Data-driven models in human neuroscience and neuroengineering

Absolute Number of Three Populations of Interneurons and All GABAergic Synapses in the Human Hippocampus

The human hippocampus, essential for learning and memory, is implicated in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, each linked to specific neuronal subpopulations. Advancing our understanding of hippocampal function requires computational models grounded in precise quantitative neuronal data. While extensive data exist on the neuronal composition and synaptic architecture of the rodent hippocampus, analogous quantitative data for the human hippocampus remain very limited. Given the critical role of local GABAergic interneurons in modulating hippocampal functions, we employed unbiased stereological techniques to estimate the density and total number of three major GABAergic cell types in the male and female human hippocampus: parvalbumin (PV)-expressing, somatostatin (SOM)-positive, and calretinin (CR)-positive interneurons. Our findings reveal an estimated 49,400 PV-positive, 141,500 SOM-positive, and 250,600 CR-positive interneurons per hippocampal hemisphere. Notably, CR-positive interneurons, which are primarily interneuron-selective in rodents, were present in humans at a higher proportion. Additionally, using three-dimensional electron microscopy, we estimated ∼25 billion GABAergic synapses per hippocampal hemisphere, with PV-positive boutons comprising ∼3.5 billion synapses, or 14% of the total GABAergic synapses. These findings contribute crucial quantitative insights for modeling human hippocampal circuits and understanding its complex regulatory dynamics.

Extracting interpretable signatures of whole-brain dynamics through systematic comparison

The brain's complex distributed dynamics are typically quantified using a limited set of manually selected statistical properties, leaving the possibility that alternative dynamical properties may outperform those reported for a given application. Here, we address this limitation by systematically comparing diverse, interpretable features of both intra-regional activity and inter-regional functional coupling from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data, demonstrating our method using case-control comparisons of four neuropsychiatric disorders. Our findings generally support the use of linear time-series analysis techniques for rs-fMRI case-control analyses, while also identifying new ways to quantify informative dynamical fMRI structures. While simple statistical representations of fMRI dynamics performed surprisingly well (e.g., properties within a single brain region), combining intra-regional properties with inter-regional coupling generally improved performance, underscoring the distributed, multifaceted changes to fMRI dynamics in neuropsychiatric disorders. The comprehensive, data-driven method introduced here enables systematic identification and interpretation of quantitative dynamical signatures of multivariate time-series data, with applicability beyond neuroimaging to diverse scientific problems involving complex time-varying systems.

A data-driven analysis of the perceptual and neural responses to natural objects reveals organising principles of human visual cognition

A key challenge in understanding the functional organisation of visual cortex stems from the fact that only a small proportion of the objects experienced during natural viewing can be presented in a typical experiment. This constraint often leads to experimental designs that compare responses to objects from experimenter-defined stimulus conditions, potentially limiting the interpretation of the data. To overcome this issue, we used images from the THINGS initiative, which provides a systematic sampling of natural objects. A data-driven analysis was then applied to reveal the functional organisation of the visual brain, incorporating both perceptual and neural responses to these objects. Perceptual properties of the objects were taken from an analysis of similarity judgements, and neural properties were taken from whole brain fMRI responses to the same objects. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was then used to predict neural responses across the brain from the perceptual properties while simultaneously applying dimensionality reduction. The PLSR model accurately predicted neural responses across visual cortex using only a small number of components. These components revealed smooth, graded neural topographies, which were similar in both hemispheres, and captured a variety of object properties including animacy, real-world size, and object category. However, they did not accord in any simple way with previous theoretical perspectives on object perception. Instead, our findings suggest that visual cortex encodes information in a statistically efficient manner, reflecting natural variability among objects.Significance statement The ability to recognise objects is fundamental to how we interact with our environment, yet the organising principles underlying neural representations of visual objects remain contentious. In this study, we sought to address this question by analysing perceptual and neural responses to a large, unbiased sample of objects. Using a data-driven approach, we leveraged perceptual properties of objects to predict neural responses using a small number of components. This model predicted neural responses with a high degree of accuracy across visual cortex. The components did not directly align with previous explanations of object perception. Instead, our findings suggest the organisation of the visual brain is based on the statistical properties of objects in the natural world.

