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Aloi M, Riccelli C, Piterà F, Notaro M, Curcio V, Pullia L, Sorrentino C, Audino MG, Carcione A, Segura-Garcia C, De Fazio P. Impaired Metacognitive Differentiation, High Difficulty in Controlling Impulses and Non-acceptance of Emotions are Associated With the Severity of Gambling Disorder. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1-11. [PMID: 35000052 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of metacognition in gambling disorder (GD) is underexplored. To date, only two studies have investigated the role of metacognitive functioning, but among the adolescent population. The first aim of the current research was to assess and compare adult male gamblers with healthy controls (HCs) in relation to metacognition, impulsivity and emotional dysregulation. The second aim was to identify the variables among metacognition, impulsivity and emotional dysregulation associated with the severity of GD by means of linear regression.A total of 116 adult males (58 with GD and 58 HCs) completed self-report questionnaires on gambling severity, metacognition, emotional dysregulation and impulsivity. A linear regression analysis was run to assess the variables associated with gambling severity.Patients with GD exhibited more impaired scores than HCs in all the psychopathological dimensions investigated. More interestingly, gambling severity was significantly associated with metacognitive differentiation/decentration, difficulty in controlling impulses and non-acceptance of negative emotions.According to our results, the severity of gambling is associated with impaired metacognitive differentiation, high difficulty in controlling impulses and non-acceptance of negative emotions, and these findings can lead to new treatment implications. Interventions focused on metacognition and emotion regulation could help patients with GD to avoid maladaptive strategies such as behavioural addictions and, more specifically, to manage their own emotions. This type of treatment could help gamblers to become more aware of their internal state and learn strategies for adaptively managing emotions through functional metacognitive differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Aloi
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Riccelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Piterà
- Therapeutic Community "Centro Calabrese di Solidarietà", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariarita Notaro
- Addiction Service, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vittoria Curcio
- Therapeutic Community "Progetto Sud - Fandango", Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Luigi Pullia
- Addiction Service, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carla Sorrentino
- Addiction Service, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Carcione
- Third Centre of Cognitive Psychotherapy - Italian School of Cognitive Psychotherapy (SICC), Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Segura-Garcia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Pasquale De Fazio
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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2
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Wyckmans F, Banerjee N, Saeremans M, Otto R, Kornreich C, Vanderijst L, Gruson D, Carbone V, Bechara A, Buchanan T, Noël X. The modulation of acute stress on model-free and model-based reinforcement learning in gambling disorder. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:831-844. [PMID: 36112488 PMCID: PMC9872530 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Experiencing acute stress is common in behavioral addictions such as gambling disorder. Additionally, like most substance-induced addictions, aberrant decision-making wherein a reactive habit-induced response (conceptualized as a Model-free [MF] in reinforcement learning) suppresses a flexible goal-directed response (conceptualized as a Model-based [MB]) is also common in gambling disorder. In the current study we investigated the influence of acute stress on the balance between habitual response and the goal-directed system. METHODS A sample of N = 116 problem gamblers (PG) and healthy controls (HC) performed an acute stress task - the Socially Evaluated Cold pressure task (SECPT) - or a control task. Self-reported stress and salivary cortisol were collected as measures of acute stress. Following the SECPT, participants performed the Two-Step Markov Task to account for the relative contribution of MB and MF strategies. Additionally, verbal working memory and IQ measures were collected to account for their mediating effects on the orchestration between MB/MF and the impact of stress. RESULTS Both groups had comparable baseline and stress-induced cortisol response to the SECPT. Non-stressed PG displayed lower MB learning than HC. MANOVA and regression analyses showed a deleterious effect of stress-induced cortisol response on the orchestration between MB and MF learning in HC but not in PG. These effects remained when controlling for working memory and IQ. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We found an abnormal pattern of modulation of stress on the orchestration between MB and MF learning among PG. Several interpretations and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Wyckmans
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nilosmita Banerjee
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Saeremans
- Psychiatric Institute, Universitary Hospital Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ross Otto
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,Psychiatric Institute, Universitary Hospital Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Vanderijst
