1
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Ahmad Z, Kahloan W, Rosen ED. Transcriptional control of metabolism by interferon regulatory factors. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024:10.1038/s41574-024-00990-0. [PMID: 38769435 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-00990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) comprise a family of nine transcription factors in mammals. IRFs exert broad effects on almost all aspects of immunity but are best known for their role in the antiviral response. Over the past two decades, IRFs have been implicated in metabolic physiology and pathophysiology, partly as a result of their known functions in immune cells, but also because of direct actions in adipocytes, hepatocytes, myocytes and neurons. This Review focuses predominantly on IRF3 and IRF4, which have been the subject of the most intense investigation in this area. IRF3 is located in the cytosol and undergoes activation and nuclear translocation in response to various signals, including stimulation of Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors and the cGAS-STING pathways. IRF3 promotes weight gain, primarily by inhibiting adipose thermogenesis, and also induces inflammation and insulin resistance using both weight-dependent and weight-independent mechanisms. IRF4, meanwhile, is generally pro-thermogenic and anti-inflammatory and has profound effects on lipogenesis and lipolysis. Finally, new data are emerging on the role of other IRF family members in metabolic homeostasis. Taken together, data indicate that IRFs serve as critical yet underappreciated integrators of metabolic and inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunair Ahmad
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
| | - Wahab Kahloan
- AdventHealth Orlando Family Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Hijová E. Postbiotics as Metabolites and Their Biotherapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5441. [PMID: 38791478 PMCID: PMC11121590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the role of postbiotics, which may provide an underappreciated avenue doe promising therapeutic alternatives. The discovery of natural compounds obtained from microorganisms needs to be investigated in the future in terms of their effects on various metabolic disorders and molecular pathways, as well as modulation of the immune system and intestinal microbiota in children and adults. However, further studies and efforts are needed to evaluate and describe new postbiotics. This review provides available knowledge that may assist future research in identifying new postbiotics and uncovering additional mechanisms to combat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emília Hijová
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
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3
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Mishra N, Garg A, Ashique S, Bhatt S. Potential of postbiotics for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103921. [PMID: 38382867 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Postbiotics, the next generation of probiotics, are extracts that are free of living and nonviable bacteria and show strong modulatory effects on the gut flora. Examples include vitamin B12, vitamin K, folate, lipopolysaccharides, enzymes, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), representing a subset of essential nutrients commonly found in the human diet. Postbiotics have been observed to demonstrate antiobesity and antidiabetic effects through a variety of mechanisms. These pathways primarily involve an elevation in energy expenditure, a decrease in the formation and differentiation of adipocytes and food intake, modification of lipid and carbohydrate absorption and metabolism, and regulation of gut dysbiosis. Based on these above effects and mechanisms, the use of postbiotics can be considered as potential strategy for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Mishra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior 474005, India
| | - Ashish Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Guru RamdasKhalsa Institute of Science and Technology (Pharmacy), Jabalpur 483001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India
| | - Shvetank Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India.
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4
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Yan R, Zeng X, Shen J, Wu Z, Guo Y, Du Q, Tu M, Pan D. New clues for postbiotics to improve host health: a review from the perspective of function and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38450745 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Strain activity and stability severely limit the beneficial effects of probiotics in modulating host health. Postbiotics have emerged as a promising alternative as they can provide similar or even enhanced efficacy to probiotics, even under inactivated conditions. This review introduces the ingredients, preparation, and identification techniques of postbiotics, focusing on the comparison of the advantages and limitations between probiotics and postbiotics based on their mechanisms and applications. Inactivation treatment is the most significant difference between postbiotics and probiotics. We highlight the use of emerging technologies to inactivate probiotics, optimize process conditions to maintain the activity of postbiotics, or scale up their production. Postbiotics have high stability which can overcome unfavorable factors, such as easy inactivation and difficult colonization of probiotics after entering the intestine, and are rapidly activated, allowing continuous and rapid optimization of the intestinal microecological environment. They provide unique mechanisms, and multiple targets act on the gut-organ axis, co-providing new clues for the study of the biological functions of postbiotics. We summarize the mechanisms of action of inactivated lactic acid bacteria, highlighting that the NF-κB and MAPK pathways can be used as immune targeting pathways for postbiotic modulation of host health. Generally, we believe that as the classification, composition, and efficacy mechanism of postbiotics become clearer they will be more widely used in food, medicine, and other fields, greatly enriching the dimensions of food innovation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Insititute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Insititute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiamin Shen
- Zhejiang Shenjinji Food Technology Co., LTD, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Insititute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiwei Du
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Insititute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Maolin Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Insititute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Insititute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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5
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Okai N, Masuta Y, Otsuka Y, Hara A, Masaki S, Kamata K, Minaga K, Honjo H, Kudo M, Watanabe T. Crosstalk between NOD2 and TLR2 suppresses the development of TLR2-mediated experimental colitis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2024; 74:146-153. [PMID: 38510686 PMCID: PMC10948350 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular sensor for muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a degradation product of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (PGN). PGN stimulates cell-surface Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) independently of NOD2, indicating the presence of crosstalk between extracellular TLR2 and intracellular NOD2 upon exposure to PGN. NOD2-deficient mice were sensitive, while TLR2-deficient mice were resistant to experimental colitis induced by intrarectal administration of PGN. Severe colitis in NOD2-deficient mice was accompanied by increased expression of nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent cytokines and decreased expression of autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1). MDP activation of NOD2 enhanced autophagy mediated by TLR2 in human dendritic cells. mRNA expression of TLR2 tended to be higher in the colonic mucosa of patients with active ulcerative colitis compared to that of those in remission. Induction of remission was associated with increased mRNA expression of ATG16L1 in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients. Conversely, mRNA expression of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 was higher in the inflammatory colonic mucosa of patients with active disease than in the non-inflamed mucosa of patients in remission, in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. These findings highlight the role of NOD2-TLR2 crosstalk in the immunopathogenesis of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Okai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Masuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuo Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Akane Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Sho Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hajime Honjo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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6
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Apalowo OE, Adegoye GA, Obuotor TM. Microbial-Based Bioactive Compounds to Alleviate Inflammation in Obesity. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1810-1831. [PMID: 38534735 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of obesity with several other metabolic disorders, including diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, has reached global pandemic proportions. Lifestyle changes may result in a persistent positive energy balance, hastening the onset of these age-related disorders and consequently leading to a diminished lifespan. Although suggestions have been raised on the possible link between obesity and the gut microbiota, progress has been hampered due to the extensive diversity and complexities of the gut microbiota. Being recognized as a potential biomarker owing to its pivotal role in metabolic activities, the dysregulation of the gut microbiota can give rise to a persistent low-grade inflammatory state associated with chronic diseases during aging. This chronic inflammatory state, also known as inflammaging, induced by the chronic activation of the innate immune system via the macrophage, is controlled by the gut microbiota, which links nutrition, metabolism, and the innate immune response. Here, we present the functional roles of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics as bioactive compounds by underscoring their putative contributions to (1) the reduction in gut hyperpermeability due to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inactivation, (2) increased intestinal barrier function as a consequence of the upregulation of tight junction proteins, and (3) inhibition of proinflammatory pathways, overall leading to the alleviation of chronic inflammation in the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladayo Emmanuel Apalowo
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Grace Adeola Adegoye
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
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7
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Li C, Ouyang Z, Huang Y, Lin S, Li S, Xu J, Liu T, Wu J, Guo P, Chen Z, Wu H, Ding Y. NOD2 attenuates osteoarthritis via reprogramming the activation of synovial macrophages. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:249. [PMID: 38124066 PMCID: PMC10731717 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synovial inflammation, which precedes other pathological changes in osteoarthritis (OA), is primarily initiated by activation and M1 polarization of macrophages. While macrophages play a pivotal role in the inflammatory process of OA, the mechanisms underlying their activation and polarization remain incompletely elucidated. This study aims to investigate the role of NOD2 as a reciprocal modulator of HMGB1/TLR4 signaling in macrophage activation and polarization during OA pathogenesis. DESIGN We examined NOD2 expression in the synovium and determined the impact of NOD2 on macrophage activation and polarization by knockdown and overexpression models in vitro. Paracrine effect of macrophages on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and chondrocytes was evaluated under conditions of NOD2 overexpression. Additionally, the in vivo effect of NOD2 was assessed using collagenase VII induced OA model in mice. RESULTS Expression of NOD2 was elevated in osteoarthritic synovium. In vitro experiments demonstrated that NOD2 serves as a negative regulator of HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathway. Furthermore, NOD2 overexpression hampered the inflammatory paracrine effect of macrophages on FLS and chondrocytes. In vivo experiments revealed that NOD2 overexpression mitigated OA in mice. CONCLUSIONS Supported by convincing evidence on the inhibitory role of NOD2 in modulating the activation and M1 polarization of synovial macrophages, this study provided novel insights into the involvement of innate immunity in OA pathogenesis and highlighted NOD2 as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchuan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhuji Ouyang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yuhsi Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Sipeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Shixun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Taihe Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jionglin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Peidong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Haoyu Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yue Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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8
