1
|
Rangel BO, Novembre G, Wessel JR. Measuring the nonselective effects of motor inhibition using isometric force recordings. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:4486-4503. [PMID: 37550468 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition is a key cognitive control mechanism humans use to enable goal-directed behavior. When rapidly exerted, inhibitory control has broad, nonselective motor effects, typically demonstrated using corticospinal excitability measurements (CSE) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). For example, during rapid action-stopping, CSE is suppressed at both stopped and task-unrelated muscles. While such TMS-based CSE measurements have provided crucial insights into the fronto-basal ganglia circuitry underlying inhibitory control, they have several downsides. TMS is contraindicated in many populations (e.g., epilepsy or deep-brain stimulation patients), has limited temporal resolution, produces distracting auditory and haptic stimulation, is difficult to combine with other imaging methods, and necessitates expensive, immobile equipment. Here, we attempted to measure the nonselective motor effects of inhibitory control using a method unaffected by these shortcomings. Thirty male and female human participants exerted isometric force on a high-precision handheld force transducer while performing a foot-response stop-signal task. Indeed, when foot movements were successfully stopped, force output at the task-irrelevant hand was suppressed as well. Moreover, this nonselective reduction of isometric force was highly correlated with stop-signal performance and showed frequency dynamics similar to established inhibitory signatures typically found in neural and muscle recordings. Together, these findings demonstrate that isometric force recordings can reliably capture the nonselective effects of motor inhibition, opening the door to many applications that are hard or impossible to realize with TMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O Rangel
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA.
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA.
- University of Iowa, 444 Medical Research Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Giacomo Novembre
- Neuroscience of Perception & Action Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
| | - Jan R Wessel
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Opdenaker J, Blinch J, Scolari M. Post-error adjustments occur in both reaching and grasping. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1495-1505. [PMID: 38704771 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Post-error slowing (PES), the tendency to slow down a behavioral response after a previous error, has typically been investigated during simple cognitive tasks using response time as a measure of PES magnitude. More recently, PES was investigated during a single reach-to-grasp task to determine where post-error adjustments are employed in a more ecological setting. Kinematic analyses in the previous study detected PES during pre-movement planning and within the grasping component of movement execution. In the current study (N = 22), we increased the cognitive demands of a reach-to-grasp task by adding a choice between target and distractor locations to further explore PES, and other post-error adjustments, under different task conditions. We observed a significant main effect of task condition on overall reaction time (RT); however, it did not significantly impact PES or other post-error adjustments. Nonetheless, the results of this study suggest post-error adjustment is a flexible process that can be observed during pre-movement planning and within the onset and magnitude of the reaching component, as well as in the magnitudes of the grasping component. Considering the sum of the results in the context of existing literature, we conclude that the findings add support to a functional account of error reactivity, such that post-error adjustments are implemented intentionally to improve performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Opdenaker
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jarrod Blinch
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas Tech University, Box 43011, Lubbock, TX, 79409,, USA.
| | - Miranda Scolari
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Roytman S, Paalanen R, Griggs A, David S, Pongmala C, Koeppe RA, Scott PJH, Marusic U, Kanel P, Bohnen NI. Cholinergic system correlates of postural control changes in Parkinson's disease freezers. Brain 2023; 146:3243-3257. [PMID: 37086478 PMCID: PMC10393403 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Postural instability and freezing of gait are the most debilitating dopamine-refractory motor impairments in advanced stages of Parkinson's disease because of increased risk of falls and poorer quality of life. Recent findings suggest an inability to efficaciously utilize vestibular information during static posturography among people with Parkinson's disease who exhibit freezing of gait, with associated changes in cholinergic system integrity as assessed by vesicular acetylcholine transporter PET. There is a lack of adequate understanding of how postural control varies as a function of available sensory information in patients with Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait. The goal of this cross-sectional study was to examine cerebral cholinergic system changes that associate with inter-sensory postural control processing features as assessed by dynamic computerized posturography and acetylcholinesterase PET. Seventy-five participants with Parkinson's disease, 16 of whom exhibited freezing of gait, underwent computerized posturography on the NeuroCom© Equitest sensory organization test platform, striatal dopamine, and acetylcholinesterase PET scanning. Findings demonstrated that patients with Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait have greater difficulty maintaining balance in the absence of reliable proprioceptive cues as compared to those without freezing of gait [β = 0.28 (0.021, 0.54), P = 0.034], an effect that was independent of disease severity [β = 0.16 (0.062, 0.26), P < 0.01] and age [β = 0.092 (-0.005, 0.19), P = 0.062]. Exploratory voxel-based analysis revealed an association between postural control and right hemispheric cholinergic network related to visual-vestibular integration and self-motion perception. High anti-cholinergic burden predicted postural control impairment in a manner dependent on right hemispheric cortical cholinergic integrity [β = 0.34 (0.065, 0.61), P < 0.01]. Our findings advance the perspective that cortical cholinergic system might play a role in supporting postural control after nigro-striatal dopaminergic losses in Parkinson's disease. Failure of cortex-dependent visual-vestibular integration may impair detection of postural instability in absence of reliable proprioceptive cues. Better understanding of how the cholinergic system plays a role in this process may augur novel treatments and therapeutic interventions to ameliorate debilitating symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stiven Roytman
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rebecca Paalanen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexis Griggs
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Parkinson’s Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Simon David
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chatkaew Pongmala
