cold: Activating Brown Adipose Tissue as an Approach to Combat Obesity. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1973. [PMID: 38610736 PMCID: PMC11012454 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13071973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
With a dramatic increase in the number of obese and overweight people, there is a great need for new anti-obesity therapies. With the discovery of the functionality of brown adipose tissue in adults and the observation of beige fat cells among white fat cells, scientists are looking for substances and methods to increase the activity of these cells. We aimed to describe how scientists have concluded that brown adipose tissue is also present and active in adults, to describe where in the human body these deposits of brown adipose tissue are, to summarize the origin of both brown fat cells and beige fat cells, and, last but not least, to list some of the substances and methods classified as BAT promotion agents with their benefits and side effects. We summarized these findings based on the original literature and reviews in the field, emphasizing the discovery, function, and origins of brown adipose tissue, BAT promotion agents, and batokines. Only studies written in English and with a satisfying rating were identified from electronic searches of PubMed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Elena Negroiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (C.M.B.); (S.D.)
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Iulia Tudorașcu
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (C.M.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Cristina Maria Bezna
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (C.M.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Sanziana Godeanu
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Marina Diaconu
- Department of Radiology, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200642 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Raluca Danoiu
- Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Suzana Danoiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (C.M.B.); (S.D.)
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17
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Gao Z, Liu Y, Lin W, Lian H, Meng Z. A microneedle patch realizes weight loss through photothermal induction of fat browning. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1726-1737. [PMID: 38357975 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01767b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
As a globally prevalent disease, obesity leads to many chronic diseases, so it is important to develop safe and effective treatments with fewer side effects and lasting weight loss. In this study, we developed a biodegradable hyaluronic acid microneedle patch loaded with polydopamine nanoparticles and mirabegron, which directly acted on subcutaneous white adipose tissue, and then induced browning of white adipose tissue through mild photothermal therapy. The approach showed excellent browning-promoting ability and biocompatibility. It is noteworthy that the weight of untreated mice increased by 9%, while the weight of obese mice decreased by nearly 19% after photothermal treatment. In addition, when mirabegron was used in combination with photothermal therapy, the weight loss of obese mice was more significant, with a weight loss of about 22%. This microneedle patch exhibited attractive potential for body slimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Gao
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wenjiao Lin
- Qingmao Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., China
| | - He Lian
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhaoxu Meng
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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18
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Flori L, Piragine E, Calderone V, Testai L. Role of hydrogen sulfide in the regulation of lipid metabolism: Implications on cardiovascular health. Life Sci 2024; 341:122491. [PMID: 38336275 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity as an urgency for health and a social emergency. Today around 39 % of people is overweight, of these over 13 % is obese. It is well-consolidated that the adipose cells are deputy to lipid storage under caloric excess; however, despite the classical idea that adipose tissue has exclusively a passive function, now it is known to be deeply involved in the regulation of systemic metabolism in physiological as well as under obesogenic conditions, with consequences on cardiovascular health. Beside two traditional types of adipose cells (white and brown), recently the beige one has been highlighted as the consequence of the healthy remodeling of white adipocytes, confirming their metabolic adaptability. In this direction, pharmacological, nutraceutical and nutrient-based approaches are addressed to positively influence inflammation and metabolism, thus contributing to reduce the obese-associated cardiovascular risk. In this scenario, hydrogen sulfide emerges as a new mediator that may regulate crucial targets involved in the regulation of metabolism. The current evidence demonstrates that hydrogen sulfide may induce peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a crucial mediator of adipogenesis, inhibit the phosphorylation of perlipin-1 (plin-1), a protein implicated in the lipolysis, and finally promote browning process, through the release of irisin from skeletal muscle. The results summarized in this review suggest an important role of hydrogen sulfide in the regulation of metabolism and in the prevention/treatment of obese-associated cardiovascular diseases and propose new insight on the putative mechanisms underlying the release of hydrogen sulfide or its biosynthesis, delineating a further exciting field of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Flori
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56120 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eugenia Piragine
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56120 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56120 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56120 Pisa, Italy.
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19
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Ma L, Xiong L, Huang G. Effects of mirabegron on brown adipose tissue and metabolism in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:317-333. [PMID: 38159219 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disorders due to its thermogenic and anti-obesity properties. β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) agonists have also gained attention as potential agents for BAT activation and metabolic regulation. Mirabegron, a selective β3-AR-agonist used clinically for overactive bladder syndrome, has been explored for its utility in metabolic disorders. However, the controversy surrounding the ability of mirabegron to activate BAT to accelerate metabolism requires further investigation. The aim of this systematic review is to characterize comprehensively the impact of mirabegron on human BAT and its metabolism. METHODS We searched PubMed Central, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant papers published from the date of database inception to March 2023 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We extracted data on primary outcome indicators such as BAT volume, BAT activity, body temperature, and resting energy expenditure (REE), as well as secondary outcome indicators such as heart rate (HR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), blood glucose, and blood insulin from relevant studies. For studies that did not provide suitable data for meta-analysis, we used narrative data synthesis. For studies that provided suitable data for meta-analysis, we conducted meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 software. RESULTS We reviewed 10 papers and included 6 in our meta-analysis. Our findings revealed no significant changes in BAT volume (p = 0.72) or blood glucose (p = 0.52) with mirabegron when compared to the placebo or pre-dose population. However, patients showed significant increases in BAT activity (p < 0.01), blood NEFA (p < 0.01), body temperature (p < 0.01), REE (p < 0.01), HR (p < 0.01), DBP (p < 0.01), SBP (p = 0.25), and blood insulin (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Through our meta-analysis of 6 papers, we found that mirabegron has the potential to increase human BAT activity, REE, NEFA content, body temperature, HR, blood pressure, and blood insulin content. These effects may lead to reductions in blood glucose levels in obese/overweight and diabetic patients. Additionally, the activation of BAT by mirabegron could represent a novel approach for treating obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER AND DATE CRD42023413446, 04/11/2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- First Clinical School of Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lianqiu Xiong
- First Clinical School of Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
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20