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Lethier M, Huard K, Hons M, Favier A, Brutscher B, Boeri Erba E, Abbott DW, Cusack S, Pellegrini E. Structure shows that the BIR2 domain of E3 ligase XIAP binds across the RIPK2 kinase dimer interface. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201784. [PMID: 37673444 PMCID: PMC10485824 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RIPK2 is an essential adaptor for NOD signalling and its kinase domain is a drug target for NOD-related diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease. However, recent work indicates that the phosphorylation activity of RIPK2 is dispensable for signalling and that inhibitors of both RIPK2 activity and RIPK2 ubiquitination prevent the essential interaction between RIPK2 and the BIR2 domain of XIAP, the key RIPK2 ubiquitin E3 ligase. Moreover, XIAP BIR2 antagonists also block this interaction. To reveal the molecular mechanisms involved, we combined native mass spectrometry, NMR, and cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of the RIPK2 kinase BIR2 domain complex and validated the interface with in cellulo assays. The structure shows that BIR2 binds across the RIPK2 kinase antiparallel dimer and provides an explanation for both inhibitory mechanisms. It also highlights why phosphorylation of the kinase activation loop is dispensable for signalling while revealing the structural role of RIPK2-K209 residue in the RIPK2-XIAP BIR2 interaction. Our results clarify the features of the RIPK2 conformation essential for its role as a scaffold protein for ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Lethier
- https://ror.org/01zjc6908 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
| | - Karine Huard
- https://ror.org/01zjc6908 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Hons
- https://ror.org/01zjc6908 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
| | - Adrien Favier
- University Grenoble Alpes, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Bernhard Brutscher
- University Grenoble Alpes, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Elisabetta Boeri Erba
- University Grenoble Alpes, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stephen Cusack
- https://ror.org/01zjc6908 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
| | - Erika Pellegrini
- https://ror.org/01zjc6908 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
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9
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Yin R, Wang T, Dai H, Han J, Sun J, Liu N, Dong W, Zhong J, Liu H. Immunogenic molecules associated with gut bacterial cell walls: chemical structures, immune-modulating functions, and mechanisms. Protein Cell 2023; 14:776-785. [PMID: 37013853 PMCID: PMC10599643 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between gut microbiome and host immune system are fundamental to maintaining the intestinal mucosal barrier and homeostasis. At the host-gut microbiome interface, cell wall-derived molecules from gut commensal bacteria have been reported to play a pivotal role in training and remodeling host immune responses. In this article, we review gut bacterial cell wall-derived molecules with characterized chemical structures, including peptidoglycan and lipid-related molecules that impact host health and disease processes via regulating innate and adaptive immunity. Also, we aim to discuss the structures, immune responses, and underlying mechanisms of these immunogenic molecules. Based on current advances, we propose cell wall-derived components as important sources of medicinal agents for the treatment of infection and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruopeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huanqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingzu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Wu W, Chen Z, Han J, Qian L, Wang W, Lei J, Wang H. Endocrine, genetic, and microbiome nexus of obesity and potential role of postbiotics: a narrative review. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:84. [PMID: 37861729 PMCID: PMC10589153 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01593-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a public health crisis, presenting a huge burden on health care and the economic system in both developed and developing countries. According to the WHO's latest report on obesity, 39% of adults of age 18 and above are obese, with an increase of 18% compared to the last few decades. Metabolic energy imbalance due to contemporary lifestyle, changes in gut microbiota, hormonal imbalance, inherent genetics, and epigenetics is a major contributory factor to this crisis. Multiple studies have shown that probiotics and their metabolites (postbiotics) supplementation have an effect on obesity-related effects in vitro, in vivo, and in human clinical investigations. Postbiotics such as the SCFAs suppress obesity by regulating metabolic hormones such as GLP-1, and PPY thus reducing feed intake and suppressing appetite. Furthermore, muramyl di-peptides, bacteriocins, and LPS have been tested against obesity and yielded promising results in both human and mice studies. These insights provide an overview of targetable pharmacological sites and explore new opportunities for the safer use of postbiotics against obesity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, 215500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Changshu First People's Hospital, Changshu, 215501, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiani Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, 215500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, 215500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanqiu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, 215500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacai Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310005, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaguan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310005, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Dixon CL, Wu A, Fairn GD. Multifaceted roles and regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing proteins. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242659. [PMID: 37869013 PMCID: PMC10585062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins, NOD1 and NOD2, are cytosolic receptors that recognize dipeptides and tripeptides derived from the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan (PGN). During the past two decades, studies have revealed several roles for NODs beyond detecting PGN fragments, including activation of an innate immune anti-viral response, NOD-mediated autophagy, and ER stress induced inflammation. Recent studies have also clarified the dynamic regulation of NODs at cellular membranes to generate specific and balanced immune responses. This review will describe how NOD1 and NOD2 detect microbes and cellular stress and detail the molecular mechanisms that regulate activation and signaling while highlighting new evidence and the impact on inflammatory disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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12
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Arellano-García L, Macarulla MT, Cuevas-Sierra A, Martínez JA, Portillo MP, Milton-Laskibar I. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG administration partially prevents diet-induced insulin resistance in rats: a comparison with its heat-inactivated parabiotic. Food Funct 2023; 14:8865-8875. [PMID: 37698059 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01307c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are obesity-related health alterations, featuring an ever-increasing prevalence. Besides inadequate feeding patterns, gut microbiota alterations stand out as potential contributors to these metabolic disturbances. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the administration of a probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) effectively prevents diet-induced insulin resistance in rats and to compare these potential effects with those exerted by its heat-inactivated parabiotic. For this purpose, 34 male Wistar rats were fed a standard or a high-fat high-fructose diet, alone or supplemented with viable or heat-inactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. The body and white adipose tissue weight increases, induced by the obesogenic diet, were prevented by probiotic and parabiotic administration. The trend towards higher basal glucose levels and significantly higher serum insulin concentration observed in the non-treated animals fed with the obesogenic diet were effectively reverted by both treatments. Similar results were also found for serum adiponectin and leptin, whose levels were brought back by the probiotic and parabiotic administration to values similar to those of the control animals. Noteworthily, parabiotic administration significantly reduced skeletal muscle triglyceride content and activated CPT-1b compared to the non-treated animals. Finally, both treatments enhanced Akt and AS160 phosphorylation in the skeletal muscle compared to the non-treated animals; however, only parabiotic administration increased GLUT-4 protein expression in this tissue. These results suggest that heat-inactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG seem to be more effective than its probiotic of origin in preventing high-fat high-fructose diet-induced insulin resistance in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Arellano-García
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Lucio Lascaray Research Centre, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - M T Macarulla
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Lucio Lascaray Research Centre, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain
- BIOARABA Health Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - A Cuevas-Sierra
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Martínez
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M P Portillo
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Lucio Lascaray Research Centre, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain
- BIOARABA Health Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - I Milton-Laskibar
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Lucio Lascaray Research Centre, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain
- BIOARABA Health Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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13
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Cho S, Ying F, Sweeney G. Sterile inflammation and the NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiometabolic disease. Biomed J 2023; 46:100624. [PMID: 37336361 PMCID: PMC10539878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases. Sterile inflammation, a non-infectious and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-induced innate response, is now well-established to be closely associated with development and progression of cardiometabolic diseases. The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is well-established as a major player in sterile inflammatory responses. It is a multimeric cytosolic protein complex which regulates the activation of caspase-1 and subsequently promotes cleavage and release of interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines, which have a deleterious impact on the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Therefore, targeting NLRP3 itself or the downstream consequences of NLRP3 activation represent excellent potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we review our current understanding of the role which NLRP3 inflammasome regulation plays in cardiometabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathy. Finally, we highlight the potential of targeting NLPR3 or related signaling molecules as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungji Cho
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fan Ying
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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14