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert A Koeppe
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Uros Marusic
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea—ECM, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Prabesh Kanel
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Parkinson’s Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Parkinson’s Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fievez F, Derosiere G, Verbruggen F, Duque J. Post-error Slowing Reflects the Joint Impact of Adaptive and Maladaptive Processes During Decision Making. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:864590. [PMID: 35754776 PMCID: PMC9218087 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.864590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Errors and their consequences are typically studied by investigating changes in decision speed and accuracy in trials that follow an error, commonly referred to as “post-error adjustments”. Many studies have reported that subjects slow down following an error, a phenomenon called “post-error slowing” (PES). However, the functional significance of PES is still a matter of debate as it is not always adaptive. That is, it is not always associated with a gain in performance and can even occur with a decline in accuracy. Here, we hypothesized that the nature of PES is influenced by one’s speed-accuracy tradeoff policy, which determines the overall level of choice accuracy in the task at hand. To test this hypothesis, we had subjects performing a task in two distinct contexts (separate days), which either promoted speed (hasty context) or cautiousness (cautious context), allowing us to consider post-error adjustments according to whether subjects performed choices with a low or high accuracy level, respectively. Accordingly, our data indicate that post-error adjustments varied according to the context in which subjects performed the task, with PES being solely significant in the hasty context (low accuracy). In addition, we only observed a gain in performance after errors in a specific trial type, suggesting that post-error adjustments depend on a complex combination of processes that affect the speed of ensuing actions as well as the degree to which such PES comes with a gain in performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Fievez
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gerard Derosiere
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Varriale V, De Pascalis V, van der Molen MW. Post-error slowing is associated with intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Diesburg DA, Wessel JR. The Pause-then-Cancel model of human action-stopping: Theoretical considerations and empirical evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:17-34. [PMID: 34293402 PMCID: PMC8574992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to stop already-initiated actions is a key cognitive control ability. Recent work on human action-stopping has been dominated by two controversial debates. First, the contributions (and neural signatures) of attentional orienting and motor inhibition after stop-signals are near-impossible to disentangle. Second, the timing of purportedly inhibitory (neuro)physiological activity after stop-signals has called into question which neural signatures reflect processes that actually contribute to action-stopping. Here, we propose that a two-stage model of action-stopping - proposed by Schmidt and Berke (2017) based on subcortical rodent recordings - may resolve these controversies. Translating this model to humans, we first argue that attentional orienting and motor inhibition are inseparable because orienting to salient events like stop-signals automatically invokes broad motor inhibition, reflecting a fast-acting, ubiquitous Pause process. We then argue that inhibitory signatures after stop-signals differ in latency because they map onto two sequential stages: the salience-related Pause and a slower, stop-specific Cancel process. We formulate the model, discuss recent supporting evidence in humans, and interpret existing data within its context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darcy A Diesburg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Jan R Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Isherwood SJS, Keuken MC, Bazin PL, Forstmann BU. Cortical and subcortical contributions to interference resolution and inhibition - An fMRI ALE meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:245-260. [PMID: 34310977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interacting with our environment requires the selection of appropriate responses and the inhibition of others. Such effortful inhibition is achieved by a number of interference resolution and global inhibition processes. This meta-analysis including 57 studies and 73 contrasts revisits the overlap and differences in brain areas supporting interference resolution and global inhibition in cortical and subcortical brain areas. Activation likelihood estimation was used to discern the brain regions subserving each type of cognitive control. Individual contrast analysis revealed a common activation of the bilateral insula and supplementary motor areas. Subtraction analyses demonstrated the voxel-wise differences in recruitment in a number of areas including the precuneus in the interference tasks and the frontal pole and dorsal striatum in the inhibition tasks. Our results display a surprising lack of subcortical involvement within these types of cognitive control, a finding that is likely to reflect a systematic gap in the field of functional neuroimaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J S Isherwood
- Integrative Model-Based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, Postbus 15926, 1001 NK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M C Keuken
- Integrative Model-Based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, Postbus 15926, 1001 NK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P L Bazin
- Integrative Model-Based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, Postbus 15926, 1001 NK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Human, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - B U Forstmann
- Integrative Model-Based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, Postbus 15926, 1001 NK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Topor M, Opitz B, Leonard HC. Error-Related Cognitive Control and Behavioral Adaptation Mechanisms in the Context of Motor Functioning and Anxiety. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:615616. [PMID: 33613211 PMCID: PMC7892788 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.615616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor proficiency reflects the ability to perform precise and coordinated movements in different contexts. Previous research suggests that different profiles of motor proficiency may be associated with different cognitive functioning characteristics thus suggesting an interaction between cognitive and motor processes. The current study investigated this interaction in the general population of healthy adults with different profiles of motor proficiency by focusing on error-related cognitive control and behavioral adaptation mechanisms. In addition, the impact of these processes was assessed in terms of trait anxiety and worries. Forty healthy adults were divided into high and low motor proficiency groups based on an assessment of their motor skills. Using electroencephalography during a flanker task, error-related negativity (ERN) was measured as the neural indicator of cognitive control. Post-error slowing (PES) was measured to represent behavioral adaptation. Participants also completed an anxiety assessment questionnaire. Participants in the high motor proficiency group achieved better task accuracy and showed relatively enhanced cognitive control through increased ERN. Contrastingly, individuals in the lower motor proficiency group achieved poorer accuracy whilst showing some evidence of compensation through increased PES. Trait anxiety reflecting general worries was found to be correlated with motor functioning, but the study could not provide evidence that this was related to cognitive or behavioral control mechanisms. The interaction between cognitive and motor processes observed in this study is unique for healthy and sub-clinical populations and provides a baseline for the interpretation of similar investigations in individuals with motor disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Topor
