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Baecher H, Hoch CC, Knoedler S, Maheta BJ, Kauke-Navarro M, Safi AF, Alfertshofer M, Knoedler L. From bench to bedside - current clinical and translational challenges in fibula free flap reconstruction. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1246690. [PMID: 37886365 PMCID: PMC10598714 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1246690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibula free flaps (FFF) represent a working horse for different reconstructive scenarios in facial surgery. While FFF were initially established for mandible reconstruction, advancements in planning for microsurgical techniques have paved the way toward a broader spectrum of indications, including maxillary defects. Essential factors to improve patient outcomes following FFF include minimal donor site morbidity, adequate bone length, and dual blood supply. Yet, persisting clinical and translational challenges hamper the effectiveness of FFF. In the preoperative phase, virtual surgical planning and artificial intelligence tools carry untapped potential, while the intraoperative role of individualized surgical templates and bioprinted prostheses remains to be summarized. Further, the integration of novel flap monitoring technologies into postoperative patient management has been subject to translational and clinical research efforts. Overall, there is a paucity of studies condensing the body of knowledge on emerging technologies and techniques in FFF surgery. Herein, we aim to review current challenges and solution possibilities in FFF. This line of research may serve as a pocket guide on cutting-edge developments and facilitate future targeted research in FFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Baecher
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Cosima C. Hoch
- Medical Faculty, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Samuel Knoedler
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bhagvat J. Maheta
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States
| | - Martin Kauke-Navarro
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ali-Farid Safi
- Craniologicum, Center for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Bern, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Alfertshofer
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonard Knoedler
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Ha P, Liu TP, Li C, Zheng Z. Novel Strategies for Orofacial Soft Tissue Regeneration. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2023; 12:339-360. [PMID: 35651274 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2022.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Orofacial structures are indispensable for speech and eating, and impairment disrupts whole-body health through malnutrition and poor quality of life. However, due to the unique and highly specialized cell populations, tissue architecture, and healing microenvironments, regeneration in this region is challenging and inadequately addressed to date. Recent Advances: With increasing understanding of the nuanced physiology and cellular responses of orofacial soft tissue, novel scaffolds, seeded cells, and bioactive molecules were developed in the past 5 years to specifically target orofacial soft tissue regeneration, particularly for tissues primarily found within the orofacial region such as oral mucosa, taste buds, salivary glands, and masseter muscles. Critical Issues: Due to the tightly packed and complex anatomy, orofacial soft tissue injury commonly implicates multiple tissue types, and thus functional unit reconstruction in the orofacial region is more important than single tissue regeneration. Future Directions: This article reviews the up-to-date knowledge in this highly translational topic, which provides insights into novel biologically inspired and engineered strategies for regenerating orofacial component tissues and functional units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Ha
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy P Liu
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chenshuang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhong Zheng
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Park HI, Lee JH, Lee SJ. The comprehensive on-demand 3D bio-printing for composite reconstruction of mandibular defects. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 44:31. [PMID: 36195777 PMCID: PMC9532487 DOI: 10.1186/s40902-022-00361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mandible is a functional bio-organ that supports facial structures and helps mastication and speaking. Large mandible defects, generally greater than 6-cm segment loss, may require composite tissue reconstruction such as osteocutaneous-vascularized free flap which has a limitation of additional surgery and a functional morbidity at the donor site. A 3D bio-printing technology is recently developed to overcome the limitation in the composite reconstruction of the mandible using osteocutaneous-vascularized free flap. Review Scaffold, cells, and bioactive molecules are essential for a 3D bio-printing. For mandibular reconstruction, materials in a 3D bio-printing require mechanical strength, resilience, and biocompatibility. Recently, an integrated tissue and organ printing system with multiple cartridges are designed and it is capable of printing polymers to reinforce the printed structure, such as hydrogel. Conclusion For successful composite tissue reconstruction of the mandible, biologic considerations and components should be presented with a comprehensive on-demand online platform model of customized approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ick Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee-Ho Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA.