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Rodrigues E-Lacerda R, Fang H, Robin N, Bhatwa A, Marko DM, Schertzer JD. Microbiota and Nod-like receptors balance inflammation and metabolism during obesity and diabetes. Biomed J 2023; 46:100610. [PMID: 37263539 PMCID: PMC10505681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota influence host immunity and metabolism during obesity. Bacterial sensors of the innate immune system relay signals from specific bacterial components (i.e., postbiotics) that can have opposing outcomes on host metabolic inflammation. NOD-like receptors (NLRs) such as Nod1 and Nod2 both recruit receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) but have opposite effects on blood glucose control. Nod1 connects bacterial cell wall-derived signals to metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance, whereas Nod2 can promote immune tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and better blood glucose control during obesity. NLR family pyrin domain containing (NLRP) inflammasomes can also generate divergent metabolic outcomes. NLRP1 protects against obesity and metabolic inflammation potentially because of a bias toward IL-18 regulation, whereas NLRP3 appears to have a bias toward IL-1β-mediated metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance. Targeting specific postbiotics that improve immunometabolism is a key goal. The Nod2 ligand, muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a short-acting insulin sensitizer during obesity or during inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stress. LPS with underacylated lipid-A antagonizes TLR4 and counteracts the metabolic effects of inflammatory LPS. Providing underacylated LPS derived from Rhodobacter sphaeroides improved insulin sensitivity in obese mice. Therefore, certain types of LPS can generate metabolically beneficial metabolic endotoxemia. Engaging protective adaptive immunoglobulin immune responses can also improve blood glucose during obesity. A bacterial vaccine approach using an extract of the entire bacterial community in the upper gut promotes protective adaptive immune response and long-lasting improvements in blood glucose control. A key future goal is to identify and combine postbiotics that cooperate to improve blood glucose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Rodrigues E-Lacerda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, And Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Han Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, And Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nazli Robin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, And Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arshpreet Bhatwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, And Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel M Marko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, And Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, And Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Penchuk Y, Savytska M, Kobyliak N, Ostapchenko D, Kolodiy I, Onysenko S, Tsyryuk O, Korotkyi O, Grygoriev F, Falalyeyeva T. Antimicrobial activity of dietary supplements based on bacterial lysate of Lactobacillus rhamnosus DV. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1211952. [PMID: 37692171 PMCID: PMC10492581 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1211952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction According to WHO, antibiotic resistance is increasing to hazardous levels worldwide. Candidiasis often occurs after taking antibiotics. Therefore, antibiotic resistance is a global problem and searching for antibacterial agents is necessary. Aim To determine the antimicrobial activity of bacterial lysate of Lactobacillus (L.) rhamnosus DV separately and with plant extracts against bacterial and yeast test cultures. Material and methods Antimicrobial activity of Del-Immune V® (cell wall and DNA fragments from a L. rhamnosus DV) separately and with cinnamon, beetroot, and blackcurrant extracts was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Twofold serial dilutions determined the MIC in previously prepared meat-peptone broth (MPB) for bacteria and liquid wort for yeast. In the study, gram-negative (Escherichia coli IEM-1, Proteus vulgaris PА-12, Pseudomonas sp. MI-2, L. rhamnosus 13/2) and gram-positive (Bacillus (B.) subtilis BТ-2, Staphylococcus aureus BМС-1) bacteria, as well as yeast (Candida (C.) albicans D-6, C. tropicalis PE-2, C. utilis BVS-65) were used as test cultures. Results The MIC for the studied bacterial test cultures after application of L. rhamnosus DV bacterial lysates was from 1.0 ± 0.05 mg/mL to 12.5 ± 0.63 mg/mL, which was significantly less than that of the thermally inactivated control (MIC from 125.0 ± 6.25 mg/mL to 250.0 ± 12.5 mg/mL). B. subtilis BT-2 culture was the least sensitive to the action of the bacterial lysate (MIC-12.5 ± 0.63 mg/mL). It showed the best antibacterial and antifungal effect bacterial lysate with the phytonutrient blackcurrant. Conclusions It was demonstrated that bacterial lysate of lactic acid bacteria L. rhamnosus DV exhibits antibacterial and antifungal properties during direct contact with pathogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii Penchuk
- Educational and Scientific Centre, Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maryana Savytska
- Department of Normal Physiology Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Nazarii Kobyliak
- Endocrinology Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Scientific Department, Medical Laboratory CSD, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Danylo Ostapchenko
- Educational and Scientific Centre, Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Igor Kolodiy
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National University of Food Technologies, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Onysenko
- Educational and Scientific Centre, Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena Tsyryuk
- Educational and Scientific Centre, Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Korotkyi
- Educational and Scientific Centre, Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Tetyana Falalyeyeva
- Educational and Scientific Centre, Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Scientific Department, Medical Laboratory CSD, Kyiv, Ukraine
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16
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Shehat MG, Miller MH, Calder AN, Gilbertson TA, Tigno-Aranjuez JT. Dietary fat differentially modulates the response of bone marrow-derived macrophages to TLR4 and NOD2 agonists. Innate Immun 2023; 29:122-131. [PMID: 37545346 PMCID: PMC10468623 DOI: 10.1177/17534259231193926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of diets high in fat has been linked to the development of obesity and related metabolic complications. Such associations originate from the enhanced, chronic, low-grade inflammation mediated by macrophages in response to translocated bacteria, bacterial products, or dietary constituents such as fatty acids (FAs). Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain 2 (NOD2) senses muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a component of bacterial peptidoglycan. The inability to sense peptidoglycan through NOD2 has been demonstrated to lead to dysbiosis, increased bacterial translocation, inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Currently, it is unknown how consumption of HFDs with different FA compositions might influence NOD2-dependent responses. In this study, we subjected WT mice to a control diet or to HFDs comprised of various ratios of unsaturated to saturated fats and determined the macrophage response to TLR4 and NOD2 agonists. A HFD with equal ratios of saturated and unsaturated fats enhanced subsequent responsiveness of macrophages to LPS but not to MDP. However, a high-unsaturated fat diet (HUFD) or a high-saturated fat diet (HSFD) both decreased the responsiveness to NOD2 agonists compared to that observed in control diet (CD) fed mice. These data suggest that dietary fatty acid composition can influence the subsequent macrophage responsiveness to bacterial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Shehat
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Madelyn H. Miller
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ashley N. Calder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Justine T. Tigno-Aranjuez
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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17
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Dini I, Mancusi A. Weight Loss Supplements. Molecules 2023; 28:5357. [PMID: 37513229 PMCID: PMC10384751 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Being overweight or obese can predispose people to chronic diseases and metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular illnesses, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer, which are costly public health problems and leading causes of mortality worldwide. Many people hope to solve this problem by using food supplements, as they can be self-prescribed, contain molecules of natural origin considered to be incapable of causing damage to health, and the only sacrifice they require is economic. The market offers supplements containing food plant-derived molecules (e.g., primary and secondary metabolites, vitamins, and fibers), microbes (probiotics), and microbial-derived fractions (postbiotics). They can control lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, reduce appetite (interacting with the central nervous system) and adipogenesis, influence intestinal microbiota activity, and increase energy expenditure. Unfortunately, the copious choice of products and different legislation on food supplements worldwide can confuse consumers. This review summarizes the activity and toxicity of dietary supplements for weight control to clarify their potentiality and adverse reactions. A lack of research regarding commercially available supplements has been noted. Supplements containing postbiotic moieties are of particular interest. They are easier to store and transport and are safe even for people with a deficient immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Dini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancusi
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy
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18
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Ciarambino T, Crispino P, Leto G, Minervini G, Para O, Giordano M. Microbiota and Glucidic Metabolism: A Link with Multiple Aspects and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10409. [PMID: 37373556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of overweight and obesity has dramatically increased in the last few decades, with a significant socioeconomic burden. In this narrative review, we include clinical studies aiming to provide the necessary knowledge on the role of the gut microbiota in the development of diabetic pathology and glucose-metabolism-related disorders. In particular, the role of a certain microbial composition of the fermentative type seems to emerge without a specific link to the development in certain subjects of obesity and the chronic inflammation of the adipose tissues, which underlies the pathological development of all the diseases related to glucose metabolism and metabolic syndrome. The gut microbiota plays an important role in glucose tolerance. Conclusion. New knowledge and new information is presented on the development of individualized therapies for patients affected by all the conditions related to reduced glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Ciarambino
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Marcianise, ASL Caserta, 81037 Caserta, Italy
| | - Pietro Crispino
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Latina, ASL Latina, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Gaetano Leto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Minervini
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Lagonegro, AOR San Carlo, 85042 Lagonegro, Italy
| | - Ombretta Para
- Internal Emergency Department, Hospital of Careggi, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Mauro Giordano
- Department of Medical Science, University of Campania, L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Naples, Italy
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Bauer S, Hezinger L, Rexhepi F, Ramanathan S, Kufer TA. NOD-like Receptors-Emerging Links to Obesity and Associated Morbidities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108595. [PMID: 37239938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated metabolic morbidities have been and still are on the rise, posing a major challenge to health care systems worldwide. It has become evident over the last decades that a low-grade inflammatory response, primarily proceeding from the adipose tissue (AT), essentially contributes to adiposity-associated comorbidities, most prominently insulin resistance (IR), atherosclerosis and liver diseases. In mouse models, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β and the imprinting of immune cells to a pro-inflammatory phenotype in AT play an important role. However, the underlying genetic and molecular determinants are not yet understood in detail. Recent evidence demonstrates that nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family proteins, a group of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRR), contribute to the development and control of obesity and obesity-associated inflammatory responses. In this article, we review the current state of research on the role of NLR proteins in obesity and discuss the possible mechanisms leading to and the outcomes of NLR activation in the obesity-associated morbidities IR, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and discuss emerging ideas about possibilities for NLR-based therapeutic interventions of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bauer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lucy Hezinger
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fjolla Rexhepi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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20
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Park SJ, Sharma A, Lee HJ. Postbiotics against Obesity: Perception and Overview Based on Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6414. [PMID: 37047387 PMCID: PMC10095054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are significant global public health concerns that are increasing in prevalence at an alarming rate. Numerous studies have demonstrated the benefits of probiotics against obesity. Postbiotics are the next generation of probiotics that include bacteria-free extracts and nonviable microorganisms that may be advantageous to the host and are being increasingly preferred over regular probiotics. However, the impact of postbiotics on obesity has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the goal of this review is to gather in-depth data on the ability of postbiotics to combat obesity. Postbiotics have been reported to have significant potential in alleviating obesity. This review comprehensively discusses the anti-obesity effects of postbiotics in cellular, animal, and clinical studies. Postbiotics exert anti-obesity effects via multiple mechanisms, with the major mechanisms including increased energy expenditure, reduced adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation, suppression of food intake, inhibition of lipid absorption, regulation of lipid metabolism, and regulation of gut dysbiosis. Future research should include further in-depth studies on strain identification, scale-up of postbiotics, identification of underlying mechanisms, and well-defined clinical studies. Postbiotics could be a promising dietary intervention for the prevention and management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Joo Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea;
- Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Anshul Sharma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea;
- Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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21
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Hijová E. Benefits of Biotics for Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076292. [PMID: 37047262 PMCID: PMC10093891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in many countries, and the better prevention and prediction of these diseases would be of great importance for individuals and society. Nutrition, the gut microbiota, and metabolism have raised much interest in the field of cardiovascular disease research in the search for the main mechanisms that promote cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the interactions between dietary nutrient intake and the gut microbiota-mediated metabolism may provide clinical insight in order to identify individuals at risk of cardiometabolic disease progression, as well as other potential therapeutic targets to mitigate the risk of cardiometabolic disease progression. The development of cardiometabolic diseases can be modulated by specific beneficial metabolites derived from bacteria. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the impact of these metabolites on human health and the possibilities of modulating their production with dietary supplements called biotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emília Hijová
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
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22
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Anhê FF, Zlitni S, Zhang SY, Choi BSY, Chen CY, Foley KP, Barra NG, Surette MG, Biertho L, Richard D, Tchernof A, Lam TKT, Marette A, Schertzer J. Human gut microbiota after bariatric surgery alters intestinal morphology and glucose absorption in mice independently of obesity. Gut 2023; 72:460-471. [PMID: 36008102 PMCID: PMC9933168 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) that changes gut microbial composition. We determined whether the gut microbiota in humans after restrictive or malabsorptive bariatric surgery was sufficient to lower blood glucose. DESIGN Women with obesity and T2D had biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) or laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Faecal samples from the same patient before and after each surgery were used to colonise rodents, and determinants of blood glucose control were assessed. RESULTS Glucose tolerance was improved in germ-free mice orally colonised for 7 weeks with human microbiota after either BPD-DS or LSG, whereas food intake, fat mass, insulin resistance, secretion and clearance were unchanged. Mice colonised with microbiota post-BPD-DS had lower villus height/width and crypt depth in the distal jejunum and lower intestinal glucose absorption. Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter (Sglt)1 abrogated microbiota-transmissible improvements in blood glucose control in mice. In specific pathogen-free (SPF) rats, intrajejunal colonisation for 4 weeks with microbiota post-BPD-DS was sufficient to improve blood glucose control, which was negated after intrajejunal Sglt-1 inhibition. Higher Parabacteroides and lower Blautia coincided with improvements in blood glucose control after colonisation with human bacteria post-BPD-DS and LSG. CONCLUSION Exposure of rodents to human gut microbiota after restrictive or malabsorptive bariatric surgery improves glycaemic control. The gut microbiota after bariatric surgery is a standalone factor that alters upper gut intestinal morphology and lowers Sglt1-mediated intestinal glucose absorption, which improves blood glucose control independently from changes in obesity, insulin or insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F Anhê
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, and Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Soumaya Zlitni
- Department of Genetics and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Béatrice So-Yun Choi
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cassandra Y Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, and Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin P Foley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, and Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole G Barra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, and Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Surette
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, and Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.,School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andre Marette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, and Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Schwarzer M, Gautam UK, Makki K, Lambert A, Brabec T, Joly A, Šrůtková D, Poinsot P, Novotná T, Geoffroy S, Courtin P, Hermanová PP, Matos RC, Landry JJM, Gérard C, Bulteau AL, Hudcovic T, Kozáková H, Filipp D, Chapot-Chartier MP, Šinkora M, Peretti N, Boneca IG, Chamaillard M, Vidal H, De Vadder F, Leulier F. Microbe-mediated intestinal NOD2 stimulation improves linear growth of undernourished infant mice. Science 2023; 379:826-833. [PMID: 36821686 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade9767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is known to influence postnatal growth. We previously found that a strain of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (strain LpWJL) buffers the adverse effects of chronic undernutrition on the growth of juvenile germ-free mice. Here, we report that LpWJL sustains the postnatal growth of malnourished conventional animals and supports both insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin production and activity. We have identified cell walls isolated from LpWJL, as well as muramyl dipeptide and mifamurtide, as sufficient cues to stimulate animal growth despite undernutrition. Further, we found that NOD2 is necessary in intestinal epithelial cells for LpWJL-mediated IGF-1 production and for postnatal growth promotion in malnourished conventional animals. These findings indicate that, coupled with renutrition, bacteria cell walls or purified NOD2 ligands have the potential to alleviate stunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Umesh Kumar Gautam
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Kassem Makki
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Anne Lambert
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Tomáš Brabec
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amélie Joly
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Dagmar Šrůtková
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Pierre Poinsot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Univ Lyon, Hospices Civil de Lyon, Gastro-enterology and Pediatric Nutrition, Hôpital Femme Mere Enfant, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Tereza Novotná
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphanie Geoffroy
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Courtin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Petra Petr Hermanová
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Renata C Matos
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan J M Landry
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Céline Gérard
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Anne-Laure Bulteau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Tomáš Hudcovic
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kozáková
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Filipp
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Marek Šinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Noël Peretti
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Univ Lyon, Hospices Civil de Lyon, Gastro-enterology and Pediatric Nutrition, Hôpital Femme Mere Enfant, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Hubert Vidal
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Filipe De Vadder
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - François Leulier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
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24
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Masuta Y, Minaga K, Kurimoto M, Sekai I, Hara A, Omaru N, Okai N, Otsuka Y, Takada R, Yoshikawa T, Masaki S, Kamata K, Honjo H, Arai Y, Yamashita K, Kudo M, Watanabe T. Activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 by muramyl dipeptide negatively regulates Toll-like receptor 9-mediated colonic inflammation through the induction of deubiquitinating enzyme A expression. Int Immunol 2023; 35:79-94. [PMID: 36171063 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) are associated with Crohn's disease (CD). Although NOD2 activation contributes to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis through the negative regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the effects of NOD2 activation on interferon (IFN)-α responses induced by TLR9 have been poorly defined. To explore the cross-talk between NOD2 and TLR9, human monocytes or dendritic cells (DCs) were stimulated with NOD2 and/or TLR9 ligands to measure IFN-α production. The severity of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis was compared in mice treated with NOD2 and/or TLR9 ligands. Expression of IFN-α and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) was examined in the colonic mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). NOD2 activation reduced TLR9-induced IFN-α production by monocytes and DCs in a deubiquitinating enzyme A (DUBA)-dependent manner. Activation of DUBA induced by the co-stimulation of TLR9 and NOD2 inhibited Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3 and suppressed TLR9-mediated IFN-α production. NOD2 activation in hematopoietic cells protected mice from TLR9-induced exacerbation of DSS-induced colitis by down-regulating IFN-α responses and up-regulating DUBA expression. Colonic mucosa of patients with active and remitted IBD phases was characterized by the enhanced and reduced expression of ISGs, respectively. Expression levels of IFN-α and IL-6 positively correlated in the active colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis and CD, whereas DUBA expression inversely correlated with that of IFN-α in patients with CD. Collectively, these data suggest that DUBA-dependent negative effect of NOD2 on TLR9-mediated IFN-α responses contributes to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Masuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ikue Sekai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Akane Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Naoya Omaru
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Natsuki Okai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuo Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Takada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoe Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Sho Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hajime Honjo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Arai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamashita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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25
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Abstract
The contribution of dysbiotic gut microbiota configuration is essential when making reference to the metabolic disorders by increasing energy. It is important to understand that the gut microbiota induced metabolic disease mechanisms and inflammations. Thus it is imperative to have an insight into the state of all chronic subclinical inflammations influencing disease outcomes. However, from the emerging studies, there still exist inconsistencies in the findings of such studies. While making the best out of the reasons for inconsistencies of the findings, this review is designed to make a clear spell out as to the inconsistence of gut microbiota with respect to diabetes. It considered gut-virome alterations and diabetes and gut-bacteriome-gut-virome-alterations and diabetes as confounding factors. The review further explained some study design strategies that will spontaneously eliminate any potential confounding factors to lead to a more evidence based diabetic-gut microbiota medicine. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pro-inflammatory, metabolic endotoxemia and diet/gut microbiota insulin-resistance and low-grade systemic inflammation induced by gut microbiota can trigger pro-inflammatory cytokines in insulin-resistance, consequently, leading to the diabetic condition. While diet influences the gut microbiota, the consequences are mainly the constant high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the circulatory system. Of recent, dietary natural products have been shown to be anti-diabetic. The effects of resveratrol on the gut showed an improved lipid profile, anti-inflammatory properties and ameliorated the endotoxemia, tight junction and glucose intolerance.