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Ni Y, Zheng L, Zhang L, Li J, Pan Y, Du H, Wang Z, Fu Z. Spermidine activates adipose tissue thermogenesis through autophagy and fibroblast growth factor 21. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 125:109569. [PMID: 38185346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Spermidine exerts protective roles in obesity, while the mechanism of spermidine in adipose tissue thermogenesis remains unclear. The present study first investigated the effect of spermidine on cold-stimulation and β3-adrenoceptor agonist-induced thermogenesis in lean and high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Next, the role of spermidine on glucose and lipid metabolism in different types of adipose tissue was determined. Here, we found that spermidine supplementation did not affect cold-stimulated thermogenesis in lean mice, while significantly promoting the activation of adipose tissue thermogenesis under cold stimulation and β3-adrenergic receptor agonist treatment in obese mice. Spermidine treatment markedly enhanced glucose and lipid metabolism in adipose tissues, and these results were associated with the activated autophagy pathway. Moreover, spermidine up-regulated fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling and its downstream pathway, including PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways in vivo and in vitro. Knockdown of Fgf21 or inhibition of PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways in brown adipocytes abolished the thermogenesis-promoting effect of spermidine, suggesting that the effect of spermidine on adipose tissue thermogenesis might be regulated by FGF21 signaling via the PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways. The present study provides new insight into the mechanism of spermidine on obesity and its metabolic complications, thereby laying a theoretical basis for the clinical application of spermidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liujie Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liqian Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Li
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Pan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haimei Du
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaorong Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
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21
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Ren W, Hua M, Cao F, Zeng W. The Sympathetic-Immune Milieu in Metabolic Health and Diseases: Insights from Pancreas, Liver, Intestine, and Adipose Tissues. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306128. [PMID: 38039489 PMCID: PMC10885671 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic innervation plays a crucial role in maintaining energy balance and contributes to metabolic pathophysiology. Recent evidence has begun to uncover the innervation landscape of sympathetic projections and sheds light on their important functions in metabolic activities. Additionally, the immune system has long been studied for its essential roles in metabolic health and diseases. In this review, the aim is to provide an overview of the current research progress on the sympathetic regulation of key metabolic organs, including the pancreas, liver, intestine, and adipose tissues. In particular, efforts are made to highlight the critical roles of the peripheral nervous system and its potential interplay with immune components. Overall, it is hoped to underscore the importance of studying metabolic organs from a comprehensive and interconnected perspective, which will provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying metabolic regulation and may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenran Ren
- Institute for Immunology and School of MedicineTsinghua Universityand Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijing100084China
| | - Meng Hua
- Institute for Immunology and School of MedicineTsinghua Universityand Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijing100084China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of NeurosurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhou563000China
| | - Wenwen Zeng
- Institute for Immunology and School of MedicineTsinghua Universityand Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijing100084China
- SXMU‐Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier MedicineTaiyuan030001China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesBeijing100084China
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22
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Jeon YG, Nahmgoong H, Oh J, Lee D, Kim DW, Kim JE, Kim YY, Ji Y, Han JS, Kim SM, Sohn JH, Lee WT, Kim SW, Park J, Huh JY, Jo K, Cho JY, Park J, Kim JB. Ubiquitin ligase RNF20 coordinates sequential adipose thermogenesis with brown and beige fat-specific substrates. Nat Commun 2024; 15:940. [PMID: 38296968 PMCID: PMC10831072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) execute sequential thermogenesis to maintain body temperature during cold stimuli. BAT rapidly generates heat through brown adipocyte activation, and further iWAT gradually stimulates beige fat cell differentiation upon prolonged cold challenges. However, fat depot-specific regulatory mechanisms for thermogenic activation of two fat depots are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF20 orchestrates adipose thermogenesis with BAT- and iWAT-specific substrates. Upon cold stimuli, BAT RNF20 is rapidly downregulated, resulting in GABPα protein elevation by controlling protein stability, which stimulates thermogenic gene expression. Accordingly, BAT-specific Rnf20 suppression potentiates BAT thermogenic activity via GABPα upregulation. Moreover, upon prolonged cold stimuli, iWAT RNF20 is gradually upregulated to promote de novo beige adipogenesis. Mechanistically, iWAT RNF20 mediates NCoR1 protein degradation, rather than GABPα, to activate PPARγ. Together, current findings propose fat depot-specific regulatory mechanisms for temporal activation of adipose thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Geun Jeon
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hahn Nahmgoong
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Bioengineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Dabin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jane Eunsoo Kim
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ye Young Kim
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yul Ji
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ji Seul Han
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Sung Min Kim
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jee Hyung Sohn
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Won Taek Lee
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Sun Won Kim
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jeu Park
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Huh
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
| | - Kyuri Jo
- Department of Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Bioengineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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23
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Cho YR, Lee S, Kim H, Park EC, Jeong SY, Hamishehkar H, Jung SM, Kim KH. Pinuseldarone, a Clerodane-Type Diterpene from Pinus eldarica Needles and Phytochemicals as Novel Agents for Regulating Brown Adipogenesis and Thermogenesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:58-67. [PMID: 38159296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the MeOH extract of Pinus eldarica needles led to the isolation and identification of a new clerodane-type diterpene, pinuseldarone (1), along with a known flavonoid, 5,4'-dihydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxy-6-C-methylflavone (2), through HPLC purification. The structure of the new compound 1 was elucidated using spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR, as well as HRESIMS. Its absolute configuration was established through NOESY analysis and computational methods, including electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations and gauge-including atomic orbital NMR chemical shift calculations, followed by DP4+ probability analysis. The metabolic implications of the isolated compounds were assessed using a cultured brown adipocyte model derived from murine brown adipose tissue. It was observed that treatment with dihydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxy-6-C-methylflavone (2) downregulates the adipogenic marker C/EBPδ and fatty acid transporter CD36, resulting in a significant reduction in lipid accumulation during brown adipocyte differentiation. However, pinuseldarone (1) treatment did not affect brown adipocyte differentiation. Interestingly, pretreatment with pinuseldarone (1) potentiated the pharmacological stimulation of brown adipocytes, seemingly achieved by sensitizing their response to β3-adrenoreceptor signaling. Therefore, our findings indicate that phytochemicals derived from P. eldarica needles could potentially serve as valuable compounds for adjusting the metabolic activity of brown adipose tissue, a vital component in maintaining whole-body metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo Rang Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoju Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eon Chung Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Yun Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-65811, Iran
| | - Su Myung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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24
