Automatic detection of COVID-19 using pruned GLCM-Based texture features and LDCRF classification

Computer-Aided Diagnosis of COVID-19 from Chest X-ray Images Using Hybrid-Features and Random Forest Classifier

In recent years, a lot of attention has been paid to using radiology imaging to automatically find COVID-19. (1) Background: There are now a number of computer-aided diagnostic schemes that help radiologists and doctors perform diagnostic COVID-19 tests quickly, accurately, and consistently. (2) Methods: Using chest X-ray images, this study proposed a cutting-edge scheme for the automatic recognition of COVID-19 and pneumonia. First, a pre-processing method based on a Gaussian filter and logarithmic operator is applied to input chest X-ray (CXR) images to improve the poor-quality images by enhancing the contrast, reducing the noise, and smoothing the image. Second, robust features are extracted from each enhanced chest X-ray image using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNNs) transformer and an optimal collection of grey-level co-occurrence matrices (GLCM) that contain features such as contrast, correlation, entropy, and energy. Finally, based on extracted features from input images, a random forest machine learning classifier is used to classify images into three classes, such as COVID-19, pneumonia, or normal. The predicted output from the model is combined with Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) visualisation for diagnosis. (3) Results: Our work is evaluated using public datasets with three different train–test splits (70–30%, 80–20%, and 90–10%) and achieved an average accuracy, F1 score, recall, and precision of 97%, 96%, 96%, and 96%, respectively. A comparative study shows that our proposed method outperforms existing and similar work. The proposed approach can be utilised to screen COVID-19-infected patients effectively. (4) Conclusions: A comparative study with the existing methods is also performed. For performance evaluation, metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, and F1-measure are calculated. The performance of the proposed method is better than that of the existing methodologies, and it can thus be used for the effective diagnosis of the disease.

Recommender System for the Efficient Treatment of COVID-19 Using a Convolutional Neural Network Model and Image Similarity

Background: Hospitals face a significant problem meeting patients' medical needs during epidemics, especially when the number of patients increases rapidly, as seen during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. This study designs a treatment recommender system (RS) for the efficient management of human capital and resources such as doctors, medicines, and resources in hospitals. We hypothesize that a deep learning framework, when combined with search paradigms in an image framework, can make the RS very efficient. Methodology: This study uses a Convolutional neural network (CNN) model for the feature extraction of the images and discovers the most similar patients. The input queries patients from the hospital database with similar chest X-ray images. It uses a similarity metric for the similarity computation of the images. Results: This methodology recommends the doctors, medicines, and resources associated with similar patients to a COVID-19 patients being admitted to the hospital. The performance of the proposed RS is verified with five different feature extraction CNN models and four similarity measures. The proposed RS with a ResNet-50 CNN feature extraction model and Maxwell-Boltzmann similarity is found to be a proper framework for treatment recommendation with a mean average precision of more than 0.90 for threshold similarities in the range of 0.7 to 0.9 and an average highest cosine similarity of more than 0.95. Conclusions: Overall, an RS with a CNN model and image similarity is proven as an efficient tool for the proper management of resources during the peak period of pandemics and can be adopted in clinical settings.

Research on multi-modal autonomous diagnosis algorithm of COVID-19 based on whale optimized support vector machine and improved D-S evidence fusion

Aiming at the problem that the single CT image signal feature recognition method in the self-diagnosis of diseases cannot accurately and reliably classify COVID-19, and it is easily confused with suspected cases. The collected CT signals and experimental indexes are extracted to construct different feature vectors. The support vector machine is optimized by the improved whale algorithm for the preliminary diagnosis of COVID-19, and the basic probability distribution function of each evidence is calculated by the posterior probability modeling method. Then the similarity measure is introduced to optimize the basic probability distribution function. Finally, the multi-domain feature fusion prediction model is established by using the weighted D-S evidence theory. The experimental results show that the fusion of multi-domain feature information by whale optimized support vector machine and improved D-S evidence theory can effectively improve the accuracy and the precision of COVID-19 autonomous diagnosis. The method of replacing a single feature parameter with multi-modal indicators (CT, routine laboratory indexes, serum cytokines and chemokines) provides a more reliable signal source for the diagnosis model, which can effectively distinguish COVID-19 from the suspected cases.

Comprehensive Survey of Machine Learning Systems for COVID-19 Detection

The last two years are considered the most crucial and critical period of the COVID-19 pandemic affecting most life aspects worldwide. This virus spreads quickly within a short period, increasing the fatality rate associated with the virus. From a clinical perspective, several diagnosis methods are carried out for early detection to avoid virus propagation. However, the capabilities of these methods are limited and have various associated challenges. Consequently, many studies have been performed for COVID-19 automated detection without involving manual intervention and allowing an accurate and fast decision. As is the case with other diseases and medical issues, Artificial Intelligence (AI) provides the medical community with potential technical solutions that help doctors and radiologists diagnose based on chest images. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the mentioned AI-based detection solution proposals is conducted. More than 200 papers are reviewed and analyzed, and 145 articles have been extensively examined to specify the proposed AI mechanisms with chest medical images. A comprehensive examination of the associated advantages and shortcomings is illustrated and summarized. Several findings are concluded as a result of a deep analysis of all the previous works using machine learning for COVID-19 detection, segmentation, and classification.