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26
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Bajinka O, Sylvain Dovi K, Simbilyabo L, Conteh I, Tan Y. The predicted mechanisms and evidence of probiotics on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-16. [PMID: 36630122 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2022.2163260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious endocrine and metabolic disease that is highly prevalent and causes high mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. This review aims to focus on the potential of probiotics in the management of T2DM and its complications and to summarise the various mechanisms of action of probiotics with respect to T2DM. In this review, experimental studies conducted between 2016 and 2022 were explored. The possible mechanisms of action are based on their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, boost the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and glucagon-like peptides, inhibit α-glucosidase, elevate sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) levels while reducing fetuin-A levels, and regulate the level of inflammatory cytokines. This review recommends carrying out further studies, especially human trials, to provide robust evidence-based knowledge on the use of probiotics for the treatment of T2DM.IMPACT STATEMENTT2DM is prevalent worldwide causing high rates of morbidity and mortality.Gut microbiota play a significant role in the pathogenesis of T2DM.Probiotics can be used as possible therapeutic tools for the management of T2DM.The possible mechanisms of action of probiotics include modulation of the gut microbiota, production of SCFAs and glucagon-like peptides, inhibition of α-glucosidase, raising SIRT1, reducing fetuin-A levels, and regulating the level of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousman Bajinka
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kodzovi Sylvain Dovi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lucette Simbilyabo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ishmail Conteh
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of public health central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yurong Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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27
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The Importance of the Microbiota in Shaping Women’s Health—The Current State of Knowledge. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
According to current knowledge, a properly colonized human microbiota contributes to the proper functioning of the body. The composition of the natural flora changes depending on age, health, living conditions, and the use of antimicrobial agents: antibiotics, disinfectants, and some cosmetics. The human body is diversely populated with microorganisms and undergoes constant changes under the influence of various factors, and its proper composition is extremely important for the proper functioning of the body. Given the above, it was decided that we would review current scientific research that explains the cause–effect relationship between the composition of microorganisms populating the human body and health, focusing on women’s health. As a result, an overview paper was prepared based on 109 scientific sources from 2009–2022. Special attention was paid to the most recent scientific studies of the last five years, which account for more than 75% of the cited sources.
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28
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Imrat, Labala RK, Behara AK, Jeyaram K. Selective extracellular secretion of small double-stranded RNA by Tetragenococcus halophilus. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 23:10. [PMID: 36542169 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Small double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) abundantly produced by lactic acid bacteria demonstrate immunomodulatory activity and antiviral protective immunity. However, the extracellular secretion of dsRNA from lactic acid bacteria and their compositional and functional differences compared to the intracellular dsRNA is unknown. In this study, we compared the intracellular and secreted extracellular dsRNA of the lactic acid bacteria, Tetragenococcus halophilus, commonly present in fermented foods, by growing in RNA-free and RNase-free media. We used RNA deep sequencing and in-silico analysis to annotate potential regulatory functions for the comparison. A time series sampling of T. halophilus culture demonstrated growth phase-dependent dynamics in extracellular dsRNA secretion with no major change in the intracellular dsRNA profile. The RNA deep sequencing resulted in thousands of diverse dsRNA fragments with 14-21 nucleotides in size from T. halophilus culture. Over 70% of the secreted extracellular dsRNAs were unique in their sequences compared to the intracellular dsRNAs. Furthermore, the extracellular dsRNA abundantly contains sequences that are not T. halophilus genome encoded, not detected intracellularly and showed higher hits on human transcriptome during in-silico analysis, which suggests the presence of extrachromosomal mobile regulatory elements. Further analysis showed significant enrichment of dsRNA target genes of human transcriptome on cancer pathways and transcription process, indicating the extracellular dsRNA of T. halophilus is different not only at the sequence level but also in function. Studying the bacterial extracellular dsRNA is a promising area of future research, particularly for developing postbiotic fermented functional foods and understanding the impact of commensal gut bacteria on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imrat
- Microbial Resources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat Institutional Area, Imphal, 795001, Manipur, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar Labala
- Microbial Resources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat Institutional Area, Imphal, 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Abhisek Kumar Behara
- Microbial Resources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat Institutional Area, Imphal, 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Kumaraswamy Jeyaram
- Microbial Resources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat Institutional Area, Imphal, 795001, Manipur, India.,IBSD Regional Centre, Tadong, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
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29
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Zhong Y, Wang T, Luo R, Liu J, Jin R, Peng X. Recent advances and potentiality of postbiotics in the food industry: Composition, inactivation methods, current applications in metabolic syndrome, and future trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022:1-25. [PMID: 36537328 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2158174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Postbiotics are defined as "preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host". Postbiotics have unique advantages over probiotics, such as stability, safety, and wide application. Although postbiotics are research hotspots, the research on them is still very limited. This review provides comprehensive information on the scope of postbiotics, the preparation methods of inanimate microorganisms, and the application and mechanisms of postbiotics in metabolic syndrome (MetS). Furthermore, the application trends of postbiotics in the food industry are reviewed. It was found that postbiotics mainly include inactivated microorganisms, microbial lysates, cell components, and metabolites. Thermal treatments are the main methods to prepare inanimate microorganisms as postbiotics, while non-thermal treatments, such as ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, ultrasound, and supercritical CO2, show great potential in postbiotic preparation. Postbiotics could ameliorate MetS through multiple pathways including the modulation of gut microbiota, the enhancement of intestinal barrier, the regulation of inflammation and immunity, and the modulation of hormone homeostasis. Additionally, postbiotics have great potential in the food industry as functional food supplements, food quality improvers, and food preservatives. In addition, the SWOT analyses showed that the development of postbiotics in the food industry exists both opportunities and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ruilin Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruyi Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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30
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Tao P, Ji J, Wang Q, Cui M, Cao M, Xu Y. The role and mechanism of gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty in the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1080456. [PMID: 36601125 PMCID: PMC9806165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1080456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), an emerging global health issue, is one of the most severe microvascular complications derived from diabetes and a primary pathology contributing to end-stage renal disease. The currently available treatment provides only symptomatic relief and has failed to delay the progression of DKD into chronic kidney disease. Recently, multiple studies have proposed a strong link between intestinal dysbiosis and the occurrence of DKD. The gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) capable of regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and energy metabolism have been considered versatile players in the prevention and treatment of DKD. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the intervention of the gut microbiota-kidney axis in the development of DKD still remains to be explored. This review provides insight into the contributory role of gut microbiota-derived SCFAs in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
| | - Mengmeng Cui
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University Taian, Taian, China,*Correspondence: Mingfeng Cao, ; Yuzhen Xu,
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China,*Correspondence: Mingfeng Cao, ; Yuzhen Xu,
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31
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You Y, Xiao Y, Lu Y, Du J, Cai H, Cai W, Yan W. Postbiotic muramyl dipeptide alleviates colitis via activating autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1052644. [PMID: 36506547 PMCID: PMC9727138 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1052644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of IBD is complicated and still unclear. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) plays a significant role in regulating gut inflammation under the activation of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), which is used as a postbiotic. The study aimed to investigate the effect of MDP on the intestinal barrier in colitis and the mechanism involved. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were challenged with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for establishing a colitis model with the pre-treatment of MDP in vivo. Intestinal permeability was reflected by detecting the serum concentration of 4 kDa Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-Dextran. The expression of inflammation, barrier-related proteins, and autophagy was tested by Western Blotting. Proliferation and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells were detected by immunohistochemistry. Caco-2 cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide for imitating inflammation in vitro. The findings showed that administration of MDP ameliorated losses of body weight loss, gross injury, and histology score of the colon in the DSS-induced colitis mice. MDP significantly ameliorated the condition of gut permeability, and promoted intestinal barrier repair by increasing the expression of Zonula occludens-1 and E-cadherin. Meanwhile, MDP promoted proliferation and reduced apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. In the experiment group treated with MDP, LC3 was upregulated, and p62 was downregulated, respectively. These results suggested that MDP stimulation attenuates intestinal inflammation both in vivo and in vitro. Potentially, MDP reduced the intestinal barrier damage by regulating autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells. Future trials investigating the effects of MDP-based postbiotics on IBD may be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaying You
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongtao Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Weihui Yan, ; Wei Cai,
| | - Weihui Yan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Weihui Yan, ; Wei Cai,
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Gao J, Zhao X, Hu S, Huang Z, Hu M, Jin S, Lu B, Sun K, Wang Z, Fu J, Weersma RK, He X, Zhou H. Gut microbial DL-endopeptidase alleviates Crohn's disease via the NOD2 pathway. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1435-1449.e9. [PMID: 36049483 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pattern-recognition receptor NOD2 senses bacterial muropeptides to regulate host immunity and maintain homeostasis. Loss-of-function mutations in NOD2 are associated with Crohn's disease (CD), but how the variations in microbial factors influence NOD2 signaling and host pathology is elusive. We demonstrate that the Firmicutes peptidoglycan remodeling enzyme, DL-endopeptidase, increased the NOD2 ligand level in the gut and impacted colitis outcomes. Metagenomic analyses of global cohorts (n = 857) revealed that DL-endopeptidase gene abundance decreased globally in CD patients and negatively correlated with colitis. Fecal microbiota from CD patients with low DL-endopeptidase activity predisposed mice to colitis. Administering DL-endopeptidase, but not an active site mutant, alleviated colitis via the NOD2 pathway. Therapeutically restoring NOD2 ligands with a DL-endopeptidase-producing Lactobacillus salivarius strain or mifamurtide, a clinical analog of muramyl dipeptide, exerted potent anti-colitis effects. Our study suggests that the depletion of DL-endopeptidase contributes to CD pathogenesis through NOD2 signaling, providing a therapeutically modifiable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Xinmei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Shixian Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Zhenhe Huang
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Mengyao Hu
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Shaoqin Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Bingyun Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands.