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Bjorkman SH, Marti A, Jena J, García-Peña LM, Weatherford ET, Kato K, Koneru J, Chen J, Sood A, Potthoff MJ, Adams CM, Abel ED, Pereira RO. ATF4 expression in thermogenic adipocytes is required for cold-induced thermogenesis in mice via FGF21-independent mechanisms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1563. [PMID: 38238383 PMCID: PMC10796914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In brown adipose tissue (BAT), short-term cold exposure induces the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and its downstream target fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Induction of ATF4 in BAT in response to mitochondrial stress is required for thermoregulation, partially by increasing FGF21 expression. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Atf4 and Fgf21 induction in BAT are both required for BAT thermogenesis under physiological stress by generating mice selectively lacking either Atf4 (ATF4 BKO) or Fgf21 (FGF21 BKO) in UCP1-expressing adipocytes. After 3 days of cold exposure, core body temperature was significantly reduced in ad-libitum-fed ATF4 BKO mice, which correlated with Fgf21 downregulation in brown and beige adipocytes, and impaired browning of white adipose tissue. Conversely, despite having reduced browning, FGF21 BKO mice had preserved core body temperature after cold exposure. Mechanistically, ATF4, but not FGF21, regulates amino acid import and metabolism in response to cold, likely contributing to BAT thermogenic capacity under ad libitum-fed conditions. Importantly, under fasting conditions, both ATF4 and FGF21 were required for thermogenesis in cold-exposed mice. Thus, ATF4 regulates BAT thermogenesis under fed conditions likely in a FGF21-independent manner, in part via increased amino acid uptake and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Bjorkman
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, 4338 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alex Marti
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, 4338 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jayashree Jena
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, 4338 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Luis Miguel García-Peña
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, 4338 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Eric T Weatherford
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, 4338 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kevin Kato
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, 4338 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jivan Koneru
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, 4338 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jason Chen
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, 4338 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ayushi Sood
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, 4338 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, 4338 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, 4338 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - E Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, 4338 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Renata O Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Road, 4338 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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25
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Aruwa CE, Sabiu S. Adipose tissue inflammation linked to obesity: A review of current understanding, therapies and relevance of phyto-therapeutics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23114. [PMID: 38163110 PMCID: PMC10755291 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a current global challenge affecting all ages and is characterized by the up-regulated secretion of bioactive factors/pathways which result in adipose tissue inflammation (ATI). Current obesity therapies are mainly focused on lifestyle (diet/nutrition) changes. This is because many chemosynthetic anti-obesogenic medications cause adverse effects like diarrhoea, dyspepsia, and faecal incontinence, among others. As such, it is necessary to appraise the efficacies and mechanisms of action of safer, natural alternatives like plant-sourced compounds, extracts [extractable phenol (EP) and macromolecular antioxidant (MA) extracts], and anti-inflammatory peptides, among others, with a view to providing a unique approach to obesity care. These natural alternatives may constitute potent therapies for ATI linked to obesity. The potential of MA compounds (analysed for the first time in this review) and extracts in ATI and obesity management is elucidated upon, while also highlighting research gaps and future prospects. Furthermore, immune cells, signalling pathways, genes, and adipocyte cytokines play key roles in ATI responses and are targeted in certain therapies. As a result, this review gives an in-depth appraisal of ATI linked to obesity, its causes, mechanisms, and effects of past, present, and future therapies for reversal and alleviation of ATI. Achieving a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality rates attributed to ATI linked to obesity and related comorbidities is possible as research improves our understanding over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Eleojo Aruwa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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26
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Li T, Tian J, Wu M, Tian Y, Li Z. Electroacupuncture stimulation improves cognitive ability and regulates metabolic disorders in Alzheimer's disease model mice: new insights from brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1330565. [PMID: 38283741 PMCID: PMC10811084 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1330565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic defects play a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) development. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been identified as a novel potential therapeutic target for AD due to its unique role in energy metabolism. Electroacupuncture (EA) shows promise in improving cognitive ability and brain glucose metabolism in AD, but its effects on peripheral and central metabolism are unclear. Methods In this study, SAMP8 mice (AD model) received EA stimulation at specific acupoints. Cognitive abilities were evaluated using the Morris water maze test, while neuronal morphology and tau pathology were assessed through Nissl staining and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Metabolic variations and BAT thermogenesis were measured using ELISA, HE staining, Western blotting, and infrared thermal imaging. Results Compared to SAMR1 mice, SAMP8 mice showed impaired cognitive ability, neuronal damage, disrupted thermoregulation, and metabolic disorders with low BAT activity. Both the EA and DD groups improved cognitive ability and decreased tau phosphorylation (p<0.01 or p<0.05). However, only the EA group had a significant effect on metabolic disorders and BAT thermogenesis (p<0.01 or p<0.05), while the DD group did not. Conclusion These findings indicate that EA not only improves the cognitive ability of SAMP8 mice, but also effectively regulates peripheral and central metabolic disorders, with this effect being significantly related to the activation of BAT thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junjian Tian
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanshuo Tian
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Chen Z, Zhang P, Liu T, Qiu X, Li S, Lin JD. Neuregulin 4 mediates the metabolic benefits of mild cold exposure by promoting beige fat thermogenesis. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e172957. [PMID: 38015639 PMCID: PMC10906454 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interorgan crosstalk via secreted hormones and metabolites is a fundamental aspect of mammalian metabolic physiology. Beyond the highly specialized endocrine cells, peripheral tissues are emerging as an important source of metabolic hormones that influence energy and nutrient metabolism and contribute to disease pathogenesis. Neuregulin 4 (Nrg4) is a fat-derived hormone that protects mice from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and NASH-associated liver cancer by shaping hepatic lipid metabolism and the liver immune microenvironment. Despite its enriched expression in brown fat, whether NRG4 plays a role in thermogenic response and mediates the metabolic benefits of cold exposure are areas that remain unexplored. Here we show that Nrg4 expression in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) is highly responsive to chronic cold exposure. Nrg4 deficiency impairs beige fat induction and renders mice more susceptible to diet-induced metabolic disorders under mild cold conditions. Using mice with adipocyte and hepatocyte-specific Nrg4 deletion, we reveal that adipose tissue-derived NRG4, but not hepatic NRG4, is essential for beige fat induction following cold acclimation. Furthermore, treatment with recombinant NRG4-Fc fusion protein promotes beige fat induction in iWAT and improves metabolic health in mice with diet-induced obesity. These findings highlight a critical role of NRG4 in mediating beige fat induction and preserving metabolic health under mild cold conditions.