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sildatke E, Schüller T, Gründler TOJ, Ullsperger M, Visser-Vandewalle V, Huys D, Kuhn J. Error-Related Activity in Striatal Local Field Potentials and Medial Frontal Cortex: Evidence From Patients With Severe Opioid Abuse Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:627564. [PMID: 33597851 PMCID: PMC7882496 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.627564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For successful goal-directed behavior, a performance monitoring system is essential. It detects behavioral errors and initiates behavioral adaptations to improve performance. Two electrophysiological potentials are known to follow errors in reaction time tasks: the error-related negativity (ERN), which is linked to error processing, and the error positivity (Pe), which is associated with subjective error awareness. Furthermore, the correct-related negativity (CRN) is linked to uncertainty about the response outcome. Here we attempted to identify the involvement of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the aforementioned performance monitoring processes. To this end, we simultaneously recorded cortical activity (EEG) and local field potentials (LFP) during a flanker task performed by four patients with severe opioid abuse disorder who underwent electrode implantation in the NAc for deep brain stimulation. We observed significant accuracy-related modulations in the LFPs at the time of the ERN/CRN in two patients and at the time of Pe in three patients. These modulations correlated with the ERN in 2/8, with CRN in 5/8 and with Pe in 6/8, recorded channels, respectively. Our results demonstrate the functional interrelation of striatal and cortical processes in performance monitoring specifically related to error processing and subjective error awareness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sildatke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Theo O J Gründler
- Center for Military Mental Health, Military Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Ullsperger
- Department of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Veerle Visser-Vandewalle
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Huys
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Kuhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine, Johanniter Hospital Oberhausen, Oberhausen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y, Cheung H, Yee LTS, Tse CY. Feedback-related negativity (FRN) and theta oscillations: Different feedback signals for non-conform and conform decisions. Biol Psychol 2020; 153:107880. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
11
|
Maurer JM, Steele VR, Vincent GM, Rao V, Calhoun VD, Kiehl KA. Adolescent Psychopathic Traits Negatively Relate to Hemodynamic Activity within the Basal Ganglia during Error-Related Processing. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 47:1917-1929. [PMID: 31104203 PMCID: PMC6842671 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Youth with elevated psychopathic traits exhibit a number of comparable neurocognitive deficits as adult psychopathic offenders, including error-related processing deficits. Subregions of the basal ganglia play an important, though indirect, role in error-related processing through connections with cortical areas including the anterior cingulate cortex. A number of recent structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (s/fMRI) studies have associated basal ganglia dysfunction in youth with elevated psychopathic traits, but these studies have not examined whether dysfunction occurring within subregions of the basal ganglia help contribute to error-related processing deficits previously observed in such at-risk youth. Here, we investigated error-related processing using a response inhibition Go/NoGo fMRI experimental paradigm in a large sample of incarcerated male adolescent offenders (n = 182). In the current report, psychopathy scores (measured via the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV)) were negatively related to hemodynamic activity within input nuclei of the basal ganglia (i.e., the caudate and nucleus accumbens), as well as intrinsic/output nuclei (i.e., the globus pallidus and substantia nigra) and related nuclei (i.e., the subthalamic nucleus) during error-related processing. This is the first evidence to suggest that error-related dysfunction previously observed in youth with elevated psychopathic traits may be related to underlying abnormalities occurring within subregions of the basal ganglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Maurer
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Vaughn R Steele
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gina M Vincent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Vikram Rao
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
McGregor MM, Nelson AB. Circuit Mechanisms of Parkinson's Disease. Neuron 2019; 101:1042-1056. [PMID: 30897356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex, multi-system neurodegenerative disorder. The second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, it affects approximately 1% of adults over age 60. Diagnosis follows the development of one or more of the core motor features of the disease, including tremor, slowing of movement (bradykinesia), and rigidity. However, there are numerous other motor and nonmotor disease manifestations. Many PD symptoms result directly from neurodegeneration; others are driven by aberrant activity patterns in surviving neurons. This latter phenomenon, PD circuit dysfunction, is an area of intense study, as it likely underlies our ability to treat many disease symptoms in the face of (currently) irreversible neurodegeneration. This Review will discuss key clinical features of PD and their basis in neural circuit dysfunction. We will first review important disease symptoms and some of the responsible neuropathology. We will then describe the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit, the major locus of PD-related circuit dysfunction, and some of the models that have influenced its study. We will review PD-related changes in network activity, subdividing findings into those that touch on the rate, rhythm, or synchronization of neurons. Finally, we suggest some critical remaining questions for the field and areas for new developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M McGregor