| | - Xiaolong He
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China; Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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Omaru N, Watanabe T, Kamata K, Minaga K, Kudo M. Activation of NOD1 and NOD2 in the development of liver injury and cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1004439. [PMID: 36268029 PMCID: PMC9577175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1004439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes and liver-resident antigen-presenting cells are exposed to microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and microbial metabolites, which reach the liver from the gut via the portal vein. MAMPs induce innate immune responses via the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), and NOD2. Such proinflammatory cytokine responses mediated by PRRs likely contribute to the development of chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as shown by the fact that activation of TLRs and subsequent production of IL-6 and TNF-α is required for the generation of chronic fibroinflammatory responses and hepatocarcinogenesis. Similar to TLRs, NOD1 and NOD2 recognize MAMPs derived from the intestinal bacteria. The association between the activation of NOD1/NOD2 and chronic liver diseases is poorly understood. Given that NOD1 and NOD2 can regulate proinflammatory cytokine responses mediated by TLRs both positively and negatively, it is likely that sensing of MAMPs by NOD1 and NOD2 affects the development of chronic liver diseases, including HCC. Indeed, recent studies have highlighted the importance of NOD1 and NOD2 activation in chronic liver disorders. Here, we summarize the roles of NOD1 and NOD2 in hepatocarcinogenesis and liver injury.
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The Biotics Family: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives in Metabolic Diseases. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12081263. [PMID: 36013442 PMCID: PMC9410396 DOI: 10.3390/life12081263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pose a major public health threat. Many studies have confirmed the causal relationship between risk factors and the etiopathogenesis of these diseases. Despite this, traditional therapeutic management methods such as physical education and diet have proven insufficient. Recently, researchers have focused on other potential pathways for explaining the pathophysiological variability of metabolic diseases, such as the involvement of the intestinal microbiota. An understanding of the relationship between the microbiome and metabolic diseases is a first step towards developing future therapeutic strategies. Currently, much attention is given to the use of biotics family members such as prebiotics (lactolose, soy oligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides or inulin) and probiotics (genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus, Streptococcus or Enterococcus). They can be used both separately and together as synbiotics. Due to their direct influence on the composition of the intestinal microbiota, they have shown favorable results in the evolution of metabolic diseases. The expansion of the research area in the biotics family has led to the discovery of new members, like postbiotics. In the age of personalized medicine, their use as therapeutic options is of great interest to our study.
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van der Vossen EWJ, de Goffau MC, Levin E, Nieuwdorp M. Recent insights into the role of microbiome in the pathogenesis of obesity. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2022; 15:17562848221115320. [PMID: 35967920 PMCID: PMC9373125 DOI: 10.1177/17562848221115320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for many chronic diseases and its rising prevalence the last couple of decades is a healthcare concern in many countries. Obesity is a multifactorial problem that is not only limited in its causation by diet and lack of exercise. Genetics but also environmental factors such as the gut microbiome should similarly be taken into account. A plethora of articles have been published, that from various different angles, attempt to disentangle the complex interaction between gut microbiota and obesity. Examples range from the effect of the gut microbiota on the host immune system to the pathophysiological pathways in which microbial-derived metabolites affect obesity. Various discordant gut microbiota findings are a result of this complexity. In this review, in addition to summarizing the classical role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of obesity, we attempt to view both the healthy and obesogenic effects of the gut microbiota as a consequence of the presence or absence of collective guilds/trophic networks. Lastly, we propose avenues and strategies for the future of gut microbiome research concerning obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard W. J. van der Vossen
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine,
Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Marcus C. de Goffau
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine,
Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Evgeni Levin
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine,
Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands,Horaizon BV, Delft, The Netherlands
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Duggan BM, Singh AM, Chan DY, Schertzer JD. Postbiotics engage IRF4 in adipocytes to promote sex-dependent changes in blood glucose during obesity. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15439. [PMID: 35993451 PMCID: PMC9393906 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Postbiotics are microbial-derived components or metabolites that can influence host immunity and metabolism. Some postbiotics can improve blood glucose control and lower inflammation during bacterial or nutritional stress. Bacterial cell wall-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a potent insulin-sensitizing postbiotic that engages NOD2, RIPK2, and requires interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) to lower inflammation and improve blood glucose. However, the sex-dependent effects of this postbiotic and the cell type required for IRF4 to cause inflammatory versus glycemic responses to MDP were unknown. Here, we measured how MDP injection altered glucose tolerance and adipose tissue inflammation during low-level endotoxemia and high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in male and female adipocyte-specific IRF4 knockout mice (AdipoIRF4fl/fl ) compared to WTfl/fl mice. Adipocyte IRF4 was required for the blood glucose-lowering effects of MDP during endotoxemia and HFD-induced obesity in male mice. However, MDP did not alter blood glucose in female WTfl/fl and AdipoIRF4fl/f mice during endotoxemia. Unexpectedly, female HFD-fed AdipoIRF4fl/f mice had lower blood glucose after MDP treatment compared to WTfl/fl mice. MDP lowered inflammatory gene expression in adipose tissue of HFD-fed WTfl/fl and AdipoIRF4fl/fl mice of both sexes. Therefore, MDP-mediated lowering of adipose inflammation does not require adipocyte IRF4 and was independent of sex. Together, these data show that injection of MDP, an insulin-sensitizing postbiotic, lowers adipose tissue inflammation in male and female mice, but lower adipose inflammation is not always associated with improved blood glucose. The blood glucose-lowering effect of the postbiotic MDP and dependence on adipocyte IRF4 is sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M. Duggan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
| | - Anita M. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
| | - Darryl Y. Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
| | - Jonathan D. Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
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Thomalla M, Schmid A, Hehner J, Koehler S, Neumann E, Müller-Ladner U, Schäffler A, Karrasch T. Toll-like Receptor 7 (TLR7) Is Expressed in Adipocytes and the Pharmacological TLR7 Agonist Imiquimod and Adipocyte-Derived Cell-Free Nucleic Acids (cfDNA) Regulate Adipocyte Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158475. [PMID: 35955609 PMCID: PMC9369246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosome-localized Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3 and 9 are expressed and functionally active in adipocytes. The functionality and role of TLR7 in adipocyte biology and innate immunity of adipose tissue (AT) is poorly characterized. We analyzed TLR7 mRNA and protein expression in murine 3T3-L1 and primary adipocytes, in co-cultures of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with murine J774A.1 monocytes and in human AT. The effects of TLR7 agonists imiquimod (IMQ) and cell-free nucleic acids (cfDNA) on adipokine concentration in cell-culture supernatants and gene expression profile were investigated. We found that TLR7 expression is strongly induced during adipocyte differentiation. TLR7 gene expression in adipocytes and AT stroma-vascular cells (SVC) seems to be independent of TLR9. IMQ downregulates resistin concentration in adipocyte cell-culture supernatants and modulates gene expression of glucose transporter Glut4. Adipocyte-derived cfDNA reduces adiponectin and resistin in cell-culture supernatants and potentially inhibits Glut4 gene expression. The responsiveness of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to imiquimod is preserved in co-culture with J774A.1 monocytes. Obesity-related, adipocyte-derived cfDNA engages adipocytic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), modulating AT immune and metabolic homeostasis during adipose inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Thomalla
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (M.T.); (A.S.); (J.H.); (S.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (M.T.); (A.S.); (J.H.); (S.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Julia Hehner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (M.T.); (A.S.); (J.H.); (S.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Sebastian Koehler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (M.T.); (A.S.); (J.H.); (S.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Elena Neumann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Campus Kerckhoff, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (E.N.); (U.M.-L.)
| | - Ulf Müller-Ladner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Campus Kerckhoff, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (E.N.); (U.M.-L.)
