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Liu J, Zhang Y, van Dongen K, Kennedy C, Schotman MJG, Marín San Román PP, Storm C, Dankers PYW, Sijbesma RP. Hepatic Spheroid Formation on Carbohydrate-Functionalized Supramolecular Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37246400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two synthetic supramolecular hydrogels, formed from bis-urea amphiphiles containing lactobionic acid (LBA) and maltobionic acid (MBA) bioactive ligands, are applied as cell culture matrices in vitro. Their fibrillary and dynamic nature mimics essential features of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The carbohydrate amphiphiles self-assemble into long supramolecular fibers in water, and hydrogels are formed by physical entanglement of fibers through bundling. Gels of both amphiphiles exhibit good self-healing behavior, but remarkably different stiffnesses. They display excellent bioactive properties in hepatic cell cultures. Both carbohydrate ligands used are proposed to bind to asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) in hepatic cells, thus inducing spheroid formation when seeding hepatic HepG2 cells on both supramolecular hydrogels. Ligand nature, ligand density, and hydrogel stiffness influence cell migration and spheroid size and number. The results illustrate the potential of self-assembled, carbohydrate-functionalized hydrogels as matrices for liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Kim van Dongen
- CytoSMART Technologies B.V., Vrijstraat 9B, Eindhoven 5611 AT, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Kennedy
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike J G Schotman
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia P Marín San Román
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Y W Dankers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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Kaur I, Vasudevan A, Rawal P, Tripathi DM, Ramakrishna S, Kaur S, Sarin SK. Primary Hepatocyte Isolation and Cultures: Technical Aspects, Challenges and Advancements. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:131. [PMID: 36829625 PMCID: PMC9952008 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are differentiated cells that account for 80% of the hepatic volume and perform all major functions of the liver. In vivo, after an acute insult, adult hepatocytes retain their ability to proliferate and participate in liver regeneration. However, in vitro, prolonged culture and proliferation of viable and functional primary hepatocytes have remained the major and the most challenging goal of hepatocyte-based cell therapies and liver tissue engineering. The first functional cultures of rat primary hepatocytes between two layers of collagen gel, also termed as the "sandwich cultures", were reported in 1989. Since this study, several technical developments including choice of hydrogels, type of microenvironment, growth factors and culture conditions, mono or co-cultures of hepatocytes along with other supporting cell types have evolved for both rat and human primary hepatocytes in recent years. All these improvements have led to a substantial improvement in the number, life-span and hepatic functions of these cells in vitro for several downstream applications. In the current review, we highlight the details, limitations and prospects of different technical strategies being used in primary hepatocyte cultures. We discuss the use of newer biomaterials as scaffolds for efficient culture of primary hepatocytes. We also describe the derivation of mature hepatocytes from other cellular sources such as induced pluripotent stem cells, bone marrow stem cells and 3D liver organoids. Finally, we also explain the use of perfusion-based bioreactor systems and bioengineering strategies to support the long-term function of hepatocytes in 3D conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Impreet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Ashwini Vasudevan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Preety Rawal
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida 201312, India
| | - Dinesh M. Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Shiv K. Sarin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
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Evolution of Electrospinning in Liver Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040149. [PMID: 36278706 PMCID: PMC9589992 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The major goal of liver tissue engineering is to reproduce the phenotype and functions of liver cells, especially primary hepatocytes ex vivo. Several strategies have been explored in the recent past for culturing the liver cells in the most apt environment using biological scaffolds supporting hepatocyte growth and differentiation. Nanofibrous scaffolds have been widely used in the field of tissue engineering for their increased surface-to-volume ratio and increased porosity, and their close resemblance with the native tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) environment. Electrospinning is one of the most preferred techniques to produce nanofiber scaffolds. In the current review, we have discussed the various technical aspects of electrospinning that have been employed for scaffold development for different types of liver cells. We have highlighted the use of synthetic and natural electrospun polymers along with liver ECM in the fabrication of these scaffolds. We have also described novel strategies that include modifications, such as galactosylation, matrix protein incorporation, etc., in the electrospun scaffolds that have evolved to support the long-term growth and viability of the primary hepatocytes.