Quantitative Response of Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix Texture Features to the Salinity of Cracked Soda Saline-Alkali Soil

Desiccation cracking during water evaporation is a common phenomenon in soda saline–alkali soils and is mainly determined by soil salinity. Therefore, quantitative measurement of the surface cracking status of soda saline–alkali soils is highly significant in different applications. Texture features can help to determine the mechanical properties of soda saline–alkali soils, thus improving the understanding of the mechanism of desiccation cracking in saline–alkali soils. This study aims to provide a new standard describing the surface cracking conditions of soda saline–alkali soil on the basis of gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture analysis and to quantitatively study the responses of GLCM texture features to soil salinity. To achieve this, images of 200 field soil samples with different surface cracks were processed and calculated for GLCMs under different parameters, including directions, gray levels, and step sizes. Subsequently, correlation analysis was then conducted between texture features and electrical conductivity (EC) values. The results indicated that direction had little effect on the GLCM texture features, and that four selected texture features, contrast (CON), angular second moment (ASM), entropy (ENT), and homogeneity (HOM), were the most correlated with EC under a gray level of 2 and step size of 1 pixel. The results also showed that logarithmic models can be used to accurately describe the relationships between EC values and GLCM texture features of soda saline–alkali soils in the Songnen Plain of China, with calibration R² ranging from 0.88 to 0.92, and RMSE from 2.12 × 10⁻⁴ to 9.68 × 10⁻³, respectively. This study can therefore enhance the understanding of desiccation cracking of salt-affected soil to a certain extent and can also help to improve the detection accuracy of soil salinity.

A Fingerprint-Based Verification Framework Using Harris and SURF Feature Detection Algorithms

Amongst all biometric-based personal authentication systems, a fingerprint that gives each person a unique identity is the most commonly used parameter for personal identification. In this paper, we present an automatic fingerprint-based authentication framework by means of fingerprint enhancement, feature extraction, and matching techniques. Initially, a variant of adaptive histogram equalization called CLAHE (contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization) along with a combination of FFT (fast Fourier transform), and Gabor filters are applied to enhance the contrast of fingerprint images. The fingerprint is then authenticated by picking a small amount of information from some local interest points called minutiae point features. These features are extracted from the thinned binary fingerprint image with a hybrid combination of Harris and SURF feature detectors to render significantly improved detection results. For fingerprint matching, the Euclidean distance between the corresponding Harris-SURF feature vectors of two feature points is used as a feature matching similarity measure of two fingerprint images. Moreover, an iterative algorithm called RANSAC (RANdom SAmple Consensus) is applied for fine matching and to automatically eliminate false matches and incorrect match points. Quantitative experimental results achieved on FVC2002 DB1 and FVC2000 DB1 public domain fingerprint databases demonstrate the good performance and feasibility of the proposed framework in terms of achieving average recognition rates of 95% and 92.5% for FVC2002 DB1 and FVC2000 DB1 databases, respectively.

Data-Driven Analytics Leveraging Artificial Intelligence in the Era of COVID-19: An Insightful Review of Recent Developments

This paper presents the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and other latest technologies that were employed to fight the recent pandemic (i.e., novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)). These technologies assisted the early detection/diagnosis, trends analysis, intervention planning, healthcare burden forecasting, comorbidity analysis, and mitigation and control, to name a few. The key-enablers of these technologies was data that was obtained from heterogeneous sources (i.e., social networks (SN), internet of (medical) things (IoT/IoMT), cellular networks, transport usage, epidemiological investigations, and other digital/sensing platforms). To this end, we provide an insightful overview of the role of data-driven analytics leveraging AI in the era of COVID-19. Specifically, we discuss major services that AI can provide in the context of COVID-19 pandemic based on six grounds, (i) AI role in seven different epidemic containment strategies (a.k.a non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)), (ii) AI role in data life cycle phases employed to control pandemic via digital solutions, (iii) AI role in performing analytics on heterogeneous types of data stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, (iv) AI role in the healthcare sector in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, (v) general-purpose applications of AI in COVID-19 era, and (vi) AI role in drug design and repurposing (e.g., iteratively aligning protein spikes and applying three/four-fold symmetry to yield a low-resolution candidate template) against COVID-19. Further, we discuss the challenges involved in applying AI to the available data and privacy issues that can arise from personal data transitioning into cyberspace. We also provide a concise overview of other latest technologies that were increasingly applied to limit the spread of the ongoing pandemic. Finally, we discuss the avenues of future research in the respective area. This insightful review aims to highlight existing AI-based technological developments and future research dynamics in this area.