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28
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Zhu Y, Liu W, Qi Z. Adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis under physiologically energetic challenges: a remodelled thermogenic system. J Physiol 2024; 602:23-48. [PMID: 38019069 DOI: 10.1113/jp285269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes are often thought to be caused by reduced energy expenditure, which poses a serious threat to human health. Cold exposure, exercise and caloric restriction have been shown to promote adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis. These physiological interventions increase energy expenditure and thus have emerged as promising strategies for mitigating metabolic disorders. However, that increased adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis elevate thermogenic consumption is not a reasonable explanation when humans and animals confront energetic challenges imposed by these interventions. In this review, we collected numerous results on adipose tissue browning and whitening and evaluated this bi-directional conversion of adipocytes from the perspective of energy homeostasis. Here, we propose a new interpretation of the role of adipose tissue browning under energetic challenges: increased adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis under energy challenge is not to enhance energy expenditure, but to reestablish a more economical thermogenic pattern to maintain the core body temperature. This can be achieved by enhancing the contribution of non-shivering thermogenesis (adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis) and lowering shivering thermogenesis and high intensity shivering. Consequently, the proportion of heat production in fat increases and that in skeletal muscle decreases, enabling skeletal muscle to devote more energy reserves to overcoming environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weina Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Ziqubu K, Dludla PV, Mabhida SE, Jack BU, Keipert S, Jastroch M, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE. Brown adipose tissue-derived metabolites and their role in regulating metabolism. Metabolism 2024; 150:155709. [PMID: 37866810 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and rejuvenation of metabolically active brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans have offered a new approach to treat obesity and metabolic diseases. Beyond its accomplished role in adaptive thermogenesis, BAT secretes signaling molecules known as "batokines", which are instrumental in regulating whole-body metabolism via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine action. In addition to the intrinsic BAT metabolite-oxidizing activity, the endocrine functions of these molecules may help to explain the association between BAT activity and a healthy systemic metabolic profile. Herein, we review the evidence that underscores the significance of BAT-derived metabolites, especially highlighting their role in controlling physiological and metabolic processes involving thermogenesis, substrate metabolism, and other essential biological processes. The conversation extends to their capacity to enhance energy expenditure and mitigate features of obesity and its related metabolic complications. Thus, metabolites derived from BAT may provide new avenues for the discovery of metabolic health-promoting drugs with far-reaching impacts. This review aims to dissect the complexities of the secretory role of BAT in modulating local and systemic metabolism in metabolic health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Sihle E Mabhida
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Babalwa U Jack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Susanne Keipert
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Carpentier AC, Blondin DP. Human brown adipose tissue is not enough to combat cardiometabolic diseases. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e175288. [PMID: 38038130 PMCID: PMC10688973 DOI: 10.1172/jci175288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis P. Blondin
- Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Dwaib HS, Michel MC. Is the β 3-Adrenoceptor a Valid Target for the Treatment of Obesity and/or Type 2 Diabetes? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1714. [PMID: 38136585 PMCID: PMC10742325 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
β3-Adrenoceptors mediate several functions in rodents that could be beneficial for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. This includes promotion of insulin release from the pancreas, cellular glucose uptake, lipolysis, and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. In combination, they lead to a reduction of body weight in several rodent models including ob/ob mice and Zucker diabetic fatty rats. These findings stimulated drug development programs in various pharmaceutical companies, and at least nine β3-adrenoceptor agonists have been tested in clinical trials. However, all of these projects were discontinued due to the lack of clinically relevant changes in body weight. Following a concise historical account of discoveries leading to such drug development programs we discuss species differences that explain why β3-adrenoceptors are not a meaningful drug target for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen S. Dwaib
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Palestine Ahliya University, Bethlehem P.O. Box 1041, Palestine;
| | - Martin C. Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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32
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Duarte Mendes A, Freitas AR, Vicente R, Vitorino M, Vaz Batista M, Silva M, Braga S. Adipocyte Microenvironment in Ovarian Cancer: A Critical Contributor? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16589. [PMID: 38068912 PMCID: PMC10706733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies and has low survival rates. One of the main determinants of this unfavorable prognosis is the high rate of peritoneal metastasis at diagnosis, closely related to its morbidity and mortality. The mechanism underlying peritoneal carcinomatosis is not clearly defined, but a clear preference for omental spread has been described. Growing evidence suggests that adipose tissue plays a role in promoting cancer onset and progression. Moreover, obesity can lead to changes in the original functions of adipocytes, resulting in metabolic and inflammatory changes in the adipose tissue microenvironment, potentially increasing the risk of tumor growth. However, the specific roles of adipocytes in ovarian cancer have not yet been fully elucidated. Due to the undeniable link between obesity and cancer, the adipose tissue microenvironment could also present a promising therapeutic target that warrants further research. This review discusses the complex relationship between ovarian cancer and the adipose tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Duarte Mendes
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal; (A.R.F.); (R.V.); (M.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Ana Rita Freitas
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal; (A.R.F.); (R.V.); (M.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Rodrigo Vicente
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal; (A.R.F.); (R.V.); (M.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Marina Vitorino
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal; (A.R.F.); (R.V.); (M.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Marta Vaz Batista
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal; (A.R.F.); (R.V.); (M.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
- Haematology and Oncology Department, CUF Oncology 2710-204 Sintra, Portugal
| | - Michelle Silva
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal; (A.R.F.); (R.V.); (M.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Sofia Braga
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal; (A.R.F.); (R.V.); (M.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
- Haematology and Oncology Department, CUF Oncology 2710-204 Sintra, Portugal
- Haematology and Oncology Department, CUF Oncology, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal
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33
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You W, Xu Z, Chen W, Yang X, Liu S, Wang L, Tu Y, Zhou Y, Valencak TG, Wang Y, Kuang S, Shan T. Cellular and Transcriptional Dynamics during Brown Adipose Tissue Regeneration under Acute Injury. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0268. [PMID: 38434240 PMCID: PMC10907023 DOI: 10.34133/research.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the major site of non-shivering thermogenesis and crucial for systemic metabolism. Under chronic cold exposures and high-fat diet challenges, BAT undergoes robust remodeling to adapt to physiological demands. However, whether and how BAT regenerates after acute injuries are poorly understood. Here, we established a novel BAT injury and regeneration model (BAT-IR) in mice and performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA-seq to determine cellular and transcriptomic dynamics during BAT-IR. We further defined distinct fibro-adipogenic and myeloid progenitor populations contributing to BAT regeneration. Cell trajectory and gene expression analyses uncovered the involvement of MAPK, Wnt, and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways in BAT regeneration. We confirmed the role of Hh signaling in BAT development through Myf5Cre-mediated conditional knockout (cKO) of the Sufu gene to activate Hh signaling in BAT and muscle progenitors. Our BAT-IR model therefore provides a paradigm to identify conserved cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying BAT development and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing You
- College of Animal Sciences,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziye Xu
- College of Animal Sciences,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Chen
- College of Animal Sciences,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuang Tu
- College of Animal Sciences,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
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34