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Liu W, Zhang M, Xiao Y, Ye Z, Zhou Y, Lang M, Tan WS. Fabrication and in vitro evaluation of a packed-bed bioreactor based on galactosylated poly(ethylene terephthalate) microfibrous scaffolds. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Alonso S. Exploiting the bioengineering versatility of lactobionic acid in targeted nanosystems and biomaterials. J Control Release 2018; 287:216-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Fasolino I, Guarino V, Marrese M, Cirillo V, Vallifuoco M, Tamma ML, Vassallo V, Bracco A, Calise F, Ambrosio L. HepG2 and human healthy hepatocyte in vitro culture and co-culture in PCL electrospun platforms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 13:015017. [PMID: 28901955 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa8c51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new drugs to treat pathological cells in the case of aggressive liver primary cancer is imposing the identification of high-throughput screening systems to predict the in vivo response of new therapeutic molecules, in order to reduce current use of animals and drug testing costs. Recently, micro/nanostructured scaffolds have been adopted to reproduce the hepatic microenvironment due to their higher similarity to the biological niche with respect to the traditional two-dimensional culture plate, so providing novel in vitro models for reliably understanding molecular mechanisms related to cancer cells activity. Herein, we propose the study of electrospun scaffolds made of polycaprolactone as in vitro model that can mimic the morphological organization of native extracellular matrix and the co-culture of hepatic cell lines-i.e., HepG2, human healthy hepatocytes (HHH). The micro- and nano-scale morphological features of fibers with diameter equal to (3.22 ± 0.42) μm and surface roughness of (17.84 ± 4.43) nm-allow the reproduction of the in vivo scenario influencing the adhesion and proliferation rate of the cultured cells. A much lower proliferation rate is observed for the HepG2 cells compared to the HHH cells, when cultured on the fibrous scaffolds over a time course of 4 weeks. Moreover, results on oxidative stress mechanisms indicate an antioxidant effect of fibers mainly in the case of co-colture, thus suggesting a promising use as new in vitro models to explore alternative therapeutic strategies in hepatocarcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fasolino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d'Oltremare, Pad. 20, V. le Kennedy 54, I-80125, Naples, Italy
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Chien HW, Cheng PH, Chen SY, Yu J, Tsai WB. Low-fouling and functional poly(carboxybetaine) coating via a photo-crosslinking process. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:523-531. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00637j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antifouling modification technology is developed for many biomedical applications such as blood-contact devices and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Wen Chien
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Wei-Bor Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
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Ge Y, Gong YY, Xu Z, Lu Y, Fu W. The Application of Sheet Technology in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:114-24. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ge
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yi Gong
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Lu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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9
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Perdih P, Cebašek S, Možir A, Zagar E. Post-polymerization modification of poly(L-glutamic acid) with D-(+)-glucosamine. Molecules 2014; 19:19751-68. [PMID: 25438084 PMCID: PMC6270794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191219751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxyl functional groups of poly(L-glutamic acid) (PGlu) were modified with a D-(+)-glucosamine (GlcN) by amidation using 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM) as a coupling reagent. The coupling reaction was performed in aqueous medium without protection of hydroxyl functional groups of D-(+)-glucosamine. Poly(L-glutamic acid) and GlcN functionalized polyglutamates (P(Glu-GlcN)) were thoroughly characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and SEC-MALS to gain detailed information on their structure, composition and molar mass characteristics. The results reveal successful functionalization with GlcN through the amide bond and also to a minor extent through ester bond formation in position 1 of GlcN. In addition, a ratio between the α- and β-form of glucosamine substituent coupled to polyglutamate repeating units as well as the content of residual dimethoxy triazinyl active ester moiety in the samples were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Perdih
- National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sašo Cebašek
- National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Možir
- National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Zagar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Kuo YC, Hung SC, Hsu SH. The effect of elastic biodegradable polyurethane electrospun nanofibers on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:414-422. [PMID: 25087022 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable polyurethane (PU) was synthesized based on using poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) as the soft segment. Fibers in different diameters (200-400nm, 600-800nm, and 1.4-1.6μm) were then made by electrospinning PU solution in N,N-dimethylacetamide and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. Human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in the form of single dispersed cells or aggregates were seeded on the electrospun meshes for evaluation of cell behavior. Differentiation experiments showed that hMSC aggregates on electrospun fibers had greater differentiation capacities than single cells. Besides, nanofibers of 200-400nm diameters significantly promoted the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs than fibers of the other diameters. The effect of substrate elasticity was further elucidated by comparing cell behaviors on the nanofibers of PCL-based PU and those of pure PCL. The more elastic PU nanofibers demonstrated more osteogenic and chondrogenic induction potential than PCL electrospun fibers. We suggested that the elastic nanofibers seeded with hMSC aggregates may be advantageous for cartilage and bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chia Kuo
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Hung
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Research & Education and Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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