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Pourlak T, Pourlak T, Ghodrati M, Mortazavi A, Dolati S, Yousefi M. Usage of stem cells in oral and maxillofacial region. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2020; 122:441-452. [PMID: 33099018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of the maxillofacial region has disturbing psychosocial effects and causes enormous socioeconomic concerns. The management of maxillofacial defects caused by congenital anomalies, trauma, osteoporotic fractures, periodontitis, or cancer treatment is challenging for oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Numerous approaches have been recommended for the managing of these deficiencies. The traditional treatment for maxillofacial defects or their repair is an intricate process by autologous bone grafts from the scapula, ribs, fibula, or iliac crest origins. Regenerative medicine is well thought-out as a perfect substitute approach for autologous bone grafts to renovate bone deficiencies. The use of stem cells has improved results and offered a technique to reconstruct craniofacial bone defects. The field of tissue engineering for the regeneration of maxillofacial needs integration of biochemical and biomaterial engineering aspects with cell transplantation to generate better-quality biomimetic scaffolds, prevascularize three-dimensional (3D) tissue structures, and engineer the composite interface of diverse facial tissues. In this review, we have discussed the application of different adult stem cells to repair oral and maxillofacial defects in animal models and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pourlak
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - T Pourlak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - M Ghodrati
- Department of Endodontics, Dental and Periodental Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - A Mortazavi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - S Dolati
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - M Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Vidoni C, Ferraresi A, Secomandi E, Vallino L, Gardin C, Zavan B, Mortellaro C, Isidoro C. Autophagy drives osteogenic differentiation of human gingival mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:98. [PMID: 31426798 PMCID: PMC6701103 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Autophagy is a macromolecular degradation process playing a pivotal role in the maintenance of stem-like features and in the morpho-functional remodeling of the tissues undergoing differentiation. In this work we investigated the involvement of autophagy in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells originated from human gingiva (HGMSC). METHODS To promote the osteogenic differentiation of HGMSCs we employed resveratrol, a nutraceutical known to modulate autophagy and cell differentiation, together with osteoblastic inductive factors. Osteoblastic differentiation and autophagy were monitored through western blotting and immunofluorescence staining of specific markers. RESULTS We show that HGMSCs can differentiate into osteoblasts when cultured in the presence of appropriate factors and that resveratrol accelerates this process by up-regulating autophagy. The prolonged incubation with dexamethasone, β-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid induced the osteogenic differentiation of HGMSCc with increased expression of autophagy markers. Resveratrol (1 μM) alone elicited a less marked osteogenic differentiation yet it greatly induced autophagy and, when added to the osteogenic differentiation factors, it provoked a synergistic effect. Resveratrol and osteogenic inductive factors synergistically induced the AMPK-BECLIN-1 pro-autophagic pathway in differentiating HGMSCs, that was thereafter downregulated in osteoblastic differentiated cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of BECLIN-1-dependent autophagy precluded the osteogenic differentiation of HGMSCs. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy modulation is instrumental for osteoblastic differentiation of HGMSCs. The present findings can be translated into the regenerative cell therapy of maxillary / mandibular bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vidoni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferraresi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Secomandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Letizia Vallino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Gardin
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, via Corriera 1, 48033, Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, via Corriera 1, 48033, Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy.,Medical Sciences Department, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmen Mortellaro
- Oral Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Science, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy.
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Abstract
Autogenous or alloplastic bone grafts are routinely applied for reconstruction of cystic bone defects. Addition of mesenchymal bone marrow stem cell in osteoconductive alloplastic bone makes it osteoinductive and osteogenic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of bone marrow aspirate in regenerating new bone with hydroxyapatite collagen scaffold in patients with large cystic maxillofacial defects. This prospective randomized study had random allocation of 15 patients with large cystic maxillofacial bony defects in each of the 2 groups. Group I patients received hydroxyapatite granules and bone marrow aspirate in collagen sponge and group II received hydroxyapatite granules only. Clinical and radiologic assessment showed the time taken in bone healing. In group I, the bone defect volume reduction was statistically significant at 3 and 6 months, the postoperative pain and swelling was less, and there was no tooth mobility at 3 months. The authors concluded that use of hydroxyapatite granules with bone marrow aspirate in collagen sponge in maxillofacial bone defects provided early bone regeneration, and faster wound healing. However, to arrive at a definitive conclusion a long-term study with a larger sample size is required.
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Reconstruction of Craniomaxillofacial Bone Defects Using Tissue-Engineering Strategies with Injectable and Non-Injectable Scaffolds. J Funct Biomater 2017; 8:jfb8040049. [PMID: 29156629 PMCID: PMC5748556 DOI: 10.3390/jfb8040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering craniofacial bone tissues is challenging due to their complex structures. Current standard autografts and allografts have many drawbacks for craniofacial bone tissue reconstruction; including donor site morbidity and the ability to reinstate the aesthetic characteristics of the host tissue. To overcome these problems; tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies have been developed as a potential way to reconstruct damaged bone tissue. Different types of new biomaterials; including natural polymers; synthetic polymers and bioceramics; have emerged to treat these damaged craniofacial bone tissues in the form of injectable and non-injectable scaffolds; which are examined in this review. Injectable scaffolds can be considered a better approach to craniofacial tissue engineering as they can be inserted with minimally invasive surgery; thus protecting the aesthetic characteristics. In this review; we also focus on recent research innovations with different types of stem-cell sources harvested from oral tissue and growth factors used to develop craniofacial bone tissue-engineering strategies.