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexandra B Nelson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schroder HS, Nickels S, Cardenas E, Breiger M, Perlo S, Pizzagalli DA. Optimizing assessments of post-error slowing: A neurobehavioral investigation of a flanker task. Psychophysiology 2019; 57:e13473. [PMID: 31536142 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Appropriately adjusting to errors is essential for adaptive behavior. Post-error slowing (PES) refers to the increased reaction times on trials following incorrect relative to correct responses. PES has been used as a metric of cognitive control in basic cognitive neuroscience research as well as clinical contexts. However, calculation of PES varies widely among studies and has not yet been standardized, despite recent calls to optimize its measurement. Here, using behavioral and electrophysiological data from a modified flanker task, we considered different methods of calculating PES, assessed their internal consistency, examined their convergent correlations with behavioral performance and error-related event-related brain potentials (ERPs), and evaluated their sensitivity to task demands (e.g., presence of trial-to-trial feedback). Results indicated that the so-called robust measure of PES, calculated using only error-surrounding trials, provided an estimate of PES that was three times larger in magnitude than the traditional calculation. This robust PES correlated with the amplitude of the error positivity (Pe), an index of attention allocation to errors, just as well as the traditional method. However, all PES estimates had very weak internal consistency. Implications for measurement are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans S Schroder
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stefanie Nickels
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
London D, Pourfar MH, Mogilner AY. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus Induces Impulsive Responses to Bursts of Sensory Evidence. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:270. [PMID: 30983958 PMCID: PMC6450191 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Decisions are made through the integration of external and internal inputs until a threshold is reached, triggering a response. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been implicated in adjusting the decision bound to prevent impulsivity during difficult decisions. We combine model-based and model-free approaches to test the theory that the STN raises the decision bound, a process impaired by deep brain stimulation (DBS). Eight male and female human subjects receiving treatment for Parkinson's disease with bilateral DBS of the STN performed an auditory two-alternative forced choice task. By ending trials unpredictably, we collected reaction time (RT) trials in which subjects reached their decision bound and non-RT trials in which subjects were forced to make a decision with less evidence. A decreased decision bound would cause worse performance on RT trials, and we found this to be the case on left-sided RT trials. Drift diffusion modeling showed a negative drift rate. This implies that in the absence of new evidence, the amount of evidence accumulated tends to drift toward zero. If evidence is accumulated at a constant rate this results in the evidence accumulated reaching an asymptote, the distance of which from the bound was decreased by DBS (p = 0.0079, random shuffle test), preventing subjects from controlling impulsivity. Subjects were more impulsive to bursts of stimuli associated with conflict (p < 0.001, cluster mass test). In addition, DBS lowered the decision bound specifically after error trials, decreasing the probability of switching to a non-RT trial after an error compared to correct response (28% vs. 38%, p = 0.005, Fisher exact test). The STN appears to function in decision-making by modulating the decision bound and drift rate to allow the suppression of impulsive responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis London
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuromodulation, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael H Pourfar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuromodulation, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alon Y Mogilner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuromodulation, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kübler D, Schroll H, Hamker FH, Joutsa J, Buchert R, Kühn AA. The effect of dopamine on response inhibition in Parkinson's disease relates to age-dependent patterns of nigrostriatal degeneration. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 63:185-190. [PMID: 30765262 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motor but also non-motor effects are modulated by dopamine (DA) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Impaired inhibition has been related to dopamine overdosing of the associative striatum. We compared effects of dopaminergic medication on inhibitory control in patients with young (age at onset <50 years, YOPD) and late onset PD (LOPD) and related them to nigrostriatal degeneration. METHODS 27 patients (10 YOPD, 17 LOPD) underwent a Go/NoGo paradigm comprising a global and specific NoGo condition ON and OFF DA. The ratio of dopamine transporter availability (DAT) in the associative relative to the sensorimotor striatum according to [123I]FP-CIT SPECT was compared between YOPD and LOPD (n = 8/12). Neuro-computational modeling was used to identify pathway activation during Go/NoGo performance. RESULTS Patients made more errors ON compared to OFF in the global NoGo. This DA effect on global NoGo errors correlated with disease duration (r = 0.489, p = 0.010). YOPD made more errors in the specific NoGo ON-OFF compared to LOPD (p = 0.015). YOPD showed higher associative-to-sensorimotor DAT ratios compared to LOPD (p < 0.001). Neuro-computational modeling revealed DA overdosing of the associative striatum in YOPD resulting in excess activation of the direct basal ganglia pathway triggering incorrect responses. CONCLUSIONS Depending on the age of symptom onset, DA differentially modulated inhibition in PD with detrimental effects on specific NoGo performance in YOPD but increased performance in LOPD. YOPD showed relatively less degeneration in the associative striatum suggesting DA overdosing that is supported by our neuro-computational model. Reduced inhibition in the global NoGo condition suggests different pathway activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Kübler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10119, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Henning Schroll
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10119, Berlin, Germany; Artificial Intelligence, Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Fred H Hamker
- Artificial Intelligence, Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Juho Joutsa
- Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20520, Finland; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Ralph Buchert