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Cero C, Shu W, Reese AL, Douglas D, Maddox M, Singh AP, Ali SL, Zhu AR, Katz JM, Pierce AE, Long KT, Nilubol N, Cypess RH, Jacobs JL, Tian F, Cypess AM. Standardized In Vitro Models of Human Adipose Tissue Reveal Metabolic Flexibility in Brown Adipocyte Thermogenesis. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad161. [PMID: 37944134 PMCID: PMC11032247 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional human brown and white adipose tissue (BAT and WAT) are vital for thermoregulation and nutritional homeostasis, while obesity and other stressors lead, respectively, to cold intolerance and metabolic disease. Understanding BAT and WAT physiology and dysfunction necessitates clinical trials complemented by mechanistic experiments at the cellular level. These require standardized in vitro models, currently lacking, that establish references for gene expression and function. We generated and characterized a pair of immortalized, clonal human brown (hBA) and white (hWA) preadipocytes derived from the perirenal and subcutaneous depots, respectively, of a 40-year-old male individual. Cells were immortalized with hTERT and confirmed to be of a mesenchymal, nonhematopoietic lineage based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting and DNA barcoding. Functional assessments showed that the hWA and hBA phenocopied primary adipocytes in terms of adrenergic signaling, lipolysis, and thermogenesis. Compared to hWA, hBA were metabolically distinct, with higher rates of glucose uptake and lactate metabolism, and greater basal, maximal, and nonmitochondrial respiration, providing a mechanistic explanation for the association between obesity and BAT dysfunction. The hBA also responded to the stress of maximal respiration by using both endogenous and exogenous fatty acids. In contrast to certain mouse models, hBA adrenergic thermogenesis was mediated by several mechanisms, not principally via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Transcriptomics via RNA-seq were consistent with the functional studies and established a molecular signature for each cell type before and after differentiation. These standardized cells are anticipated to become a common resource for future physiological, pharmacological, and genetic studies of human adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Cero
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weiguo Shu
- American Type Culture Collection, Cell Biology R&D, 217 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Amy L Reese
- American Type Culture Collection, Sequencing and Bioinformatics Center, 10801 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Diana Douglas
- American Type Culture Collection, Cell Biology R&D, 217 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Michael Maddox
- American Type Culture Collection, Cell Biology R&D, 217 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
- Current Affiliation: Vita Therapeutics, 801 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 301, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ajeet P Singh
- American Type Culture Collection, Sequencing and Bioinformatics Center, 10801 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Sahara L Ali
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander R Zhu
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anne E Pierce
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kelly T Long
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Naris Nilubol
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Room 4-5952, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raymond H Cypess
- American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Jonathan L Jacobs
- American Type Culture Collection, Sequencing and Bioinformatics Center, 10801 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Fang Tian
- American Type Culture Collection, Cell Biology R&D, 217 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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35
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Dąbrowska AM, Dudka J. Mirabegron, a Selective β3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist, as a Potential Anti-Obesity Drug. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6897. [PMID: 37959362 PMCID: PMC10649615 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is becoming a global health epidemic. Brown and "beige" adipose tissue may produce heat, leading to energy expenditure enhancement and weight loss. Mirabegron, a selective β3-adrenergic receptor agonist, has been found to be effective as a brown adipose tissue activator, a "beige" cells stimulator and a metabolic homeostasis controller in animal and human studies. Although in animal studies, administration of mirabegron led to obesity improvement, significant weight loss in obese patients after mirabegron treatment has not been demonstrated so far, which may be associated with the too-short duration of the trials and the small number of participants in the studies. In humans, the most effective treatment for adipose tissue stimulation was high doses of mirabegron; however, cardiovascular side effects may limit the use of such doses, so the long-term safety must be evaluated. In cases of tachycardia or blood pressure elevation, the co-administration of a β1-adrenergic receptor blocker may be useful. It should be checked whether smaller doses of mirabegron, taken for a longer time, will be sufficient to stimulate brown and "beige" adipose tissue, leading to weight loss. The introduction of mirabegron into obesity treatment in the future will require long-term trials with larger numbers of subjects, to assess mirabegron efficacy, tolerability, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Dąbrowska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Street 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dudka
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Street 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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36
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Ortiz GU, de Freitas EC. Physical activity and batokines. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E610-E620. [PMID: 37819193 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00160.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissue share similar functionality, being both tissues specialized in producing heat through nonshivering thermogenesis and also playing endocrine roles through the release of their secretion factors called batokines. This review elucidates the influence of physical exercise, and myokines released in response, on the regulation of thermogenic and secretory functions of these adipose tissues and discusses the similarity of batokines actions with physical exercise in the remodeling of adipose tissue. This adipose tissue remodeling promoted by autocrine and paracrine batokines or physical exercise seems to optimize its functionality associated with better health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ueta Ortiz
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo-FMRP USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristini de Freitas
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo-FMRP USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Genchi VA, Palma G, Sorice GP, D'Oria R, Caccioppoli C, Marrano N, Biondi G, Caruso I, Cignarelli A, Natalicchio A, Laviola L, Giorgino F, Perrini S. Pharmacological modulation of adaptive thermogenesis: new clues for obesity management? J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:2213-2236. [PMID: 37378828 PMCID: PMC10558388 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive thermogenesis represents the main mechanism through which the body generates heat in response to external stimuli, a phenomenon that includes shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. The non-shivering thermogenesis is mainly exploited by adipose tissue characterized by a brown aspect, which specializes in energy dissipation. A decreased amount of brown adipose tissue has been observed in ageing and chronic illnesses such as obesity, a worldwide health problem characterized by dysfunctional adipose tissue expansion and associated cardiometabolic complications. In the last decades, the discovery of a trans-differentiation mechanism ("browning") within white adipose tissue depots, leading to the generation of brown-like cells, allowed to explore new natural and synthetic compounds able to favour this process and thus enhance thermogenesis with the aim of counteracting obesity. Based on recent findings, brown adipose tissue-activating agents could represent another option in addition to appetite inhibitors and inhibitors of nutrient absorption for obesity treatment. PURPOSE This review investigates the main molecules involved in the physiological (e.g. incretin hormones) and pharmacological (e.g. β3-adrenergic receptors agonists, thyroid receptor agonists, farnesoid X receptor agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1, and glucagon receptor agonists) modulation of adaptive thermogenesis and the signalling mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Genchi
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - G Palma
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - G P Sorice
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - R D'Oria
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - C Caccioppoli
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - N Marrano
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - G Biondi
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - I Caruso
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - A Cignarelli
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - A Natalicchio
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - L Laviola
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - F Giorgino
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - S Perrini