Can personality traits be predicted from resting-state EEG oscillations? A replication study

Personality neuroscience seeks to uncover the neurobiological underpinnings of personality. Identifying links between measures of brain activity and personality traits is important in this respect. Using an entirely inductive approach, Jach et al. (2020) attempted to predict personality trait scores from resting-state spectral electroencephalography (EEG) using multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) and found meaningful results for Agreeableness. The exploratory nature of this work and concerns about replicability in general require a rigorous replication, which was the aim of the current study. We applied the same analytic approach to a large data set (N = 772) to evaluate the robustness of the previous results. Similar to Jach et al. (2020), 8 min of resting-state EEG before and after unrelated tasks with both eyes open and closed were analyzed using support vector regressions (SVR). A 10-fold cross-validation was used to evaluate the prediction accuracy between the spectral power of 59 EEG electrodes within 30 frequency bins ranging from 1 to 30 Hz and Big Five personality trait scores. We were not able to replicate the findings for Agreeableness. We extended the analysis by parameterizing the total EEG signal into its periodic and aperiodic signal components. However, neither component was meaningfully associated with the Big Five personality traits. Our results do not support the initial results and indicate that personality traits may at least not be substantially predictable from resting-state spectral power. Future identification of robust and replicable brain-personality associations will likely require alternative analysis methods and rigorous preregistration of all analysis steps.

Extracting interpretable signatures of whole-brain dynamics through systematic comparison

The brain's complex distributed dynamics are typically quantified using a limited set of manually selected statistical properties, leaving the possibility that alternative dynamical properties may outperform those reported for a given application. Here, we address this limitation by systematically comparing diverse, interpretable features of both intra-regional activity and inter-regional functional coupling from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data, demonstrating our method using case-control comparisons of four neuropsychiatric disorders. Our findings generally support the use of linear time-series analysis techniques for rs-fMRI case-control analyses, while also identifying new ways to quantify informative dynamical fMRI structures. While simple statistical representations of fMRI dynamics performed surprisingly well (e.g., properties within a single brain region), combining intra-regional properties with inter-regional coupling generally improved performance, underscoring the distributed, multifaceted changes to fMRI dynamics in neuropsychiatric disorders. The comprehensive, data-driven method introduced here enables systematic identification and interpretation of quantitative dynamical signatures of multivariate time-series data, with applicability beyond neuroimaging to diverse scientific problems involving complex time-varying systems.

Explainable machine learning predictions of perceptual sensitivity for retinal prostheses

Objective.Retinal prostheses evoke visual precepts by electrically stimulating functioning cells in the retina. Despite high variance in perceptual thresholds across subjects, among electrodes within a subject, and over time, retinal prosthesis users must undergo 'system fitting', a process performed to calibrate stimulation parameters according to the subject's perceptual thresholds. Although previous work has identified electrode-retina distance and impedance as key factors affecting thresholds, an accurate predictive model is still lacking.Approach.To address these challenges, we (1) fitted machine learning models to a large longitudinal dataset with the goal of predicting individual electrode thresholds and deactivation as a function of stimulus, electrode, and clinical parameters ('predictors') and (2) leveraged explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to reveal which of these predictors were most important.Main results.Our models accounted for up to 76% of the perceptual threshold response variance and enabled predictions of whether an electrode was deactivated in a given trial with F1 and area under the ROC curve scores of up to 0.732 and 0.911, respectively. Our models identified novel predictors of perceptual sensitivity, including subject age, time since blindness onset, and electrode-fovea distance.Significance.Our results demonstrate that routinely collected clinical measures and a single session of system fitting might be sufficient to inform an XAI-based threshold prediction strategy, which has the potential to transform clinical practice in predicting visual outcomes.