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (M.T.); (A.S.); (J.H.); (S.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (M.T.); (A.S.); (J.H.); (S.K.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Bourebaba Y, Marycz K, Mularczyk M, Bourebaba L. Postbiotics as potential new therapeutic agents for metabolic disorders management. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113138. [PMID: 35717780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and related metabolic disorders has been steadily increasing in the past few decades. Apart from the establishment of caloric restrictions in combination with improved physical activity, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for most metabolic disorders. Many scientific-studies have described various beneficial effects of probiotics in regulating metabolism but others questioned their effectiveness and safety. Postbiotics are defined as preparation of inanimate microorganisms, and/or their components, which determine their safety of use and confers a health benefit to the host. Additionally, unlike probiotics postbiotics do not require stringent production/storage conditions. Recently, many lines of evidence demonstrated that postbiotics may be beneficial in metabolic disorders management via several potential effects including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-proliferative, and hypocholesterolaemia properties that enhance both the immune system and intestinal barrier functions by acting directly on specific tissues of the intestinal epithelium, but also on various organs or tissues. In view of the many reports that demonstrated the high biological activity and safety of postbiotics, we summarized in the present review the current findings reporting the beneficial effects of various probiotics derivatives for the management of metabolic disorders and related alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Bourebaba
- Laboratoire de Biomathématique, Biophysique, Biochimie et Scientométrie (L3BS), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria.
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95516, USA
| | - Malwina Mularczyk
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114 Wisznia Mała, Poland
| | - Lynda Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114 Wisznia Mała, Poland.
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Singh V, Park YJ, Lee G, Unno T, Shin JH. Dietary regulations for microbiota dysbiosis among post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9961-9976. [PMID: 35635755 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2076651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and T2D-associated comorbidities, such as obesity, are serious universally prevalent health issues among post-menopausal women. Menopause is an unavoidable condition characterized by the depletion of estrogen, a gonadotropic hormone responsible for secondary sexual characteristics in women. In addition to sexual dimorphism, estrogen also participates in glucose-lipid homeostasis, and estrogen depletion is associated with insulin resistance in the female body. Estrogen level in the gut also regulates the microbiota composition, and even conjugated estrogen is actively metabolized by the estrobolome to maintain insulin levels. Moreover, post-menopausal gut microbiota is different from the pre-menopausal gut microbiota, as it is less diverse and lacks the mucolytic Akkermansia and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers such as Faecalibacterium and Roseburia. Through various metabolites (SCFAs, secondary bile acid, and serotonin), the gut microbiota plays a significant role in regulating glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, and T2D-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6). While gut dysbiosis is common among post-menopausal women, dietary interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics can ease post-menopausal gut dysbiosis. The objective of this review is to understand the relationship between post-menopausal gut dysbiosis and T2D-associated factors. Additionally, the study also provided dietary recommendations to avoid T2D progression among post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Singh
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Jun Park
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - GyuDae Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tatsuya Unno
- Department of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Sharma A, Singh S, Mishra A, Rai AK, Ahmad I, Ahmad S, Gulzar F, Schertzer JD, Shrivastava A, Tamrakar AK. Insulin resistance corresponds with a progressive increase in NOD1 in high fat diet-fed mice. Endocrine 2022; 76:282-293. [PMID: 35112215 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-02995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Innate immune components participate in obesity-induced inflammation, which can contribute to endocrine dysfunction during metabolic diseases. However, the chronological activation of specific immune proteins such as Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) and relevance to cellular crosstalk during the progression of obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) is not known. METHODS The NOD1 signaling in various insulin-sensitive metabolic tissues during the progression of diet-insulin resistance was assessed in C57BL/6J mice fed with 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Intestinal permeability was measured using FITC-dextran. NOD1 activating potential was analyzed using HEK-Blue mNOD1 cells. RESULTS HFD-fed mice showed progressive induction of glucose intolerance and impairment of insulin signaling in key metabolic tissues. We found a time-dependent increase in intestinal permeability coupled with transport and accumulation of NOD1 activating ligand in the serum of HFD-fed mice. We also observed a progressive accumulation of γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP), a microbial peptidoglycan ligand known to activate NOD1, in serum samples of the HFD-fed mice. There was also a progressive increase in transcripts levels of NOD1 in bone marrow-derived macrophages during HFD-feeding. In addition, skeletal muscle, adipose and liver, the key insulin sensitive metabolic tissues also had a time-dependent increase in transcripts of NOD1 and Rip2 and a corresponding activation of pro-inflammatory responses in these tissues. CONCLUSION These data highlight the correlation of inflammation and insulin resistance to NOD1 activation in the bone marrow derived macrophages and insulin responsive metabolic tissues during high fat diet feeding in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Sharma
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sushmita Singh
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Alok Mishra
- Center for advanced Research, King George Medical University, Lucknow, 220001, India
| | - Amit K Rai
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Ishbal Ahmad
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shadab Ahmad
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Farah Gulzar
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Jonathan D Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Ashutosh Shrivastava
- Center for advanced Research, King George Medical University, Lucknow, 220001, India
| | - Akhilesh K Tamrakar
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Li C, Liang Y, Qiao Y. Messengers From the Gut: Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites on Host Regulation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:863407. [PMID: 35531300 PMCID: PMC9073088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.863407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut is the natural habitat for trillions of microorganisms, known as the gut microbiota, which play indispensable roles in maintaining host health. Defining the underlying mechanistic basis of the gut microbiota-host interactions has important implications for treating microbiota-associated diseases. At the fundamental level, the gut microbiota encodes a myriad of microbial enzymes that can modify various dietary precursors and host metabolites and synthesize, de novo, unique microbiota-derived metabolites that traverse from the host gut into the blood circulation. These gut microbiota-derived metabolites serve as key effector molecules to elicit host responses. In this review, we summarize recent studies in the understanding of the major classes of gut microbiota-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and peptidoglycan fragments (PGNs) on their regulatory effects on host functions. Elucidation of the structures and biological activities of such gut microbiota-derived metabolites in the host represents an exciting and critical area of research.
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Gabanyi I, Lepousez G, Wheeler R, Vieites-Prado A, Nissant A, Wagner S, Moigneu C, Dulauroy S, Hicham S, Polomack B, Verny F, Rosenstiel P, Renier N, Boneca IG, Eberl G, Lledo PM, Chevalier G. Bacterial sensing via neuronal Nod2 regulates appetite and body temperature. Science 2022; 376:eabj3986. [PMID: 35420957 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj3986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gut bacteria influence brain functions and metabolism. We investigated whether this influence can be mediated by direct sensing of bacterial cell wall components by brain neurons. In mice, we found that bacterial peptidoglycan plays a major role in mediating gut-brain communication via the Nod2 receptor. Peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides reach the brain and alter the activity of a subset of brain neurons that express Nod2. Activation of Nod2 in hypothalamic inhibitory neurons is essential for proper appetite and body temperature control, primarily in females. This study identifies a microbe-sensing mechanism that regulates feeding behavior and host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Gabanyi
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Lepousez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Richard Wheeler
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Alba Vieites-Prado
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Nissant
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Wagner
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Carine Moigneu
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Dulauroy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Samia Hicham
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Polomack
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Florine Verny
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolas Renier
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Chevalier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
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Jazwiec PA, Patterson VS, Ribeiro TA, Yeo E, Kennedy KM, Mathias PCF, Petrik JJ, Sloboda DM. Paternal obesity induces placental hypoxia and sex-specific impairments in placental vascularization and offspring metabolism. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:574-589. [PMID: 35377412 PMCID: PMC9382389 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Paternal obesity predisposes offspring to metabolic dysfunction, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated whether this metabolic dysfunction is associated with changes in placental vascular development and is fueled by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated changes in fetal hepatic development. We also determined whether paternal obesity indirectly affects the in utero environment by disrupting maternal metabolic adaptations to pregnancy. Male mice fed a standard chow or high fat diet (60%kcal fat) for 8–10 weeks were time-mated with female mice to generate pregnancies and offspring. Glucose tolerance was evaluated in dams at mid-gestation (embryonic day (E) 14.5) and late gestation (E18.5). Hypoxia, angiogenesis, endocrine function, macronutrient transport, and ER stress markers were evaluated in E14.5 and E18.5 placentae and/or fetal livers. Maternal glucose tolerance was assessed at E14.5 and E18.5. Metabolic parameters were assessed in offspring at ~60 days of age. Paternal obesity did not alter maternal glucose tolerance but induced placental hypoxia and altered placental angiogenic markers, with the most pronounced effects in female placentae. Paternal obesity increased ER stress-related protein levels (ATF6 and PERK) in the fetal liver and altered hepatic expression of gluconeogenic factors at E18.5. Offspring of obese fathers were glucose intolerant and had impaired whole-body energy metabolism, with more pronounced effects in female offspring. Metabolic deficits in offspring due to paternal obesity may be mediated by sex-specific changes in placental vessel structure and integrity that contribute to placental hypoxia and may lead to poor fetal oxygenation and impairments in fetal metabolic signaling pathways in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja A Jazwiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Violet S Patterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Tatiane A Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Canada.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Erica Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Canada.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Katherine M Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Canada.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Paulo C F Mathias