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damien Gruson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Carbone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tony Buchanan
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, USA
| | - Xavier Noël
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,Corresponding author. E-mail:
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3
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Rafei P, Rezapour T, Batouli SAH, Verdejo-García A, Lorenzetti V, Hatami J. How do cannabis users mentally travel in time? Evidence from an fMRI study of episodic future thinking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1441-1457. [PMID: 34694424 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Episodic future thinking (EFT) is a cognitive function that allows individuals to imagine novel experiences that may happen in the future. Prior studies show that EFT is impaired in different groups of substance users. However, there is no evidence regarding the neurobiological mechanisms of EFT in cannabis users. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare brain activations of regular cannabis users and non-using controls during an EFT fMRI task. Exploratory analyses were also conducted to investigate the association between EFT and cannabis use variables (e.g., duration of use, age onset, frequency of use). METHODS Twenty current cannabis users and 22 drug-naïve controls underwent an fMRI scanning session while completing a task involving envisioning future-related events and retrieval of past memories as a control condition. The EFT fMRI task was adapted from the autobiographical interview and composed of 20 auditory cue sentences (10 cues for past and 10 cues for future events). Participants were asked to recall a past or generate a future event, in response to the cues, and then rate their vividness after each response. RESULTS We found that cannabis users compared to non-user controls had lower activation within the cerebellum, medial and superior temporal gyrus, lateral occipital cortex, and occipital fusiform gyrus while envisioning future events. Cannabis users rated the vividness of past events significantly lower than non-users (P < 0.005). There were marginal group differences for rating the vividness of future events (P = 0.052). Significant correlations were also found between the medial and superior temporal gyrus activities and behavioral measures of EFT and episodic memory. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis users, compared to drug-naïve controls, have lower brain activation in EFT relevant regions. Thus, any attempts to improve aberrant EFT performance in cannabis users may benefit from EFT training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Rafei
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tara Rezapour
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Sciences Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Medical Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antonio Verdejo-García
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioral & Health Sciences, Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Australian Catholic University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Javad Hatami
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Noël X, Saeremans M, Kornreich C, Chatard A, Jaafari N, D'Argembeau A. Reduced calibration between subjective and objective measures of episodic future thinking in alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:300-311. [PMID: 35181906 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reduced capacity to mentally simulate future scenarios could be of clinical importance in alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying episodic future thinking (EFT) impairment in AUD. METHODS We tested patients with severe AUD using two measures of EFT: the individual's own subjective experience of their imaginings (phenomenology) and the objective number of details included in imagined events, as assessed by an independent observer (examination). The comparison between the two measures allowed us to investigate the extent to which the subjective and objective characteristics of EFT are calibrated in healthy and AUD participants matched for age, education, and gender. The possible impact of cognitive functioning and disturbed mood on EFT measures was also investigated. RESULTS In terms of objective details of EFT, patients with AUD (n = 40) generated fewer episodic components and more non-episodic components than control participants (n = 40), even when controlling for cognitive functioning. However, self-ratings of phenomenological characteristics indicated that participants with AUD perceived imagined future events at a similar level of detail as control participants. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between objective and subjective measures in healthy individuals but not in the AUD group. A higher depression score in the AUD group was not associated with the EFT measures. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a distorted self-assessment of the richness of imagined future events in individuals with AUD. We discuss these apparent limitations in metacognitive abilities and verbal descriptions of imagined events among individuals with AUD and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Noël
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Saeremans
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie (ULB), Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie (ULB), Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Armand Chatard