Classification of age groups and task conditions provides additional evidence for differences in electrophysiological correlates of inhibitory control across the lifespan

The aim of this study was to extend previous findings on selective attention over a lifetime using machine learning procedures. By decoding group membership and stimulus type, we aimed to study differences in the neural representation of inhibitory control across age groups at a single-trial level. We re-analyzed data from 211 subjects from six age groups between 8 and 83 years of age. Based on single-trial EEG recordings during a flanker task, we used support vector machines to predict the age group as well as to determine the presented stimulus type (i.e., congruent, or incongruent stimulus). The classification of group membership was highly above chance level (accuracy: 55%, chance level: 17%). Early EEG responses were found to play an important role, and a grouped pattern of classification performance emerged corresponding to age structure. There was a clear cluster of individuals after retirement, i.e., misclassifications mostly occurred within this cluster. The stimulus type could be classified above chance level in ~ 95% of subjects. We identified time windows relevant for classification performance that are discussed in the context of early visual attention and conflict processing. In children and older adults, a high variability and latency of these time windows were found. We were able to demonstrate differences in neuronal dynamics at the level of individual trials. Our analysis was sensitive to mapping gross changes, e.g., at retirement age, and to differentiating components of visual attention across age groups, adding value for the diagnosis of cognitive status across the lifespan. Overall, the results highlight the use of machine learning in the study of brain activity over a lifetime.

Full-scale scaffold model of the human hippocampus CA1 area

The increasing availability of quantitative data on the human brain is opening new avenues to study neural function and dysfunction, thus bringing us closer and closer to the implementation of digital twin applications for personalized medicine. Here we provide a resource to the neuroscience community: a computational method to generate full-scale scaffold model of human brain regions starting from microscopy images. We have benchmarked the method to reconstruct the CA1 region of a right human hippocampus, which accounts for about half of the entire right hippocampal formation. Together with 3D soma positioning we provide a connectivity matrix generated using a morpho-anatomical connection strategy based on axonal and dendritic probability density functions accounting for morphological properties of hippocampal neurons. The data and algorithms are supplied in a ready-to-use format, suited to implement computational models at different scales and detail.

Explainable Machine Learning Predictions of Perceptual Sensitivity for Retinal Prostheses

To provide appropriate levels of stimulation, retinal prostheses must be calibrated to an individual's perceptual thresholds ('system fitting'), despite thresholds varying drastically across subjects, across electrodes within a subject, and over time. Although previous work has identified electrode-retina distance and impedance as key factors affecting thresholds, an accurate predictive model is still lacking. To address these challenges, we 1) fitted machine learning (ML) models to a large longitudinal dataset with the goal of predicting individual electrode thresholds and deactivation as a function of stimulus, electrode, and clinical parameters ('predictors') and 2) leveraged explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to reveal which of these predictors were most important. Our models accounted for up to 77% of the perceptual threshold response variance and enabled predictions of whether an electrode was deactivated in a given trial with F1 and AUC scores of up to 0.740 and 0.913, respectively. Deactivation and threshold models identified novel predictors of perceptual sensitivity, including subject age, time since blindness onset, and electrode-fovea distance. Our results demonstrate that routinely collected clinical measures and a single session of system fitting might be sufficient to inform an XAI-based threshold prediction strategy, which may transform clinical practice in predicting visual outcomes.

ABOT: an open-source online benchmarking tool for machine learning-based artefact detection and removal methods from neuronal signals

Brain signals are recorded using different techniques to aid an accurate understanding of brain function and to treat its disorders. Untargeted internal and external sources contaminate the acquired signals during the recording process. Often termed as artefacts, these contaminations cause serious hindrances in decoding the recorded signals; hence, they must be removed to facilitate unbiased decision-making for a given investigation. Due to the complex and elusive manifestation of artefacts in neuronal signals, computational techniques serve as powerful tools for their detection and removal. Machine learning (ML) based methods have been successfully applied in this task. Due to ML's popularity, many articles are published every year, making it challenging to find, compare and select the most appropriate method for a given experiment. To this end, this paper presents ABOT (Artefact removal Benchmarking Online Tool) as an online benchmarking tool which allows users to compare existing ML-driven artefact detection and removal methods from the literature. The characteristics and related information about the existing methods have been compiled as a knowledgebase (KB) and presented through a user-friendly interface with interactive plots and tables for users to search it using several criteria. Key characteristics extracted from over 120 articles from the literature have been used in the KB to help compare the specific ML models. To comply with the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principle, the source code and documentation of the toolbox have been made available via an open-access repository.