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Jim J Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Deborah M Sloboda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Canada.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Canada
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44
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Sabahi S, Homayouni Rad A, Aghebati-Maleki L, Sangtarash N, Ozma MA, Karimi A, Hosseini H, Abbasi A. Postbiotics as the new frontier in food and pharmaceutical research. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8375-8402. [PMID: 35348016 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2056727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Food is the essential need of human life and has nutrients that support growth and health. Gastrointestinal tract microbiota involves valuable microorganisms that develop therapeutic effects and are characterized as probiotics. The investigations on appropriate probiotic strains have led to the characterization of specific metabolic byproducts of probiotics named postbiotics. The probiotics must maintain their survival against inappropriate lethal conditions of the processing, storage, distribution, preparation, and digestion system so that they can exhibit their most health effects. Conversely, probiotic metabolites (postbiotics) have successfully overcome these unfavorable conditions and may be an appropriate alternative to probiotics. Due to their specific chemical structure, safe profile, long shelf-life, and the fact that they contain various signaling molecules, postbiotics may have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive properties, inhibiting abnormal cell proliferation and antioxidative activities. Consequently, present scientific literature approves that postbiotics can mimic the fundamental and clinical role of probiotics, and due to their unique characteristics, they can be applied in an oral delivery system (pharmaceutical/functional foods), as a preharvest food safety hurdle, to promote the shelf-life of food products and develop novel functional foods or/and for developing health benefits, and therapeutic aims. This review addresses the latest postbiotic applications with regard to pharmaceutical formulations and commercial food-based products. Potential postbiotic applications in the promotion of host health status, prevention of disease, and complementary treatment are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sabahi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Aziz Homayouni Rad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Narges Sangtarash
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Asghari Ozma
- Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Atefeh Karimi
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Abbasi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Postbiotics cooperate to influence immune and metabolic outcomes in the host. Here we describe a protocol for in vivo assessment of blood glucose control following acute administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN) in mice. This protocol can be adapted for testing a broad range of microbial molecules and ligands for host immune receptors. Experience with mouse handling is required. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Anhê et al. (2021) and Cavallari et al. (2017). Postbiotics influence host immunometabolism and change blood glucose control Our model tests synergy or tolerance of postbiotics on blood glucose in vivo Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN) are used as examples A glucose tolerance test (GTT) is one suitable endpoint
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Anhê FF, Zlitni S, Barra NG, Foley KP, Nilsson MI, Nederveen JP, Koch LG, Britton SL, Tarnopolsky MA, Schertzer JD. Life-long exercise training and inherited aerobic endurance capacity produce converging gut microbiome signatures in rodents. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15215. [PMID: 35246957 PMCID: PMC8897742 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
High aerobic endurance capacity can be acquired by training and/or inherited. Aerobic exercise training (AET) and aging are linked to altered gut microbiome composition, but it is unknown if the environmental stress of exercise and host genetics that predispose for higher exercise capacity have similar effects on the gut microbiome during aging. We hypothesized that exercise training and host genetics would have conserved effects on the gut microbiome across different rodents. We studied young sedentary (Y-SED, 2-month-old) mice, old sedentary (O-SED, 26-month-old) mice, old mice with life-long AET (O-AET, 26-month-old), and aged rats selectively bred for high (HCR [High Capacity Runner], 21-month-old) and low (LCR [Low Capacity Runner], 21-month-old) aerobic capacity. Our results showed that O-SED mice had lower running capacity than Y-SED mice. The fecal microbiota of O-SED mice had a higher relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Turicibacteriaceae, and Allobaculum, but lower Bacteroidales, Alistipes, Akkermansia, and Anaeroplasma. O-AET mice had a higher running capacity than O-SED mice. O-AET mice had lower fecal levels of Lachnospiraceae, Turicibacteriaceae, and Allobaculum and higher Anaeroplasma than O-SED mice. Similar to O-AET mice, but despite no exercise training regime, aged HCR rats had lower Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae and expansion of certain Bacteroidales in the fecal microbiome compared to LCR rats. Our data show that environmental and genetic modifiers of high aerobic endurance capacity produce convergent gut microbiome signatures across different rodent species during aging. Therefore, we conclude that host genetics and life-long exercise influence the composition of the gut microbiome and can mitigate gut dysbiosis and functional decline during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F. Anhê
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Soumaya Zlitni
- Departments of Genetics and MedicineStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicole G. Barra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Kevin P. Foley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Mats I. Nilsson
- Department of PediatricsMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Lauren G. Koch
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyThe University of ToledoCollege of Medicine and Life SciencesToledoOhioUSA
| | - Steven L. Britton
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUnited States
| | - Mark A. Tarnopolsky
- Department of PediatricsMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Jonathan D. Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
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Zhou Z, Sun B, Yu D, Zhu C. Gut Microbiota: An Important Player in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:834485. [PMID: 35242721 PMCID: PMC8886906 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.834485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the common metabolic diseases in the world. Due to the rise in morbidity and mortality, it has become a global health problem. To date, T2DM still cannot be cured, and its intervention measures mainly focus on glucose control as well as the prevention and treatment of related complications. Interestingly, the gut microbiota plays an important role in the development of metabolic diseases, especially T2DM. In this review, we introduce the characteristics of the gut microbiota in T2DM population, T2DM animal models, and diabetic complications. In addition, we describe the molecular mechanisms linking host and the gut microbiota in T2DM, including the host molecules that induce gut microbiota dysbiosis, immune and inflammatory responses, and gut microbial metabolites involved in pathogenesis. These findings suggest that we can treat T2DM and its complications by remodeling the gut microbiota through interventions such as drugs, probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bao Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institution of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Yu, ; Chunsheng Zhu,
| | - Chunsheng Zhu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Yu, ; Chunsheng Zhu,
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48
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Microbiome-based therapeutics: Opportunity and challenges. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 191:229-262. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Joshi H, Vastrad B, Joshi N, Vastrad C. Integrated bioinformatics analysis reveals novel key biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221137005. [PMID: 36385790 PMCID: PMC9661593 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221137005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The underlying molecular mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy have yet not been investigated clearly. In this investigation, we aimed to identify key genes involved in the pathogenesis and prognosis of diabetic nephropathy. Methods: We downloaded next-generation sequencing data set GSE142025 from Gene Expression Omnibus database having 28 diabetic nephropathy samples and nine normal control samples. The differentially expressed genes between diabetic nephropathy and normal control samples were analyzed. Biological function analysis of the differentially expressed genes was enriched by Gene Ontology and REACTOME pathways. Then, we established the protein–protein interaction network, modules, miRNA-differentially expressed gene regulatory network and transcription factor-differentially expressed gene regulatory network. Hub genes were validated by using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results: A total of 549 differentially expressed genes were detected including 275 upregulated and 274 downregulated genes. The biological process analysis of functional enrichment showed that these differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in cell activation, integral component of plasma membrane, lipid binding, and biological oxidations. Analyzing the protein–protein interaction network, miRNA-differentially expressed gene regulatory network and transcription factor-differentially expressed gene regulatory network, we screened hub genes MDFI, LCK, BTK, IRF4, PRKCB, EGR1, JUN, FOS, ALB, and NR4A1 by the Cytoscape software. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis confirmed that hub genes were of diagnostic value. Conclusions: Taken above, using integrated bioinformatics analysis, we have identified key genes and pathways in diabetic nephropathy, which could improve our understanding of the cause and underlying molecular events, and these key genes and pathways might be therapeutic targets for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Joshi
- Endocrine and Diabetes Care Center, Hubbali, India
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Society’s College of Pharmacy, Gadag, India
| | - Nidhi Joshi
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, India
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Dharwad, India
- Chanabasayya Vastrad, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, India.
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50
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Jastrząb R, Graczyk D, Siedlecki P. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Influenced by Postbiotics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413475. [PMID: 34948270 PMCID: PMC8707144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, commensal bacteria colonizing the human body have been recognized as important determinants of health and multiple pathologic conditions. Among the most extensively studied commensal bacteria are the gut microbiota, which perform a plethora of functions, including the synthesis of bioactive products, metabolism of dietary compounds, and immunomodulation, both through attenuation and immunostimulation. An imbalance in the microbiota population, i.e., dysbiosis, has been linked to many human pathologies, including various cancer types and neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting gut microbiota and microbiome-host interactions resulting from probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics is a growing opportunity for the effective treatment of various diseases. As more research is being conducted, the microbiome field is shifting from simple descriptive analysis of commensal compositions to more molecular, cellular, and functional studies. Insight into these mechanisms is of paramount importance for understanding and modulating the effects that microbiota, probiotics, and their derivatives exert on host health.
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