- UMR-7295 CNRS, Faculté de Psychologie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nemet Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, INSERM CIC-P 1402, Poitiers, France.,INSERM U 1084 Laboratoire Expérimental et Clinique en Neurosciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Arnaud D'Argembeau
- Unité de Recherche en Psychologie et Neuroscience Cognitives, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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5
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Tuchina O, Agibalova T, Kiatrova L, Shustov D, Pinegin A, Ivashinenko L, Buzik O. Testing Future Thinking Task in Russian-Speaking Sample. КОНСУЛЬТАТИВНАЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЯ И ПСИХОТЕРАПИЯ 2022. [DOI: 10.17759/cpp.2022300310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this preliminary study was to carry out adaption of the Future Thinking Task (FTT) in 4 comparison groups: women without addictions and with normative anxiety and depression levels (n = 30); women with high levels of anxiety (n = 20); men without addictions and with normative anxiety and depression levels (n = 32); men with addiction (n = 23). We expected to find a number of specific differences between groups in terms of their FT parameters (thematic content and FT fluency) using the framework of FTT. Methods: FTT; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; phonemic verbal fluency task (PVF); AUDIT, the alcohol use screening test; content analysis; mathematical methods. Results and conclusions: We found differences between the control male sample and the clinical group of addicts, as well as between the community female samples with high and normal anxiety levels. Women with high anxiety had a greater number of negative future events. Patients with addictions had a reduced number of positive future events and total events across different time periods, and especially in the short term. The decrease in the number of positive short-term events may be explained by a greater self-destructive potential of addicts. The results reflect recognized specific features of addicted and anxious people’s FT. The findings on the correlations between PVF and FT fluency which were found in the male groups exclusively need additional verification. The data obtained allow us to infer that the Russian version of FTT can be used for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.D. Tuchina
- Moscow Research and Practical Centre for Narcology of the Department of Public Health
| | - T.V. Agibalova
- Moscow Research and Practical Centre for Narcology of the Department of Public Health
| | | | | | - A.R. Pinegin
- Ryazan Regional Clinical Narcological Dispensary
| | | | - O.Zh. Buzik
- Moscow Research and Practical Centre for Narcology of the Department of Public Health
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6
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How did I do it then? How will I do it later? A theoretical review of the impact of mental time travel on decision-making processes. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Rafei P, Rezapour T, Bickel WK, Ekhtiari H. Imagining the Future to Reshape the Past: A Path to Combine Cue Extinction and Memory Reconsolidation With Episodic Foresight for Addiction Treatment. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:692645. [PMID: 34366921 PMCID: PMC8333691 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.692645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Rafei
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tara Rezapour
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
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8
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Colin C, Martin A, Bonneviot F, Brangier E. Unravelling future thinking: a valuable concept for prospective ergonomics. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2021.1943045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clement Colin
- Université de Lorraine, PERSEUS EA7312, Metz, France
- Total S.E., Corporate R&D, F-92078 Paris, France
| | | | - Flavie Bonneviot
- Université de Lorraine, PERSEUS EA7312, Metz, France
- Vedecom Institute, Versailles, France
| | - Eric Brangier
- Université de Lorraine, PERSEUS EA7312, Metz, France
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9
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Martin A, Agnoletti MF, Brangier É. Ordinary users, precursory users and experts in the anticipation of future needs: Evaluation of their contribution in the elaboration of new needs in energy for housing. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 94:103394. [PMID: 33676060 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the growing emergence of ergonomic intervention aiming at designing future artefacts, needs analysis is extending to the anticipation of future needs. Both precursory users and experts are known for their deep knowledge of the studied field. In this study, we conducted 36 needs anticipation interviews with ordinary users, precursory users and experts, in order to determine the contribution of each profile to the identification of future needs. The lexical and manual analysis of the interviews shows that the precursory users' speech is the most valuable in terms of both richness and novelty. The discourse of the experts is also richer and more original than that of the ordinary users and differs from that of the precursory users: professional-based for the experts and experience-based for the precursory users. We therefore recommend the inclusion of both experts and precursory users in the need's analysis and anticipation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Éric Brangier
- Université de Lorraine, PErSEUs, F-57000, Metz, France.