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Albiero ML, Stipp RN, Saito MT, Casati MZ, Sallum EA, Nociti FH, Silvério KG. Viability and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Progenitor Cells Are Maintained After Incubation With Porphyromonas gingivalis Protein Extract. J Periodontol 2017. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Laino Albiero
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Miki Taketomi Saito
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Zaffalon Casati
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Enilson Antonio Sallum
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Humberto Nociti
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Gonzales Silvério
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kuss MA, Harms R, Wu S, Wang Y, Untrauer JB, Carlson MA, Duan B. Short-term hypoxic preconditioning promotes prevascularization in 3D bioprinted bone constructs with stromal vascular fraction derived cells. RSC Adv 2017; 7:29312-29320. [PMID: 28670447 PMCID: PMC5472052 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04372d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of complex, craniofacial bone defects often requires autogenous vascularized bone grafts, and still remains a challenge today. In order to address this issue, we isolated the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from adipose tissues and maintained the phenotypes and the growth of endothelial lineage cells within SVF derived cells (SVFC) by incorporating an endothelial cell medium. We 3D bioprinted SVFC within our hydrogel bioinks and conditioned the constructs in either normoxia or hypoxia. We found that short-term hypoxic conditioning promoted vascularization-related gene expression, whereas long-term hypoxia impaired cell viability and vascularization. 3D bioprinted bone constructs composed of polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HAp) and SVFC-laden hydrogel bioinks were then implanted into athymic mice, after conditioning in normoxic or short-term hypoxic environments, in order to determine the in vitro and in vivo vascularization and osteogenic differentiation of the constructs. Short-term hypoxic conditioning promoted microvessel formation in vitro and in vivo and promoted integration with existing host vasculature, but did not affect osteogenic differentiation of SVFC. These findings demonstrate the benefit of short-term hypoxia and the potential for utilization of SVFC and 3D bioprinting for generating prevascularized 3D bioprinted bone constructs. Furthermore, the ability to custom design complex anatomical shapes has promising applications for the regeneration of both large and small craniofacial bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. ; Tel: +1 402 559 9637
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Robert Harms
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. ; Tel: +1 402 559 9637
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shaohua Wu
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. ; Tel: +1 402 559 9637
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. ; Tel: +1 402 559 9637
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jason B Untrauer
- Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mark A Carlson
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. ; Tel: +1 402 559 9637
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center and the VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. ; Tel: +1 402 559 9637
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Maisani M, Pezzoli D, Chassande O, Mantovani D. Cellularizing hydrogel-based scaffolds to repair bone tissue: How to create a physiologically relevant micro-environment? J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417712073. [PMID: 28634532 PMCID: PMC5467968 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417712073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising alternative to autografts or allografts for the regeneration of large bone defects. Cell-free biomaterials with different degrees of sophistication can be used for several therapeutic indications, to stimulate bone repair by the host tissue. However, when osteoprogenitors are not available in the damaged tissue, exogenous cells with an osteoblast differentiation potential must be provided. These cells should have the capacity to colonize the defect and to participate in the building of new bone tissue. To achieve this goal, cells must survive, remain in the defect site, eventually proliferate, and differentiate into mature osteoblasts. A critical issue for these engrafted cells is to be fed by oxygen and nutrients: the transient absence of a vascular network upon implantation is a major challenge for cells to survive in the site of implantation, and different strategies can be followed to promote cell survival under poor oxygen and nutrient supply and to promote rapid vascularization of the defect area. These strategies involve the use of scaffolds designed to create the appropriate micro-environment for cells to survive, proliferate, and differentiate in vitro and in vivo. Hydrogels are an eclectic class of materials that can be easily cellularized and provide effective, minimally invasive approaches to fill bone defects and favor bone tissue regeneration. Furthermore, by playing on their composition and processing, it is possible to obtain biocompatible systems with adequate chemical, biological, and mechanical properties. However, only a good combination of scaffold and cells, possibly with the aid of incorporated growth factors, can lead to successful results in bone regeneration. This review presents the strategies used to design cellularized hydrogel-based systems for bone regeneration, identifying the key parameters of the many different micro-environments created within hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Maisani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials & Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center CHU de Québec, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire BioTis, Inserm U1026, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniele Pezzoli
- Laboratory for Biomaterials & Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center CHU de Québec, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Chassande
- Laboratoire BioTis, Inserm U1026, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials & Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center CHU de Québec, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
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