The quest for multiscale brain modeling

Addressing the multiscale organization of the brain, which is fundamental to the dynamic repertoire of the organ, remains challenging. In principle, it should be possible to model neurons and synapses in detail and then connect them into large neuronal assemblies to explain the relationship between microscopic phenomena, large-scale brain functions, and behavior. It is more difficult to infer neuronal functions from ensemble measurements such as those currently obtained with brain activity recordings. In this article we consider theories and strategies for combining bottom-up models, generated from principles of neuronal biophysics, with top-down models based on ensemble representations of network activity and on functional principles. These integrative approaches are hoped to provide effective multiscale simulations in virtual brains and neurorobots, and pave the way to future applications in medicine and information technologies.

Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of trigeminal nerve assisted by nerve bundle extraction and image fusion based on hamilton-jacobi equation

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Radiofrequency thermocoagulation is an effective method for treating classic trigeminal neuralgia. However, the accurate positioning of thermocoagulation is difficult. The purpose of this study was to design an optimal strategy for performing adjuvant surgery.

METHODS

A total of 60 patients with trigeminal neuralgia were divided into two groups. One group received conventional computed tomography (CT) guided treatment (CT group). In the other group, neural fiber bundles were firstly extracted based on the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Then, the MRI, CT, and fiber bundle images were fused to visualize the relationship among semilunar ganglion, trigeminal nerve, and puncture needle (fusion group).

RESULTS

Trigeminal fiber bundles were extracted quickly by the contour tracking method, and different types of image fusion were realized for radiofrequency surgery navigation. In the fusion group, 13.3% of patients could not reach semilunar ganglion, and 76.9% of the remaining cases reached the ideal damage area. In the CT group, the preoperative design shows that 26.7% of patients may have puncture difficulty, and 54.5% of remaining cases reached the ideal damage area.

CONCLUSION

The technique of neural bundle extraction and image fusion based on the Hamilton-Jacobi equation can be used to plan the personalized puncture path targeting the semilunar ganglion.

A Visual Encoding Model Based on Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning for Human Brain Activity along the Ventral Visual Stream

Visual encoding models are important computational models for understanding how information is processed along the visual stream. Many improved visual encoding models have been developed from the perspective of the model architecture and the learning objective, but these are limited to the supervised learning method. From the view of unsupervised learning mechanisms, this paper utilized a pre-trained neural network to construct a visual encoding model based on contrastive self-supervised learning for the ventral visual stream measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We first extracted features using the ResNet50 model pre-trained in contrastive self-supervised learning (ResNet50-CSL model), trained a linear regression model for each voxel, and finally calculated the prediction accuracy of different voxels. Compared with the ResNet50 model pre-trained in a supervised classification task, the ResNet50-CSL model achieved an equal or even relatively better encoding performance in multiple visual cortical areas. Moreover, the ResNet50-CSL model performs hierarchical representation of input visual stimuli, which is similar to the human visual cortex in its hierarchical information processing. Our experimental results suggest that the encoding model based on contrastive self-supervised learning is a strong computational model to compete with supervised models, and contrastive self-supervised learning proves an effective learning method to extract human brain-like representations.

Learning Brain Dynamics With Coupled Low-Dimensional Nonlinear Oscillators and Deep Recurrent Networks

Many natural systems, especially biological ones, exhibit complex multivariate nonlinear dynamical behaviors that can be hard to capture by linear autoregressive models. On the other hand, generic nonlinear models such as deep recurrent neural networks often require large amounts of training data, not always available in domains such as brain imaging; also, they often lack interpretability. Domain knowledge about the types of dynamics typically observed in such systems, such as a certain type of dynamical systems models, could complement purely data-driven techniques by providing a good prior. In this work, we consider a class of ordinary differential equation (ODE) models known as van der Pol (VDP) oscil lators and evaluate their ability to capture a low-dimensional representation of neural activity measured by different brain imaging modalities, such as calcium imaging (CaI) and fMRI, in different living organisms: larval zebrafish, rat, and human. We develop a novel and efficient approach to the nontrivial problem of parameters estimation for a network of coupled dynamical systems from multivariate data and demonstrate that the resulting VDP models are both accurate and interpretable, as VDP's coupling matrix reveals anatomically meaningful excitatory and inhibitory interactions across different brain subsystems. VDP outperforms linear autoregressive models (VAR) in terms of both the data fit accuracy and the quality of insight provided by the coupling matrices and often tends to generalize better to unseen data when predicting future brain activity, being comparable to and sometimes better than the recurrent neural networks (LSTMs). Finally, we demonstrate that our (generative) VDP model can also serve as a data-augmentation tool leading to marked improvements in predictive accuracy of recurrent neural networks. Thus, our work contributes to both basic and applied dimensions of neuroimaging: gaining scientific insights and improving brain-based predictive models, an area of potentially high practical importance in clinical diagnosis and neurotechnology.

