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Silver JH, Lewton M, Lewis HW. Mediators of negative content and voice-related distress in a diverse sample of clinical and non-clinical voice-hearers. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:96-111. [PMID: 36205115 PMCID: PMC10092889 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Negative content in hearing voices (i.e., auditory verbal hallucinations) has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes including voice-related distress. Voice appraisals and responding mindfully to voices are theorized to reduce voice-related distress. This study aimed in examine mediators of the negative content voice-related distress relationship in clinical (those who recently received input from mental health services) and non-clinical voice-hearers. METHODS One hundred and twenty-one adults (71.9% female; 35.5% mixed or non-white ethnic background) who hear voices were recruited online and completed self-report measures of negative content of voices, voice-related distress, mindfulness of voices, interpretation of loss of control, thought suppression and intrusion. RESULTS Clinical voice-hearers had significantly higher levels of negative content, voice-related distress and interpretation of loss of control than non-clinical voice-hearers. A mindful approach to voices and interpretation of loss of control mediated the relationship between negative content and voice-related distress across the whole sample. Thought suppression and intrusion did not mediate the relationship. CONCLUSIONS The results support the use of mindfulness-based psychological intervention to reduce voice-related distress. Further development of valid and reliable measures specifically relating to constructs of voice content, voice-related distress and voice suppression will support further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Helen Silver
- Older Persons Mental Health Psychology Service, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Marcus Lewton
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Heledd Wyn Lewis
- South Wales Doctoral Programme in Clinical Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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2
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Karcher NR, Merchant J, Pine J, Kilciksiz CM. Cognitive Dysfunction as a Risk Factor for Psychosis. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:173-203. [PMID: 35989398 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The current chapter summarizes recent evidence for cognition as a risk factor for the development of psychosis, including the range of cognitive impairments that exist across the spectrum of psychosis risk symptoms. The chapter examines several possible theories linking cognitive deficits with the development of psychotic symptoms, including evidence that cognitive deficits may be an intermediate risk factor linking genetic and/or neural metrics to psychosis spectrum symptoms. Although there is not strong evidence for unique cognitive markers associated specifically with psychosis compared to other forms of psychopathology, psychotic disorders are generally associated with the greatest severity of cognitive deficits. Cognitive deficits precede the development of psychotic symptoms and may be detectable as early as childhood. Across the psychosis spectrum, both the presence and severity of psychotic symptoms are associated with mild to moderate impairments across cognitive domains, perhaps most consistently for language, cognitive control, and working memory domains. Research generally indicates the size of these cognitive impairments worsens as psychosis symptom severity increases. The chapter points out areas of unclarity and unanswered questions in each of these areas, including regarding the mechanisms contributing to the association between cognition and psychosis, the timing of deficits, and whether any cognitive systems can be identified that function as specific predictors of psychosis risk symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Karcher
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Jaisal Merchant
- Department of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacob Pine
- Department of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Can Misel Kilciksiz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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3
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Abstract
Introduction: In several sub-fields of psychology, there has been a renewed focus on measurement practices. As far as we are aware, this has been absent in hallucinations research. Thus, we investigated (a) cross-study variation in how hallucinatory experiences are measured and (b) the reliability of measurements obtained using two tasks that are widely employed in hallucinations research.Method: In Study 1, we investigated to what extent there was variation in how the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale (LSHS) has been used across 100 studies. In Study 2, we investigated the reliability of the measurements obtained through source monitoring and signal detection tasks, using data from four recent publications. Materials/data are available at doi: 10.17605/osf.io/d3gnk/.Results: In Study 1, we found substantial variation in how hallucinatory experiences were assessed using the LSHS and that descriptions of the LSHS were often incomplete in important ways. In Study 2, we reported a range of reliability estimates for the measurements obtained using source monitoring and signal discrimination tasks. Some measurements obtained using source monitoring tasks had unacceptably low levels of reliability.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that suboptimal measurement practices are common in hallucinations research and we suggest steps researchers could take to improve measurement practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smailes
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, David Smailes Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon TyneNE1 8ST, UK
| | - Ben Alderson-Day
- Department of Psychology, Science Laboratories, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Cassie Hazell
- School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Abigail Wright
- Center of Excellence for Psychosocial and Systemic Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Moseley
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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4
