Magnetically-stimulated transformations in nanostructure of lipid mesophases: Effect of structure of iron oxide nanoparticles

Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering applied to lipid-based nanoparticles: Recent advancements across different length scales

Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs), ranging from nanovesicles to non-lamellar assemblies, have gained significant attention in recent years, as versatile carriers for delivering drugs, vaccines, and nutrients. Small-angle scattering methods, employing X-rays (SAXS) or neutrons (SANS), represent unique tools to unveil structure, dynamics, and interactions of such particles on different length scales, spanning from the nano to the molecular scale. This review explores the state-of-the-art on scattering methods applied to unveil the structure of lipid-based nanoparticles and their interactions with drugs and bioactive molecules, to inform their rational design and formulation for medical applications. We will focus on complementary information accessible with X-rays or neutrons, ranging from insights on the structure and colloidal processes at a nanoscale level (SAXS) to details on the lipid organization and molecular interactions of LNPs (SANS). In addition, we will review new opportunities offered by Time-resolved (TR)-SAXS and -SANS for the investigation of dynamic processes involving LNPs. These span from real-time monitoring of LNPs structural evolution in response to endogenous or external stimuli (TR-SANS), to the investigation of the kinetics of lipid diffusion and exchange upon interaction with biomolecules (TR-SANS). Finally, we will spotlight novel combinations of SAXS and SANS with complementary on-line techniques, recently enabled at Large Scale Facilities for X-rays and neutrons. This emerging technology enables synchronized multi-method investigation, offering exciting opportunities for the simultaneous characterization of the structure and chemical or mechanical properties of LNPs.

Synthesis of folate targeted theranostic cubosomal platform for co-delivery of bismuth oxide and doxorubicin to melanoma in vitro and in vivo

Liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) have gained much attention in cancer nanomedicines due to their unique features such as high surface area, storage stability, and sustained-release profile. In the current study, a novel LCNP for co-encapsulation of Bi2O3 and hydrophilic doxorubicin (DOX) was fabricated and functionalized with folic acid (FA) to achieve efficient tumor targeting toward CT-scan imaging and chemotherapy of melanoma in vitro and in vivo. LCNPs Bi2O3 NPs were prepared using glycerol monooleate-pluronic F-127 (GMO/PF127/water). Firstly, GMO/water were homogenized to prepare LC gel. Then, the stabilizer aqueous solution (PF127/Bi2O3/DOX) was added to the prepared LC gel and homogenized using homogenization and ultrasonication. The formulated NPs exhibited superior stability with encapsulation efficiency. High cytotoxicity and cellular internalization of the FA-Bi2O3-DOX-NPs were observed in comparison with Bi2O3-DOX-NPs and the free DOX in folate-receptor (FR) overexpressing cells (B16F10) in vitro. Moreover, ideal tumor suppression with increased survival rate were observed in tumorized mice treated with FA-Bi2O3-DOX-NPs compared to those treated with non-targeted one. On the other hand, the CT-imaging ability of the Bi2O3-DOX-NPs was tested inB16F10 tumor-bearing mice. The obtained data indicated a high potential of the developed targeted theranostic FA-Bi2O3-DOX-NPs for diagnostics and treatment of melanoma.

Magnetically‐activated lipid nanocarriers in biomedical applications: A review of current status and perspective

Magnetically-activated lipid nanocarriers have become a research hotspot in the field of biomedicine. Liposomes and other lipid-based carriers possess good biocompatibility as well as the ability to carrying therapeutic cargo with a range of physicochemical properties. Previous studies have demonstrated that magnetic materials have potential wide applications in clinical diagnosis and therapy, such as in MRI as contrast agents and in hyperthermic obliteration of cancer tissues. More recently magneto-thermal activation of lipid carriers to stimulate drug release has extended the range of further therapeutic benefits. Here, an overview of the current development of magnetically-activated lipid nanocarriers in the field of biomedicine is provided, including the methods of fabrication of the nanocarriers and their in vitro and in vivo performance. A discussion of the current barriers to translation of these materials as medicines is provided in the context of clinical and regulatory complexities of using magnetically responsive materials in therapeutic applications. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.

Nano-drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer: A visualization and bibliometric analysis

Background: Nano drug delivery system (NDDS) can significantly improve the delivery and efficacy of drugs against pancreatic cancer (PC) in many ways. The purpose of this study is to explore the related research fields of NDDS for PC from the perspective of bibliometrics. Methods: Articles and reviews on NDDS for PC published between 2003 and 2022 were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace, VOSviewer, R-bibliometrix, and Microsoft Excel were comprehensively used for bibliometric and visual analysis. Results: A total of 1329 papers on NDDS for PC were included. The number of papers showed an upward trend over the past 20 years. The United States contributed the most papers, followed by China, and India. Also, the United States had the highest number of total citations and H-index. The institution with the most papers was Chinese Acad Sci, which was also the most important in international institutional cooperation. Professors Couvreur P and Kazuoka K made great achievements in this field. JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE published the most papers and was cited the most. The topics related to the tumor microenvironment such as "tumor microenvironment", "tumor penetration", "hypoxia", "exosome", and "autophagy", PC treatment-related topics such as "immunotherapy", "combination therapy", "alternating magnetic field/magnetic hyperthermia", and "ultrasound", and gene therapy dominated by "siRNA" and "miRNA" were the research hotspots in the field of NDDS for PC. Conclusion: This study systematically uncovered a holistic picture of the performance of NDDS for PC-related literature over the past 20 years. We provided scholars to understand key information in this field with the perspective of bibliometrics, which we believe may greatly facilitate future research in this field.