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10
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Miceli S, Cardaci M, Scrima F, Caci B. Time perspective and Facebook addiction: The moderating role of neuroticism. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01355-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Linguistic Analysis of Self-Narratives of Patients With Gambling Disorder. ADDICTIVE DISORDERS & THEIR TREATMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/adt.0000000000000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Kildahl N, Hansen S, Brevers D, Skewes J. Individual differences in learning during decision-making may predict specific harms associated with gambling. Addict Behav 2020; 110:106496. [PMID: 32563860 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Problem gambling has been linked to impairments in decision-making under uncertainty. Problem gamblers are more likely to favor high-risk, high-reward, and short-term gains over more advantageous choice alternatives, and this preference has been linked to impaired learning about decision outcomes. In this paper we link specific learning processes in decision-making to specific harms related to problem gambling. We asked a group of 140 casual gamblers to 1) perform a canonical decision-making task (the Iowa Gambling Task) online, and 2) to complete a self-report survey (the GamTest) designed to measure self-perceived harm caused by their gambling. We used a reinforcement learning model to explain individual differences in the decision task, and related individuals' model parameters to the specific problem areas reported using the questionnaire. We found that people who learned more from gains than from losses on the task were more likely to report overall gambling problems, and problems specifically related to money. We also found that people whose learning was more driven by the frequency of rewards were more likely to report problems related to the amount of time spent gambling, as well as social problems. We discuss possible psychological and neural processes mediating learning and gambling related harms, and we discuss the relevance of our approach to the diagnosis of problem gambling and its consequences.
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13
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Salmon MM, Wohl MJA. Longing for the Past and Longing for the Future: A Phenomenological Assessment of the Relation Between Temporal Focus and Readiness to Change Among People Living With Addiction. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1794. [PMID: 32849059 PMCID: PMC7396655 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the dominant motivational strategy to facilitate behavior change among those living with addiction is to focus one’s attention on the better possible future that may result from cutting down or cessation. However, research is now emerging that suggests nostalgic reverie (i.e., sentimental longing) for life lived before addiction can also motivate behavior change. In the current research, we explore the conditions in which longing for a better future free of addiction and longing for one’s past that was free of addition might motivate change. To this end, we assessed first-person experiential narratives of problem gamblers to better understand how they feel about their past or future without gambling, and how those feelings may relate to motivation to change. Problem gamblers were randomly assigned to either write about their lived past before gambling (n = 31) or their expected future without gambling (n = 26). Each narrative was systematically examined to identify recurrent themes and cluster these narratives according to similarly expressed themes. In the past condition, participants reported their life before gambling was either positive (Cluster P1) or difficult (Cluster P2). Gamblers with a positive past described how their life, character, close relationships, and the activities they engaged in before gambling were more meaningful. Importantly, these gamblers also reported feeling more nostalgic for life without gambling and were more ready to change their behavior than gamblers with a difficult past. In the future condition, participants were either positive (Cluster F1) or ambivalent (Cluster F2) about a future free from gambling. Gamblers who expected a positive future described how they expect their emotions, finances, and the activities they will engage in to be more positive without gambling. Compared to those ambivalent about their future, these gamblers also reported a future without addiction to be more vivid and had more desire to change their behavior, but there were no between-cluster differences in readiness to change. These findings demonstrate unique differences in how gamblers perceive their past and future without gambling, and shed a novel light on how each temporal focus might motivate behavior change among those living with addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Salmon
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J A Wohl
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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14
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The fuzzy future: Time horizon, memory failures, and emotional distress in gambling disorder. Addict Behav 2019; 97:7-13. [PMID: 31112912 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to first investigate the interplay among self-rated ability in both retrospective and prospective memory, time perspective, and negative affectivity to gambling severity. Two hundred and three habitual players took part in the study. Participants were administered the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the Consideration of Future Consequences scale (CFC-14), the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), as well as the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). Overall, data indicated that the higher the involvement in gambling, the higher the depression levels and the shorter the time horizon. The results of linear regression analysis showed that, along with gender, years of education, depression, and inattention to the future consequences of actual behavior, the negative self-perception of prospective memory functioning represents a significant predictor of gambling severity. Finally, to clarify if depression was on the path from prospective memory to gambling severity or if prospective memory was the mediator of the impact of depression on gambling severity, data were submitted to path analysis. Results indicated that depression has a direct effect on gambling severity and mediates the association between prospective memory and gambling involvement. The relation between gambling severity and prospective memory scores suggests that impairment in prospective memory plays a key role in adult problematic gambling.