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10119, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Eisinger RS, Urdaneta ME, Foote KD, Okun MS, Gunduz A. Non-motor Characterization of the Basal Ganglia: Evidence From Human and Non-human Primate Electrophysiology. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:385. [PMID: 30026679 PMCID: PMC6041403 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the basal ganglia have been implicated in a growing list of human behaviors, they include some of the least understood nuclei in the brain. For several decades studies have employed numerous methodologies to uncover evidence pointing to the basal ganglia as a hub of both motor and non-motor function. Recently, new electrophysiological characterization of the basal ganglia in humans has become possible through direct access to these deep structures as part of routine neurosurgery. Electrophysiological approaches for identifying non-motor function have the potential to unlock a deeper understanding of pathways that may inform clinical interventions and particularly neuromodulation. Various electrophysiological modalities can also be combined to reveal functional connections between the basal ganglia and traditional structures throughout the neocortex that have been linked to non-motor behavior. Several reviews have previously summarized evidence for non-motor function in the basal ganglia stemming from behavioral, clinical, computational, imaging, and non-primate animal studies; in this review, instead we turn to electrophysiological studies of non-human primates and humans. We begin by introducing common electrophysiological methodologies for basal ganglia investigation, and then we discuss studies across numerous non-motor domains–emotion, response inhibition, conflict, decision-making, error-detection and surprise, reward processing, language, and time processing. We discuss the limitations of current approaches and highlight the current state of the information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Eisinger
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Morgan E Urdaneta
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kelly D Foote
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael S Okun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Aysegul Gunduz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bartoli E, Aron AR, Tandon N. Topography and timing of activity in right inferior frontal cortex and anterior insula for stopping movement. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:189-203. [PMID: 29024235 PMCID: PMC5909846 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stopping incipient action activates both the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) and the anterior insula (rAI). Controversy has arisen as to whether these comprise a unitary cortical cluster-the rIFC/rAI-or whether rIFC is the primary stopping locus. To address this, we recorded directly from these structures while taking advantage of the high spatiotemporal resolution of closely spaced stereo-electro-encephalographic (SEEG) electrodes. We studied 12 patients performing a stop-signal task. On each trial they initiated a motor response (Go) and tried to stop to an occasional stop signal. Both the rIFC and rAI exhibited an increase in broadband gamma activity (BGA) after the stop signal and within the time of stopping (stop signal reaction time, SSRT), regardless of the success of stopping. The proportion of electrodes with this response was significantly greater in the rIFC than the rAI. Also, the rIFC response preceded that in the rAI. Last, while the BGA increase in rIFC occurred mainly prior to SSRT, the rAI showed a sustained increase in the beta and low gamma bands after the SSRT. In summary, the rIFC was activated soon after the stop signal, prior to and more robustly than the rAI, which on the other hand, showed a more prolonged response after the onset of stopping. Our results are most compatible with the notion that the rIFC is involved in triggering outright stopping in concert with a wider network, while the rAI is likely engaged by other processes, such as arousal, saliency, or behavioral adjustments. Hum Brain Mapp 39:189-203, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bartoli
- Vivian L Smith Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexas
| | - Adam R. Aron
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Nitin Tandon
- Vivian L Smith Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexas
- Mischer Neuroscience Institute, Memorial Hermann Hospital Texas Medical CenterHoustonTexas
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wessel JR. An adaptive orienting theory of error processing. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [PMID: 29226960 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect and correct action errors is paramount to safe and efficient goal-directed behaviors. Existing work on the neural underpinnings of error processing and post-error behavioral adaptations has led to the development of several mechanistic theories of error processing. These theories can be roughly grouped into adaptive and maladaptive theories. While adaptive theories propose that errors trigger a cascade of processes that will result in improved behavior after error commission, maladaptive theories hold that error commission momentarily impairs behavior. Neither group of theories can account for all available data, as different empirical studies find both impaired and improved post-error behavior. This article attempts a synthesis between the predictions made by prominent adaptive and maladaptive theories. Specifically, it is proposed that errors invoke a nonspecific cascade of processing that will rapidly interrupt and inhibit ongoing behavior and cognition, as well as orient attention toward the source of the error. It is proposed that this cascade follows all unexpected action outcomes, not just errors. In the case of errors, this cascade is followed by error-specific, controlled processing, which is specifically aimed at (re)tuning the existing task set. This theory combines existing predictions from maladaptive orienting and bottleneck theories with specific neural mechanisms from the wider field of cognitive control, including from error-specific theories of adaptive post-error processing. The article aims to describe the proposed framework and its implications for post-error slowing and post-error accuracy, propose mechanistic neural circuitry for post-error processing, and derive specific hypotheses for future empirical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan R Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
On the Globality of Motor Suppression: Unexpected Events and Their Influence on Behavior and Cognition. Neuron 2017; 93:259-280. [PMID: 28103476 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Unexpected events are part of everyday experience. They come in several varieties-action errors, unexpected action outcomes, and unexpected perceptual events-and they lead to motor slowing and cognitive distraction. While different varieties of unexpected events have been studied largely independently, and many different mechanisms are thought to explain their effects on action and cognition, we suggest a unifying theory. We propose that unexpected events recruit a fronto-basal-ganglia network for stopping. This network includes specific prefrontal cortical nodes and is posited to project to the subthalamic nucleus, with a putative global suppressive effect on basal-ganglia output. We argue that unexpected events interrupt action and impact cognition, partly at least, by recruiting this global suppressive network. This provides a common mechanistic basis for different types of unexpected events; links the literatures on motor inhibition, performance monitoring, attention, and working memory; and is relevant for understanding clinical symptoms of distractibility and mental inflexibility.