Thiol-responsive lyotropic liquid crystals exhibit triggered phase re-arrangement and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) release

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is an important signalling molecule with potential pharmaceutical applications. In pursuit of a suitable delivery system for H₂S, herein we apply an amphiphilic trisulfide to concomitantly alter the mesophase behaviour of dispersed lipid particles and enable triggered H₂S release. Amperometric release studies indicate the trisulfide acts as a sustained H₂S donor, with inclusion into the mesophase attenuating release vs neat dispersed trisulfide. Taken together the results highlight the potential for including trisulfide-based additives in stimuli-responsive drug delivery vehicles.

Magnetically-stimulated transformations in the nanostructure of PEGylated phytantriol-based nanoparticles for on-demand drug release

Lipid-based liquid crystalline (LLC) systems are formed by the self-assembly of lipid materials in aqueous environments. The internal nanostructures of LLC systems can be manipulated using remote stimuli and have the potential to serve as 'on-demand' drug delivery systems. In this study, a magnetically-responsive system that displayed a transition in nanostructure from liposomes to cubosomes/hexasomes under external alternating magnetic field (AMF) was established by the incorporation of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) into a PEGylated phytantriol (PHYT)-based LLC system. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was utilized to assess the equilibrium phase behaviour of the systems with different compositions of the lipids to find the optimized formulation. Time-resolved SAXS was then used to determine the dynamic transformation of nanostructures of the IONP-containing systems with the activation of AMF. The formulation containing PHYT and DSPE-PEG2000 at a 95 to 5 molar percent ratio produced a transition from lamellar phase to bicontinuous cubic phase, showing a slow-to-fast drug release profile. Inclusion of either 5 nm or 15 nm IONPs imparted magnetic-responsiveness to the system. The magnetically-responsive system produced an 'on-demand' drug delivery system from which the drug release was able to be triggered externally by AMF-stimulation.

Comprehensive and comparative studies on nanocytotoxicity of glyceryl monooleate- and phytantriol-based lipid liquid crystalline nanoparticles

Background

Lipid liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LLCNPs) emerge as a suitable system for drug and contrast agent delivery. In this regard due to their unique properties, they offer a solubility of a variety of active pharmaceutics with different polarities increasing their stability and the possibility of controlled delivery. Nevertheless, the most crucial aspect underlying the application of LLCNPs for drug or contrast agent delivery is the unequivocal assessment of their biocompatibility, including cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and related aspects. Although studies regarding the cytotoxicity of LLCNPs prepared from various lipids and surfactants were conducted, the actual mechanism and its impact on the cells (both cancer and normal) are not entirely comprehended. Therefore, in this study, LLCNPs colloidal formulations were prepared from two most popular structure-forming lipids, i.e., glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and phytantriol (PHT) with different lipid content of 2 and 20 w/w%, and the surfactant Pluronic F-127 using the top-down approach for further comparison of their properties. Prepared formulations were subjected to physicochemical characterization and followed with in-depth biological characterization, which included cyto- and genotoxicity towards cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and human fibroblast cells (MSU 1.1), the evaluation of cytoskeleton integrity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon treatment with prepared LLCNPs and finally the identification of internalization pathways.

Results

Results denote the higher cytotoxicity of PHT-based nanoparticles on both cell lines on monolayers as well as cellular spheroids, what is in accordance with evaluation of ROS activity level and cytoskeleton integrity. Detected level of ROS in cells upon the treatment with LLCNPs indicates their insignificant contribution to the cellular redox balance for most concentrations, however distinct for GMO- and PHT-based LLCNPs. The disintegration of cytoskeleton after administration of LLCNPs implies the relation between LLCNPs and F-actin filaments. Additionally, the expression of four genes involved in DNA damage and important metabolic processes was analyzed, indicating concentration–dependent differences between PHT- and GMO-based LLCNPs.

Conclusions

Overall, GMO-based LLCNPs emerge as potentially more viable candidates for drug delivery systems as their impact on cells is not as deleterious as PHT-based as well as they were efficiently internalized by cell monolayers and 3D spheroids.

Graphic Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00913-5.

Environmental Sustainability Evaluation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized via Green Synthesis and the Coprecipitation Method: A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment Study

Green synthesis, based on green chemistry, is replacing the traditional methods, aiming to contribute with an enhanced environmental sustainability, which can be achieved using nontoxic compounds from biological resources, such as natural extracts from plants. In this study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) of iron oxide nanoparticles prepared through the green synthesis and the coprecipitation method is reported by following a cradle-to-gate approach. The LCA allowed quantifying and normalized the environmental impacts produced by the green synthesis (1.0 × 10-9), which used a Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus) extract and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). The impacts were also determined for the coprecipitation method (1.4 × 10-8) using the iron(II) salt precursor and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The contribution of C. citratus extract and Na2CO3 as the precursor and pH-stabilizing agents, respectively, was compared regarding the iron(II) and NaOH compounds. Environmental sustainability was evaluated in human toxicity, ecosystem quality, and resource depletion. The major environmental contribution was found in the marine aquatic ecotoxicity (7.6 × 10-10 and 1.22 × 10-8 for green synthesis and the coprecipitation method) due to the highest values for ethanol (3.5 × 10-10) and electricity (1.4 × 10-8) usage since fossil fuels and wastewater are involved in their production. The C. citratus extract (2.5 × 10-12) presented a better environmental performance, whereas Na2CO3 (4.3 × 10-11) showed a slight increase contribution compared to NaOH (4.1 × 10-11). This is related to their fabrication, involving toxic compounds, land occupation, and excessive water usage. In general, the total environmental impacts are lower for the green synthesis, suggesting the implementation of environmentally friendlier compounds based on natural sources for the production of nanomaterials.