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15
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Coelho S, Guerreiro M, Chester C, Silva D, Maroco J, Paglieri F, de Mendonça A. Mental time travel in mild cognitive impairment. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2019; 41:845-855. [PMID: 31256741 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2019.1632269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Mental Time Travel (MTT) is the people's ability to remember themselves in the past and to imagine themselves in the future, and influence important life domains such as making decisions and planning future actions. It is widely recognized that patients with aMCI have deficits in episodic memory, but they also show impairments in semantic memory. It has been controversial whether MTT tasks are disturbed in aMCI mainly in relation to internal details related to episodic information, or external details, representing semantic and other extraneous information. The present study assessed whether patients with aMCI are affected in MTT regarding generation of internal details and external details, in past and future dimensions. Furthermore, it analyzed production in individual detail categories (internal: event details, thought/emotion, place, time, perceptual; external: extraneous events, semantic, other, repetitions). Method: Twenty-nine patients with aMCI and 29 healthy controls underwent a MTT task based on an Autobiographical Interview, where they had to generate past and future events in response to cue words. Transcriptions were segmented and classified into internal detail categories and external detail categories, and composite scores were obtained. Results: Patients with aMCI could globally produce significantly less details than controls. Similar to controls, patients with aMCI produced more internal details than external details, had more difficulty in generating details regarding the future as compared to the past, and scored higher in the detail categories event details and thought/emotion which represent internal detail types. Conclusions: Patients with aMCI showed widespread deficits in MTT, presumably reflecting deficiencies in the complex and multiple cognitive abilities required for MTT tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Coelho
- a Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon , Lisbon , Portugal
| | | | | | - Dina Silva
- a Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon , Lisbon , Portugal.,b Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences and Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve , Faro , Portugal
| | - João Maroco
- c William James Center for Research, ISPA-IU , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Fabio Paglieri
- d Institute for Cognitive Sciences and Technologies of the CNR , Rome , Italy
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16
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Cosenza M, Ciccarelli M, Nigro G. The steamy mirror of adolescent gamblers: Mentalization, impulsivity, and time horizon. Addict Behav 2019; 89:156-162. [PMID: 30316141 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to first investigate the role that general impairment in mentalization plays in gambling disorder and to analyze the interplay among mentalizing, impulsivity, and time perspective in adolescent gambling. Four hundred and ten late adolescents took part in the study. Participants were administered the South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA), the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8), the Functional and Dysfunctional Impulsivity Scale (FDIS), and the 14-item Consideration of Future Consequences scale (CFC-14). The results showed that male adolescents are far more likely at-risk/problem gamblers than female adolescents. Furthermore, data indicated that the higher the gambling severity, the higher the dysfunctional impulsivity and the shorter the time horizon. Linear regression analysis showed that impairments in mentalizing represent a significant predictor of gambling severity. Finally, to clarify if dysfunctional impulsivity was on the path from uncertain mentalizing to gambling severity or if mentalizing was the mediator of the impact of functional impulsivity on gambling severity, data were submitted to path analysis. Results indicated that deficit in mentalizing has a direct effect on gambling severity and mediates the association between dysfunctional impulsivity and gambling involvement. The relation between gambling severity and RFQ-8 scores suggests that general impairment in mentalizing plays a key role in adolescent problematic gambling.