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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El-Yazbi AF, Elrewiny MA, Habib HM, Eid AH, Elzahhar PA, Belal ASF. Thermogenic Modulation of Adipose Depots: A Perspective on Possible Therapeutic Intervention with Early Cardiorenal Complications of Metabolic Impairment. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 104:187-194. [PMID: 37567782 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications of diabetes and obesity remain a major cause for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite significant advances in the pharmacotherapy of metabolic disease, the available approaches do not prevent or slow the progression of complications. Moreover, a majority of patients present with significant vascular involvement at early stages of dysfunction prior to overt metabolic changes. The lack of disease-modifying therapies affects millions of patients globally, causing a massive economic burden due to these complications. Significantly, adipose tissue inflammation was implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and obesity. Specifically, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT) depots influence cardiovascular and renal structure and function. Accumulating evidence implicates localized PVAT/PRAT inflammation as the earliest response to metabolic impairment leading to cardiorenal dysfunction. Increased mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and function lead to PVAT/PRAT hypoxia and inflammation as well as vascular, cardiac, and renal dysfunction. As UCP1 function remains an undruggable target so far, modulation of the augmented UCP1-mediated PVAT/PRAT thermogenesis constitutes a lucrative target for drug development to mitigate early cardiorenal involvement. This can be achieved either by subtle targeted reduction in UCP-1 expression using innovative proteolysis activating chimeric molecules (PROTACs) or by supplementation with cyclocreatine phosphate, which augments the mitochondrial futile creatine cycling and thus decreases UCP1 activity, enhances the efficiency of oxygen use, and reduces hypoxia. Once developed, these molecules will be first-in-class therapeutic tools to directly interfere with and reverse the earliest pathology underlying cardiac, vascular, and renal dysfunction accompanying the early metabolic deterioration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Adipose tissue dysfunction plays a major role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases and their complications. Although mitochondrial alterations are common in metabolic impairment, it was only recently shown that the early stages of metabolic challenge involve inflammatory changes in select adipose depots associated with increased uncoupling protein 1 thermogenesis and hypoxia. Manipulating this mode of thermogenesis can help mitigate the early inflammation and the consequent cardiorenal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.F.E.-Y.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (P.A.E., A.S.F.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt (A.F.E.-Y., M.A.E., H.M.H.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Mohamed A Elrewiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.F.E.-Y.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (P.A.E., A.S.F.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt (A.F.E.-Y., M.A.E., H.M.H.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Hosam M Habib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.F.E.-Y.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (P.A.E., A.S.F.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt (A.F.E.-Y., M.A.E., H.M.H.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.F.E.-Y.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (P.A.E., A.S.F.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt (A.F.E.-Y., M.A.E., H.M.H.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Perihan A Elzahhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.F.E.-Y.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (P.A.E., A.S.F.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt (A.F.E.-Y., M.A.E., H.M.H.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Ahmed S F Belal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.F.E.-Y.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (P.A.E., A.S.F.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt (A.F.E.-Y., M.A.E., H.M.H.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
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de Paula Faria D, da Silva Vera CC, Marques FLN, Sapienza MT. Repeatability of brown adipose tissue activation measured by [ 18F]FDG PET after beta3-adrenergic stimuli in a mouse model. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 126-127:108390. [PMID: 37804561 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the repeatability of brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation measured by [18F]FDG-PET after beta3-adrenergic stimuli with CL316243 in mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice underwent [18F]FDG-PET at baseline without stimulation (T0-NS), on three consecutive days after intravenous administration of the selective β3-adrenergic agonist CL316243 (T1-CL, T2-CL, T3-CL), and without stimuli after 1 and 2 weeks (T7-NS and T14-NS). The standardized uptake value (SUVmax), BAT metabolic volume (BMV), and total BAT glycolysis (TBG) were measured in each scanning session, with statistical groupwise comparisons by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test. RESULTS SUVmax, BMV, and TBG values showed no significant differences between the three PET scans without stimuli, but were significantly higher after CL316243 administration (p < 0.0001). The mean coefficient of variation (CoV) of PET within individuals was 49 % at baseline but only 9 % with pharmacological stimulation. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that administration of the selective β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL316243 (CL) in mice leads to consistent metabolic activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), as measured by [18F]FDG-PET. We also demonstrated metabolic activation by repeated pharmacological challenge, without evidence of hysteresis. Thus, the methods used in the current work should serve for further studies on BAT metabolism in experimental animals, with translational value for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele de Paula Faria
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM 43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleinando Clemente da Silva Vera
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM 43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Luiz Navarro Marques
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM 43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tatit Sapienza
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM 43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Alvarez-Gallego F, González-Blázquez R, Gil-Ortega M, Somoza B, Calderón-Dominguez M, Moratinos J, Garcia-Garcia V, Fernández P, González-Moreno D, Viana M, Alcalá M. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor as a novel activator of brown adipose tissue in obesity. Biofactors 2023; 49:1106-1120. [PMID: 37286331 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) exerts vasorelaxant, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In obesity, its activation counterbalances the adverse cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II mediated by the AT1R. Preliminary results indicate that it also promotes brown adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Our hypothesis is that AT2R activation could increase BAT mass and activity in obesity. Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard or a high-fat (HF) diet for 6 weeks. Half of the animals were treated with compound 21 (C21), a selective AT2R agonist, (1 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water. Electron transport chain (ETC), oxidative phosphorylation, and UCP1 proteins were measured in the interscapular BAT (iBAT) and thoracic perivascular adipose tissue (tPVAT) as well as inflammatory and oxidative parameters. Differentiation and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in the presence of C21 was tested in brown preadipocytes. In vitro, C21-differentiated brown adipocytes showed an AT2R-dependent increase of differentiation markers (Ucp1, Cidea, Pparg) and increased basal and H+ leak-linked OCR. In vivo, HF-C21 mice showed increased iBAT mass compared to HF animals. Both their iBAT and tPVAT showed higher protein levels of the ETC protein complexes and UCP1, together with a reduction of inflammatory and oxidative markers. The activation of the AT2R increases BAT mass, mitochondrial activity, and reduces markers of tissue inflammation and oxidative stress in obesity. Therefore, insulin reduction and better vascular responses are achieved. Thus, the activation of the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system arises as a promising tool in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Alvarez-Gallego
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia., Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel González-Blázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Somoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Calderón-Dominguez
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Javier Moratinos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada Nemesio Díez, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Garcia-Garcia
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada Nemesio Díez, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada Nemesio Díez, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Viana
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia., Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín Alcalá