A simple parametric representation of the Hodgkin-Huxley model

The Hodgkin-Huxley model, decades after its first presentation, is still a reference model in neuroscience as it has successfully reproduced the electrophysiological activity of many organisms. The primary signal in the model represents the membrane potential of a neuron. A simple representation of this signal is presented in this paper. The new proposal is an adapted Frequency Modulated Möbius multicomponent model defined as a signal plus error model in which the signal is decomposed as a sum of waves. The main strengths of the method are the simple parametric formulation, the interpretability and flexibility of the parameters that describe and discriminate the waveforms, the estimators' identifiability and accuracy, and the robustness against noise. The approach is validated with a broad simulation experiment of Hodgkin-Huxley signals and real data from squid giant axons. Interesting differences between simulated and real data emerge from the comparison of the parameter configurations. Furthermore, the potential of the FMM parameters to predict Hodgkin-Huxley model parameters is shown using different Machine Learning methods. Finally, promising contributions of the approach in Spike Sorting and cell-type classification are detailed.

Characterizing Cortex-Wide Dynamics with Wide-Field Calcium Imaging

The brain functions through coordinated activity among distributed regions. Wide-field calcium imaging, combined with improved genetically encoded calcium indicators, allows sufficient signal-to-noise ratio and spatiotemporal resolution to afford a unique opportunity to capture cortex-wide dynamics on a moment-by-moment basis in behaving animals. Recent applications of this approach have been uncovering cortical dynamics at unprecedented scales during various cognitive processes, ranging from relatively simple sensorimotor integration to more complex decision-making tasks. In this review, we will highlight recent scientific advances enabled by wide-field calcium imaging in behaving mice. We then summarize several technical considerations and future opportunities for wide-field imaging to uncover large-scale circuit dynamics.

Behavioral and Neural Variability of Naturalistic Arm Movements

Motor behaviors are central to many functions and dysfunctions of the brain, and understanding their neural basis has consequently been a major focus in neuroscience. However, most studies of motor behaviors have been restricted to artificial, repetitive paradigms, far removed from natural movements performed "in the wild." Here, we leveraged recent advances in machine learning and computer vision to analyze intracranial recordings from 12 human subjects during thousands of spontaneous, unstructured arm reach movements, observed over several days for each subject. These naturalistic movements elicited cortical spectral power patterns consistent with findings from controlled paradigms, but with considerable neural variability across subjects and events. We modeled interevent variability using 10 behavioral and environmental features; the most important features explaining this variability were reach angle and day of recording. Our work is among the first studies connecting behavioral and neural variability across cortex in humans during unstructured movements and contributes to our understanding of long-term naturalistic behavior.

Spectral and Anatomical Patterns of Large-Scale Synchronization Predict Human Attentional Capacity

The capacity of visual attention determines how many visual objects may be perceived at any moment. This capacity can be investigated with multiple object tracking (MOT) tasks, which have shown that it varies greatly between individuals. The neuronal mechanisms underlying capacity limits have remained poorly understood. Phase synchronization of cortical oscillations coordinates neuronal communication within the fronto-parietal attention network and between the visual regions during endogenous visual attention. We tested a hypothesis that attentional capacity is predicted by the strength of pretarget synchronization within attention-related cortical regions. We recorded cortical activity with magneto- and electroencephalography (M/EEG) while measuring attentional capacity with MOT tasks and identified large-scale synchronized networks from source-reconstructed M/EEG data. Individual attentional capacity was correlated with load-dependent strengthening of theta (3–8 Hz), alpha (8–10 Hz), and gamma-band (30–120 Hz) synchronization that connected the visual cortex with posterior parietal and prefrontal cortices. Individual memory capacity was also preceded by crossfrequency phase–phase and phase–amplitude coupling of alpha oscillation phase with beta and gamma oscillations. Our results show that good attentional capacity is preceded by efficient dynamic functional coupling and decoupling within brain regions and across frequencies, which may enable efficient communication and routing of information between sensory and attentional systems.