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Yang W, Liu Y. Improving Maladaptive Behavior: The Effect of Episodic Foresight on Delay Discounting and Its Mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2019.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Aksentijevic A, Brandt KR, Tsakanikos E, Thorpe MJA. It takes me back: The mnemonic time-travel effect. Cognition 2018; 182:242-250. [PMID: 30368065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Given the links between motion and temporal thinking, it is surprising that no studies have examined the possibility that transporting participants back mentally towards the time of encoding could improve memory. Six experiments investigated whether backward motion would promote recall relative to forward motion or no-motion conditions. Participants saw a video of a staged crime (Experiments 1, 3 and 5), a word list (Experiments 2 and 4) or a set of pictures (Experiment 6). Then, they walked forward or backwards (Experiments 1 and 2), watched a forward- or backward-directed optic flow-inducing video (Experiments 3 and 4) or imagined walking forward or backwards (Experiments 5 and 6). Finally, they answered questions about the video or recalled words or pictures. The results demonstrated for the first time that motion-induced past-directed mental time travel improved mnemonic performance for different types of information. We briefly discuss theoretical and practical implications of this "mnemonic time-travel effect".
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Aksentijevic
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, United Kingdom; Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom.
| | - Kaz R Brandt
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, United Kingdom
| | - Elias Tsakanikos
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, United Kingdom
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Rochat L, Maurage P, Heeren A, Billieux J. Let's Open the Decision-Making Umbrella: A Framework for Conceptualizing and Assessing Features of Impaired Decision Making in Addiction. Neuropsychol Rev 2018; 29:27-51. [PMID: 30293096 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-018-9387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Decision-making impairments play a pivotal role in the emergence and maintenance of addictive disorders. However, a sound conceptualization of decision making as an umbrella construct, encompassing its cognitive, affective, motivational, and physiological subcomponents, is still lacking. This prevents an efficient evaluation of the heterogeneity of decision-making impairments and the development of tailored treatment. This paper thus unfolds the various processes involved in decision making by adopting a critical approach of prominent dual- or triadic-process models, which postulate that decision making is influenced by the interplay of impulsive-automatic, reflective-controlled, and interoceptive processes. Our approach also focuses on social cognition processes, which play a crucial role in decision making and addictive disorders but were largely ignored in previous dual- or triadic-process models. We propose here a theoretical framework in which a range of coordinated processes are first identified on the basis of their theoretical and clinical relevance. Each selected process is then defined before reviewing available results underlining its role in addictive disorders (i.e., substance use, gambling, and gaming disorders). Laboratory tasks for measuring each process are also proposed, initiating a preliminary process-based decision-making assessment battery. This original approach may offer an especially informative view of the constitutive features of decision-making impairments in addiction. As prior research has implicated these features as risk factors for the development and maintenance of addictive disorders, our processual approach sets the scene for novel and transdiagnostic experimental and applied research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Rochat
- Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Heeren
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joël Billieux
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab (ACB-Lab), Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Centre for Excessive Gambling, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Addiction Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Noël X, Jaafari N, Bechara A. Addictive behaviors: Why and how impaired mental time matters? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 235:219-237. [PMID: 29054290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mental time travel (MTT) allows navigation into the past, the future, and the minds of others, and it subserves future-oriented decision-making. Impaired MTT has been associated with a tendency to over-rely on the present, which is a characteristic of addictive behaviors. We here discuss the possible relationship between impaired autographical memory, future-oriented MTT, shortened time horizons, suboptimal social cognition, and poor decision-making in individuals with drug and gambling use disorders. We elaborate on how impaired MTT could compromise the process of change in addiction recovery and the effectiveness of psychotherapy. We argue that facilitating MTT represents, for individuals with addictive behaviors, an important process to enhance readiness to change, and to improve the quality and the efficiency of psychosocial interventions that focus on "emotional correction."
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Noël
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers-INSERM CIC-P 1402 CHU de Poitiers-INSERM U 1084, Experimental and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory-Groupement de Recherche CNRS, Poitiers, France
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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