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia., Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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Li QZ, Zuo ZW, Liu Y. Recent status of sesaminol and its glucosides: Synthesis, metabolism, and biological activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12043-12056. [PMID: 35821660 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2098248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sesamum indicum is a major and important oilseed crop that is believed to promote human health in many countries, especially in China. Sesame seeds contain two types of lignans: lipid-soluble lignans and water-soluble glucosylated lignans. The major glucosylated lignans are sesaminol glucosides (SGs). So far, four sesaminol isomers and four SGs are identified. During the naturally occurring process of SGs production, sesaminol is generated first from two molecules of E-coniferyl alcohol, and then the sugar is added to the sesaminol one by one, leading to production of SGs. Sesaminol can be prepared from SGs, from sesamolin, and through artificial synthesis. SGs are metabolized in the liver and intestine and are then transported to other tissues. They exhibit several biological activities, most of which are based on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this paper, we present an overview of the current status of research on sesaminol and SGs. We have also discussed their synthesis, preparation, metabolism, and biological activities. It has been suggested that sesaminol and SGs are important biological substances with strong antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo and are widely used in the food industry, medicine, and cosmetic products. The recovery and utilization of SGs from sesame seed cake after oil processing will generate massive economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Zhang Li
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), and School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zan-Wen Zuo
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), and School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Zhang K, Jiang L, Xue L, Wang Y, Sun Y, Fan M, Qian H, Wang L, Li Y. The Enhancement of Acylcarnitine Metabolism by 5-Heptadecylresorcinol in Brown Adipose Tissue Contributes to Improving Glucose and Lipid Levels in Aging Male Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:4597. [PMID: 37960251 PMCID: PMC10649465 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Heptadecylresorcinol (AR-C17), a primary biomarker of whole grain (WG) consumption, has been demonstrated to improve the thermogenic activity of aging mice. However, the intricate regulatory mechanism is not fully understood. This study conducted metabolomics analysis on young and aging mice with or without AR-C17 administration after cold exposure. The results showed that the aging mice displayed lower levels of acylcarnitine (ACar) in their plasma compared with the young mice during cold exposure, and 150 mg/kg/day of AR-C17 administration for 8 weeks could increase the plasma ACar levels of aging mice. ACar has been reported to be an essential metabolic fuel for the thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT). AR-C17 had similar effects on the ACar levels in the BAT as on the plasma of the aging mice during cold exposure. Furthermore, the aging mice had reduced ACar metabolism in the BAT, and AR-C17 could improve the ACar metabolism in the BAT of aging mice, thereby promoting the metabolic utilization of ACar by BAT. Moreover, the glucose and lipid levels of aging mice could be improved by AR-C17. This study revealed a deeper metabolic mechanism involved in the AR-C17-mediated thermogenic regulation of BAT, providing a new theoretical basis for the nutrition and health benefits of WG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Sun Y, Yao J, Lu C, Yang N, Han X, Lin H, Yin Y. Cold-inducible PPA1 is critical for the adipocyte browning in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 677:45-53. [PMID: 37549601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Promoting the thermogenic capacity of brown/beige adipocytes is becoming a promising strategy to counteract obesity and related metabolic diseases. Inorganic pyrophosphatase 1 (PPA1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PPi to Pi, and its presence is required for anabolism to take place in cells. Our previous study demonstrated the importance of PPA1 in maintaining adipose tissue function and whole-body metabolic homeostasis. In this study, we found that the expression of PPA1 was positively associated with the thermogenic capacity of brown/beige adipocytes. PPA1+/- mice exhibited less browning capacity in subcutaneous white adipose tissue compared to wild-type mice and also showed apparent cold intolerance. We found that decreased PPA1 abundance may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited adipocyte browning both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, our study also revealed that PPA1 worked as a new target gene of nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), a major transcription regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Together, our findings indicated an essential role of PPA1 in mitochondrial function and browning in adipocytes and suggested PPA1 as a new therapeutic target for increasing thermogenesis to combat obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingxin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ye Yin
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Tang Y, Wang YD, Wang YY, Liao ZZ, Xiao XH. Skeletal muscles and gut microbiota-derived metabolites: novel modulators of adipocyte thermogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1265175. [PMID: 37867516 PMCID: PMC10588486 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1265175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity occurs when overall energy intake surpasses energy expenditure. White adipose tissue is an energy storage site, whereas brown and beige adipose tissues catabolize stored energy to generate heat, which protects against obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Metabolites are substrates in metabolic reactions that act as signaling molecules, mediating communication between metabolic sites (i.e., adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and gut microbiota). Although the effects of metabolites from peripheral organs on adipose tissue have been extensively studied, their role in regulating adipocyte thermogenesis requires further investigation. Skeletal muscles and intestinal microorganisms are important metabolic sites in the body, and their metabolites play an important role in obesity. In this review, we consolidated the latest research on skeletal muscles and gut microbiota-derived metabolites that potentially promote adipocyte thermogenesis. Skeletal muscles can release lactate, kynurenic acid, inosine, and β-aminoisobutyric acid, whereas the gut secretes bile acids, butyrate, succinate, cinnabarinic acid, urolithin A, and asparagine. These metabolites function as signaling molecules by interacting with membrane receptors or controlling intracellular enzyme activity. The mechanisms underlying the reciprocal exchange of metabolites between the adipose tissue and other metabolic organs will be a focal point in future studies on obesity. Furthermore, understanding how metabolites regulate adipocyte thermogenesis will provide a basis for establishing new therapeutic targets for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Di Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe-Zhen Liao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xin-Hua Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Robinson EL, Bagchi RA, Major JL, Bergman BC, Matsuda JL, McKinsey TA. HDAC11 inhibition triggers bimodal thermogenic pathways to circumvent adipocyte catecholamine resistance. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e168192. [PMID: 37607030 PMCID: PMC10541202 DOI: 10.1172/jci168192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of adipocyte β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) induces expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), promoting nonshivering thermogenesis. Association of β-ARs with a lysine-myristoylated form of A kinase-anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12, also known as gravin-α) is required for downstream signaling that culminates in UCP1 induction. Conversely, demyristoylation of gravin-α by histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) suppresses this pathway. Whether inhibition of HDAC11 in adipocytes is sufficient to drive UCP1 expression independently of β-ARs is not known. Here, we demonstrate that adipocyte-specific deletion of HDAC11 in mice leads to robust induction of UCP1 in adipose tissue (AT), resulting in increased body temperature. These effects are mimicked by treating mice in vivo or human AT ex vivo with an HDAC11-selective inhibitor, FT895. FT895 triggers biphasic, gravin-α myristoylation-dependent induction of UCP1 protein expression, with a noncanonical acute response that is posttranscriptional and independent of protein kinase A (PKA), and a delayed response requiring PKA activity and new Ucp1 mRNA synthesis. Remarkably, HDAC11 inhibition promotes UCP1 expression even in models of adipocyte catecholamine resistance where β-AR signaling is blocked. These findings define cell-autonomous, multimodal roles for HDAC11 as a suppressor of thermogenesis, and highlight the potential of inhibiting HDAC11 to therapeutically alter AT phenotype independently of β-AR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, and
| | - Rushita A. Bagchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, and
| | - Jennifer L. Major
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, and
| | - Bryan C. Bergman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Matsuda
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Timothy A. McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, and
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46