Collapse
|
20
|
Event-related potentials and cognition in Parkinson’s disease: An integrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:691-714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
21
|
Wessel JR, Ghahremani A, Udupa K, Saha U, Kalia SK, Hodaie M, Lozano AM, Aron AR, Chen R. Stop-related subthalamic beta activity indexes global motor suppression in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1846-1853. [PMID: 27474845 PMCID: PMC5154922 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid action stopping leads to global motor suppression. This is shown by studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation to measure corticospinal excitability of task-unrelated effectors (e.g., from the hand during speech stopping). We hypothesize that this global suppression relates to the STN of the basal ganglia. Several STN local field potential studies in PD patients have shown increased ß-band power during successful stopping. OBJECTIVES Here, we aimed to test whether this STN ß-band activity indexes global motor suppression measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation. METHODS We studied 9 medicated PD patients (age, 47-67 years; mean, 55.8; 3 female) who were implanted with STN-DBS electrodes. Participants performed a vocal stop-signal task (i.e., they had to occasionally stop a vocal response) while we simultaneously recorded local field potentials from right STN and delivered transcranial magnetic stimulation to primary motor cortex to measure corticospinal excitability from a task-unrelated hand muscle (first dorsal interosseous). RESULTS Replicating previous results, STN ß-band power was increased (P < 0.005) and corticospinal excitability was reduced (P = 0.024; global motor suppression) during successful stopping. As hypothesized, global motor suppression was greater for successful stop trials with higher STN ß-power (median split: P = 0.043), which was further evident in a negative correlation between single-trial STN ß-power and corticospinal excitability (mean, r = -0.176; P = 0.011). CONCLUSION These findings link stopping-related global motor suppression to STN ß-band activity through simultaneous recordings of STN and corticospinal excitability. The results support models of basal ganglia function that propose the STN has broad motor suppressive effects. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan R. Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayda Ghahremani
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, CA
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA
| | - Kaviraja Udupa
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, CA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA
| | - Utpal Saha
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, CA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA
| | - Suneil K. Kalia
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, CA
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, CA
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA
| | - Andres M. Lozano
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, CA
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA
| | - Adam R. Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert Chen
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, CA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schiffler BC, Almeida R, Granqvist M, Bengtsson SL. Memory-reliant Post-error Slowing Is Associated with Successful Learning and Fronto-occipital Activity. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:1539-52. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Negative feedback after an action in a cognitive task can lead to devaluing that action on future trials as well as to more cautious responding when encountering that same choice again. These phenomena have been explored in the past by reinforcement learning theories and cognitive control accounts, respectively. Yet, how cognitive control interacts with value updating to give rise to adequate adaptations under uncertainty is less clear. In this fMRI study, we investigated cognitive control-based behavioral adjustments during a probabilistic reinforcement learning task and studied their influence on performance in a later test phase in which the learned value of items is tested. We provide support for the idea that functionally relevant and memory-reliant behavioral adjustments in the form of post-error slowing during reinforcement learning are associated with test performance. Adjusting response speed after negative feedback was correlated with BOLD activity in right inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral middle occipital cortex during the event of receiving the feedback. Bilateral middle occipital cortex activity overlapped partly with activity reflecting feedback deviance from expectations as measured by unsigned prediction error. These results suggest that cognitive control and feature processing cortical regions interact to implement feedback-congruent adaptations beneficial to learning.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
After errors, decision boundaries change, which results in post-error slowing of decisions. Purcell and Kiani (2016) report simultaneously decreased sensitivity to sensory information counteracts post-error increases in accuracy. Early post-error adjustments reflect a general orienting reflex rather than goal-directed adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ullsperger
- Institute of Psychology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HR Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zavala B, Tan H, Ashkan K, Foltynie T, Limousin P, Zrinzo L, Zaghloul K, Brown P. Human subthalamic nucleus-medial frontal cortex theta phase coherence is involved in conflict and error related cortical monitoring. Neuroimage 2016; 137:178-187. [PMID: 27181763 PMCID: PMC4927260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is thought to control the shift from automatic to controlled action selection when conflict is present or when mistakes have been recently committed. Growing evidence suggests that this process involves frequency specific communication in the theta (4-8Hz) band between the mPFC and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), which is the main target of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease. Key in this hypothesis is the finding that DBS can lead to impulsivity by disrupting the correlation between higher mPFC oscillations and slower reaction times during conflict. In order to test whether theta band coherence between the mPFC and the STN underlies adjustments to conflict and to errors, we simultaneously recorded mPFC and STN electrophysiological activity while DBS patients performed an arrowed flanker task. These recordings revealed higher theta phase coherence between the two sites during the high conflict trials relative to the low conflict trials. These differences were observed soon after conflicting arrows were displayed, but before a response was executed. Furthermore, trials that occurred after an error was committed showed higher phase coherence relative to trials that followed a correct trial, suggesting that mPFC-STN connectivity may also play a role in error related adjustments in behavior. Interestingly, the phase coherence we observed occurred before increases in theta power, implying that the theta phase and power may influence behavior at separate times during cortical monitoring. Finally, we showed that pre-stimulus differences in STN theta power were related to the reaction time on a given trial, which may help adjust behavior based on the probability of observing conflict during a task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baltazar Zavala
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 3D20, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Huiling Tan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, King's College, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1 3BG, UK
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1 3BG, UK
| | - Ludvic Zrinzo
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1 3BG, UK
| | - Kareem Zaghloul
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 3D20, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Peter Brown