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Dong M, An K, Mao L. High levels of uric acid inhibit BAT thermogenic capacity through regulation of AMPK. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E376-E389. [PMID: 37732807 PMCID: PMC10642990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00092.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA) is strongly associated with the increasing prevalence of obesity, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Dysfunction of brown adipose tissue (BAT) could lead to obesity. However, studies on the role of HUA on BAT are lacking. Our retrospective clinical analysis showed that serum uric acid (UA) is significantly associated with BAT in humans. To investigate the role of UA in regulating BAT function, we used UA to treat primary brown adipocytes (BACs) in vitro and established HUA mice. In vitro results showed that HUA suppressed thermogenic gene expression and oxygen consumption rate. Accordingly, HUA mice exhibited lower energy expenditure and body temperature, with larger lipid droplets and lower thermogenic gene expression. These results demonstrate that HUA inhibits BAT thermogenic capacity in vitro and in vivo. To further elucidate the mechanism of UA on adipocytes, mRNA-sequencing analysis was performed and screened for "AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway" and "mitochondrial biogenesis." Further tests in vivo and in vitro showed that the phosphorylation of AMPK was suppressed by HUA. Activation of AMPK alleviated the inhibition of AMPK phosphorylation by HUA and increased mitochondrial biogenesis, subsequently restoring the impaired BAT thermogenic capacity in vitro and vivo. Thus, we confirmed that HUA suppresses mitochondrial biogenesis by regulating AMPK, thereby inhibiting BAT thermogenic capacity. Taken together, our study identifies UA as a novel regulator of BAT thermogenic capacity, providing a new strategy to combat obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To investigate the effect and mechanism of UA on BAT thermogenic capacity, we established HUA models in vitro and in vivo, and performed RNA sequencing analysis. Our results revealed that HUA suppresses mitochondrial biogenesis by regulating AMPK, thereby inhibiting BAT thermogenic capacity. Taken together, our study identifies UA as a novel regulator of BAT thermogenic capacity, providing a new strategy to combat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Kun An
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Li Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
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47
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Hong J, Shi Y, Chen J, Mi M, Ren Q, Zhang Y, Shen M, Bu J, Kang Y. Konjac glucomannan attenuate high-fat diet-fed obesity through enhancing β-adrenergic-mediated thermogenesis in inguinal white adipose tissue in mice. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:575-586. [PMID: 37535173 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Konjac glucomannan (KGM) has been reported to prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity, and we study investigated whether dietary supplementation with KGM can prevent obesity by increasing energy expenditure in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) of high-fat diet (HF) -fed mice. Weaned mice fed the control diet (Con), HF, or HF plus KGM (8%, w/w, HFK) were divided into three groups. The results showed that 10-week supplementation with KGM significantly reduced partial adipose tissue weight and body weight, and improved glucose tolerance. Compared to the HF group, plasma lipid concentrations in the HFK group were greatly decreased to the control level. Moreover, transcriptomic research has shown that genes that are mainly associated with energy and lipid metabolism are significantly altered in iWAT. Mechanistically, KGM stimulated thermogenesis by promoting the expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) and the β3-adrenergic receptor (ADR3β). Taken together, our results suggest that dietary supplementation with konjac glucomannan can effectively alleviate obesity induced by a high-fat diet by activating ADR3β-mediated iWAT thermogenesis. Dietary supplementation with KGM can effectively alleviate high fat diet- induced obesity mice by via activating ADR3β-mediated thermogenesis of iWAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, China
- Tibetan Traditional Medicine College, Lhasa, 850000, Xizang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ma Mi
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingjia Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanzhou Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Bu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yijun Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu, China.
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48
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Weidlinger S, Winterberger K, Pape J, Weidlinger M, Janka H, von Wolff M, Stute P. Impact of estrogens on resting energy expenditure: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13605. [PMID: 37544655 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The fear of weight gain is one of the main reasons for women not to initiate or to early discontinue hormonal contraception or menopausal hormone therapy. Resting energy expenditure is by far the largest component and the most important determinant of total energy expenditure. Given that low resting energy expenditure is a confirmed predictive factor for weight gain and consecutively for the development of obesity, research into the influence of sex steroids on resting energy expenditure is a particularly exciting area. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of medication with natural and synthetic estrogens on resting energy expenditure in healthy normal weight and overweight women. Through complex systematic literature searches, a total of 10 studies were identified that investigated the effects of medication with estrogens on resting energy expenditure. Our results demonstrate that estrogen administration increases resting energy expenditure by up to +208 kcal per day in the context of contraception and by up to +222 kcal per day in the context of menopausal hormone therapy, suggesting a preventive effect of circulating estrogen levels and estrogen administration on weight gain and obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Weidlinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Winterberger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janna Pape
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Heidrun Janka
- Medical Library, University Library Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael von Wolff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Petra Stute
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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49
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Mohan MS, Aswani SS, Aparna NS, Boban PT, Sudhakaran PR, Saja K. Effect of acute cold exposure on cardiac mitochondrial function: role of sirtuins. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2257-2270. [PMID: 36781815 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac function depends mainly on mitochondrial metabolism. Cold conditions increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases by increasing blood pressure. Adaptive thermogenesis leads to increased mitochondrial biogenesis and function in skeletal muscles and adipocytes. Here, we studied the effect of acute cold exposure on cardiac mitochondrial function and its regulation by sirtuins. Significant increase in mitochondrial DNA copy number as measured by the ratio between mitochondrial-coded COX-II and nuclear-coded cyclophilin A gene expression by qRT-PCR and increase in the expression of PGC-1α, a mitochondriogenic factor and its downstream target NRF-1 were observed on cold exposure. This was associated with an increase in the activity of SIRT-1, which is known to activate PGC-1α. Mitochondrial SIRT-3 was also upregulated. Increase in sirtuin activity was reflected in total protein acetylome, which decreased in cold-exposed cardiac tissue. An increase in mitochondrial MnSOD further indicated enhanced mitochondrial function. Further evidence for this was obtained from ex vivo studies of cardiac tissue treated with norepinephrine, which caused a significant increase in mitochondrial MnSOD and SIRT-3. SIRT-3 appears to mediate the regulation of MnSOD, as treatment with AGK-7, a SIRT-3 inhibitor reversed the norepinephrine-induced upregulation of MnSOD. It, therefore, appears that SIRT-3 activation in response to SIRT-1-PGC-1α activation contributes to the regulation of cardiac mitochondrial activity during acute cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithra S Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - S S Aswani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - N S Aparna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - P T Boban
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - P R Sudhakaran
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - K Saja
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India.
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50
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Lynes MD, Huang Q, Cora C, Su SC, Yi P, Tseng YH. A CRISPR Screen Identifies the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Rfwd2 as a Negative Regulator of Glucose Uptake in Brown Adipocytes. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1865. [PMID: 37895214 PMCID: PMC10606202 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue activation increases energy expenditure and has been shown to improve glucose tolerance, making it a promising target for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Brown adipocytes differentiate into cells with multilocular lipid droplets, which can efficiently absorb and oxidize glucose; however, the mechanisms regulating these processes are not completely understood. We conducted a genome-wide loss-of-function screen using a CRISPR-based approach to identify genes that promote or inhibit adipogenesis and glucose uptake in brown adipocytes. We validated genes that negatively or positively regulated these pathways and verified that the E3-ubiquitin ligase Rfwd2 suppressed brown adipocyte glucose uptake. Brown adipocytes with CRISPR-targeted Rfwd2 deletion showed an altered proteomic landscape and increased basal, as well as insulin-stimulated, glucose uptake. These data reveal the complexity of genetic regulation of brown adipogenesis and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Lynes
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
- Department of Medicine, Maine Health, Portland, ME 04101, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Roux Institute at Northeastern University, Portland, ME 04101, USA
| | - Qian Huang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (Q.H.); (S.-C.S.)
| | - Carolina Cora
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Sheng-Chiang Su
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (Q.H.); (S.-C.S.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Peng Yi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (Q.H.); (S.-C.S.)
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (Q.H.); (S.-C.S.)
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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