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tewari A, Jog R, Jog MS. The Striatum and Subthalamic Nucleus as Independent and Collaborative Structures in Motor Control. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:17. [PMID: 26973474 PMCID: PMC4771745 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) are two separate input structures into the basal ganglia (BG). Accordingly, research to date has primarily focused on the distinct roles of these structures in motor control and cognition, often through investigation of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Both structures are divided into sensorimotor, associative, and limbic subdivisions based on cortical connectivity. The more recent discovery of the STN as an input structure into the BG drives comparison of these two structures and their respective roles in cognition and motor control. This review compares the role of the striatum and STN in motor response inhibition and execution, competing motor programs, feedback based learning, and response planning. Through comparison, it is found that the striatum and STN have highly independent roles in motor control but also collaborate in order to execute desired actions. There is also the possibility that inhibition or activation of one of these structures indirectly contributes to the function of other connected anatomical structures. Both structures contribute to selective motor response inhibition, which forms the basis of many tasks, but the STN additionally contributes to global inhibition through the hyperdirect pathway. Research is warranted on the functional connectivity of the network for inhibition involving the rIFG, preSMA, striatum, and STN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alia Tewari
- London Health Sciences Centre London, ON, Canada
| | - Rachna Jog
- London Health Sciences Centre London, ON, Canada
| | - Mandar S Jog
- London Health Sciences Centre London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mansouri FA, Fehring DJ, Gaillard A, Jaberzadeh S, Parkington H. Sex dependency of inhibitory control functions. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:11. [PMID: 26862388 PMCID: PMC4746892 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of irrelevant responses is an important aspect of cognitive control of a goal-directed behavior. Females and males show different levels of susceptibility to neuropsychological disorders such as impulsive behavior and addiction, which might be related to differences in inhibitory brain functions. METHODS We examined the effects of 'practice to inhibit', as a model of rehabilitation approach, and 'music', as a salient contextual factor in influencing cognition, on the ability of females and males to perform a stop-signal task that required inhibition of initiated or planned responses. In go trials, the participants had to rapidly respond to a directional go cue within a limited time window. In stop trials, which were presented less frequently, a stop signal appeared immediately after the go-direction cue and the participants had to stop their responses. RESULTS We found a significant difference between females and males in benefiting from practice in the stop-signal task: the percentage of correct responses in the go trials increased, and the ability to inhibit responses significantly improved, after practice in females. While listening to music, females became faster but males became slower in responding to the go trials. Both females and males became slower in performing the go trials following an error in the stop trials; however, music significantly affected this post-error slowing depending on the sex. Listening to music decreased post-error slowing in females but had an opposite effect in males. CONCLUSIONC Here, we show a significant difference in executive control functions and their modulation by contextual factors between females and males that might have implications for the differences in their propensity for particular neuropsychological disorders and related rehabilitation approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farshad A. Mansouri
- />Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800 Australia
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Fehring
- />Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800 Australia
| | - Alexandra Gaillard
- />Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800 Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- />Non-invasive Brain Stimulation & Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University, Victoria, 3800 Australia
| | - Helena Parkington
- />Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin transporter genotype modulate performance monitoring functions but not their electrophysiological correlates. J Neurosci 2015; 35:8181-90. [PMID: 26019334 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5124-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) has been hypothesized to be implicated in performance monitoring by promoting behavioral inhibition in the face of aversive events. However, it is unclear whether this is restricted to external (punishment) or includes internal (response errors) events. The aim of the current study was to test whether higher 5-HT levels instigate inhibition specifically in the face of errors, measured as post-error slowing (PES), and whether this is represented in electrophysiological correlates of error processing, namely error-related negativity (ERN) and positivity. Therefore, from a large sample of human subjects (n = 878), two extreme groups were formed regarding hypothesized high and low 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) expression based on 5-HTTLPR and two additional single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs25531, rs25532). Seventeen higher (LL) and 15 lower (SS) expressing Caucasian subjects were administered the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram (10 mg) intravenously in a double-blind crossover design. We found pharmacogenetic evidence for a role of 5-HT in mediating PES: SSRI administration increased PES in both genetic groups, and SS subjects displayed higher PES. These effects were absent on post-conflict slowing. However, ERN and error positivity were unaffected by pharmacogenetic factors, but ERN was decoupled from behavioral adaptation by SSRI administration in the LL group. Thus, pharmacogenetic evidence suggests that increased 5-HT levels lead to behavioral inhibition in the context of internal aversive events, but electrophysiological correlates of performance monitoring appear unrelated to the 5-HT system. Therefore, our findings are consistent with theories suggesting that 5-HT mediates the link between aversive processing and inhibition.
Collapse
|
28
|
Schroll H, Horn A, Gröschel C, Brücke C, Lütjens G, Schneider GH, Krauss JK, Kühn AA, Hamker FH. Differential contributions of the globus pallidus and ventral thalamus to stimulus-response learning in humans. Neuroimage 2015. [PMID: 26220740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to learn associations between stimuli, responses and rewards is a prerequisite for survival. Models of reinforcement learning suggest that the striatum, a basal ganglia input nucleus, vitally contributes to these learning processes. Our recently presented computational model predicts, first, that not only the striatum, but also the globus pallidus contributes to the learning (i.e., exploration) of stimulus-response associations based on rewards. Secondly, it predicts that the stable execution (i.e., exploitation) of well-learned associations involves further learning in the thalamus. To test these predictions, we postoperatively recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from patients that had undergone surgery for deep brain stimulation to treat severe movement disorders. Macroelectrodes were placed either in the globus pallidus or in the ventral thalamus. During recordings, patients performed a reward-based stimulus-response learning task that comprised periods of exploration and exploitation. We analyzed correlations between patients' LFP amplitudes and model-based estimates of their reward expectations and reward prediction errors. In line with our first prediction, pallidal LFP amplitudes during the presentation of rewards and reward omissions correlated with patients' reward prediction errors, suggesting pallidal access to reward-based teaching signals. Unexpectedly, the same was true for the thalamus. In further support of this prediction, pallidal LFP amplitudes during stimulus presentation correlated with patients' reward expectations during phases of low reward certainty - suggesting pallidal participation in the learning of stimulus-response associations. In line with our second prediction, correlations between thalamic stimulus-related LFP amplitudes and patients' reward expectations were significant within phases of already high reward certainty, suggesting thalamic participation in exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Schroll
- Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Psychology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany; Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09111, Germany.
| | - Andreas Horn
- Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christof Brücke
- Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Götz Lütjens
- Neurosurgery, Medical University Hanover, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Joachim K Krauss
- Neurosurgery, Medical University Hanover, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fred H Hamker
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09111, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Danielmeier C, Allen EA, Jocham G, Onur OA, Eichele T, Ullsperger M. Acetylcholine mediates behavioral and neural post-error control. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1461-8. [PMID: 25959965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans often commit errors when they are distracted by irrelevant information and no longer focus on what is relevant to the task at hand. Adjustments following errors are essential for optimizing goal achievement. The posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC), a key area for monitoring errors, has been shown to trigger such post-error adjustments by modulating activity in visual cortical areas. However, the mechanisms by which pMFC controls sensory cortices are unknown. We provide evidence for a mechanism based on pMFC-induced recruitment of cholinergic projections to task-relevant sensory areas. Using fMRI in healthy volunteers, we found that error-related pMFC activity predicted subsequent adjustments in task-relevant visual brain areas. In particular, following an error, activity increased in those visual cortical areas involved in processing task-relevant stimulus features, whereas activity decreased in areas representing irrelevant, distracting features. Following treatment with the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist biperiden, activity in visual areas was no longer under control of error-related pMFC activity. This was paralleled by abolished post-error behavioral adjustments under biperiden. Our results reveal a prominent role of acetylcholine in cognitive control that has not been recognized thus far. Regaining optimal performance after errors critically depends on top-down control of perception driven by the pMFC and mediated by acetylcholine. This may explain the lack of adaptivity in conditions with reduced availability of cortical acetylcholine, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Danielmeier
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Neuropsychology, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Elena A Allen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Jonas Liesvei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway; The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Gerhard Jocham
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Faculty of Economics and Management, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oezguer A Onur
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, Research Center Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Strasse, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Tom Eichele
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Jonas Liesvei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway; The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Markus Ullsperger
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Neuropsychology, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sequential movement skill in Parkinson's disease: A state-of-the-art. Cortex 2015; 65:102-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
31
|
Hochman EY, Wang S, Milner TE, Fellows LK. Double dissociation of error inhibition and correction deficits after basal ganglia or dorsomedial frontal damage in humans. Neuropsychologia 2015; 69:130-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
32
|
Zavala B, Zaghloul K, Brown P. The subthalamic nucleus, oscillations, and conflict. Mov Disord 2015; 30:328-38. [PMID: 25688872 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN), which is currently the most common target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease (PD), has received increased attention over the past few years for the roles it may play in functions beyond simple motor control. In this article, we highlight several of the theoretical, interventional, and electrophysiological studies that have implicated the STN in response inhibition. Most influential among this evidence has been the reported effect of STN DBS in increasing impulsive responses in the laboratory setting. Yet, how this relates to pathological impulsivity in patients' everyday lives remains uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baltazar Zavala
- Experimental Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Soshi T, Ando K, Noda T, Nakazawa K, Tsumura H, Okada T. Post-error action control is neurobehaviorally modulated under conditions of constant speeded response. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 8:1072. [PMID: 25674058 PMCID: PMC4306303 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-error slowing (PES) is an error recovery strategy that contributes to action control, and occurs after errors in order to prevent future behavioral flaws. Error recovery often malfunctions in clinical populations, but the relationship between behavioral traits and recovery from error is unclear in healthy populations. The present study investigated the relationship between impulsivity and error recovery by simulating a speeded response situation using a Go/No-go paradigm that forced the participants to constantly make accelerated responses prior to stimuli disappearance (stimulus duration: 250 ms). Neural correlates of post-error processing were examined using event-related potentials (ERPs). Impulsivity traits were measured with self-report questionnaires (BIS-11, BIS/BAS). Behavioral results demonstrated that the commission error for No-go trials was 15%, but PES did not take place immediately. Delayed PES was negatively correlated with error rates and impulsivity traits, showing that response slowing was associated with reduced error rates and changed with impulsivity. Response-locked error ERPs were clearly observed for the error trials. Contrary to previous studies, error ERPs were not significantly related to PES. Stimulus-locked N2 was negatively correlated with PES and positively correlated with impulsivity traits at the second post-error Go trial: larger N2 activity was associated with greater PES and less impulsivity. In summary, under constant speeded conditions, error monitoring was dissociated from post-error action control, and PES did not occur quickly. Furthermore, PES and its neural correlate (N2) were modulated by impulsivity traits. These findings suggest that there may be clinical and practical efficacy of maintaining cognitive control of actions during error recovery under common daily environments that frequently evoke impulsive behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Soshi
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodairo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ando
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodairo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Noda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodairo, Japan
| | - Kanako Nakazawa
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodairo, Japan ; Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodairo, Japan
| | - Hideki Tsumura
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodairo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okada
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodairo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|