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Wilkinson S, Green H, Hare S, Houlders J, Humpston C, Alderson-Day B. Thinking about hallucinations: why philosophy matters. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2022; 27:219-235. [PMID: 34874242 PMCID: PMC9006978 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2021.2007067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Hallucinations research is increasingly incorporating philosophy or the work of philosophically trained individuals. We present three different ways in which this is successfully implemented to the enhancement of knowledge and understanding of hallucinations and related phenomena.Method: We review contributions from phenomenology, philosophy of cognitive science, and philosophy of science and psychiatry.Results: We demonstrate that these areas of philosophy make significant contributions to hallucinations research. Phenomenology gives us a sophisticated and critical understanding of the lived experience of hallucinations. Philosophy of cognitive science enables big-picture theorising and synthesis of ideas, as well as a critical engagement with new paradigms. Philosophy of science and psychiatry raises valuable and theoretically informed questions about diagnosis and categorisation.Conclusions: These contributions reflect both the methodological variety within philosophy and its relevance to the hallucinations researcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Wilkinson
- Sociology, Philosophy and Anthropology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK, Sam Wilkinson
| | - Huw Green
- Neuropsychology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephanie Hare
- Neuroimaging, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Clara Humpston
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham Institute for Mental Health, Birmingham, UK
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5
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Alderson-Day B, Moffatt J, Lima CF, Krishnan S, Fernyhough C, Scott SK, Denton S, Leong IYT, Oncel AD, Wu YL, Gurbuz Z, Evans S. Susceptibility to auditory hallucinations is associated with spontaneous but not directed modulation of top-down expectations for speech. Neurosci Conscious 2022; 2022:niac002. [PMID: 35145758 PMCID: PMC8824703 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs)-or hearing voices-occur in clinical and non-clinical populations, but their mechanisms remain unclear. Predictive processing models of psychosis have proposed that hallucinations arise from an over-weighting of prior expectations in perception. It is unknown, however, whether this reflects (i) a sensitivity to explicit modulation of prior knowledge or (ii) a pre-existing tendency to spontaneously use such knowledge in ambiguous contexts. Four experiments were conducted to examine this question in healthy participants listening to ambiguous speech stimuli. In experiments 1a (n = 60) and 1b (n = 60), participants discriminated intelligible and unintelligible sine-wave speech before and after exposure to the original language templates (i.e. a modulation of expectation). No relationship was observed between top-down modulation and two common measures of hallucination-proneness. Experiment 2 (n = 99) confirmed this pattern with a different stimulus-sine-vocoded speech (SVS)-that was designed to minimize ceiling effects in discrimination and more closely model previous top-down effects reported in psychosis. In Experiment 3 (n = 134), participants were exposed to SVS without prior knowledge that it contained speech (i.e. naïve listening). AVH-proneness significantly predicted both pre-exposure identification of speech and successful recall for words hidden in SVS, indicating that participants could actually decode the hidden signal spontaneously. Altogether, these findings support a pre-existing tendency to spontaneously draw upon prior knowledge in healthy people prone to AVH, rather than a sensitivity to temporary modulations of expectation. We propose a model of clinical and non-clinical hallucinations, across auditory and visual modalities, with testable predictions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie Moffatt
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - César F Lima
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Saloni Krishnan
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Sophie K Scott
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Denton
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Alena D Oncel
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Yu-Lin Wu
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Zehra Gurbuz
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Samuel Evans
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
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6
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Moseley P, Alderson-Day B, Common S, Dodgson G, Lee R, Mitrenga K, Moffatt J, Fernyhough C. Continuities and Discontinuities in the Cognitive Mechanisms Associated With Clinical and Nonclinical Auditory Verbal Hallucinations. Clin Psychol Sci 2022; 10:752-766. [PMID: 35846173 PMCID: PMC9280701 DOI: 10.1177/21677026211059802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are typically associated with schizophrenia but also occur in individuals without any need for care (nonclinical voice hearers [NCVHs]). Cognitive models of AVHs posit potential biases in source monitoring, top-down processes, or a failure to inhibit intrusive memories. However, research across clinical/nonclinical groups is limited, and the extent to which there may be continuity in cognitive mechanism across groups, as predicted by the psychosis-continuum hypothesis, is unclear. We report two studies in which voice hearers with psychosis ( n = 31) and NCVH participants reporting regular spiritual voices ( n = 26) completed a battery of cognitive tasks. Compared with non-voice-hearing groups ( ns = 33 and 28), voice hearers with psychosis showed atypical performance on signal detection, dichotic listening, and memory-inhibition tasks but intact performance on the source-monitoring task. NCVH participants, however, showed only atypical signal detection, which suggests differences between clinical and nonclinical voice hearers potentially related to attentional control and inhibition. These findings suggest that at the level of cognition, continuum models of hallucinations may need to take into account continuity but also discontinuity between clinical and nonclinical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Moseley
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University
- Peter Moseley, Department of Psychology, Northumbria University
| | | | - Stephanie Common
- Tees, Esk, & Wear Valley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, West Park Hospital, Darlington, England
| | - Guy Dodgson
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne, & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, St. Nicholas Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
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7
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Kwon S, Richter FR, Siena MJ, Simons JS. Episodic Memory Precision and Reality Monitoring Following Stimulation of Angular Gyrus. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:687-698. [PMID: 35015889 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The qualities of remembered experiences are often used to inform "reality monitoring" judgments, our ability to distinguish real and imagined events [Johnson, M. K., & Raye, C. L. Reality monitoring. Psychological Review, 88, 67-85, 1981]. Previous experiments have tended to investigate only whether reality monitoring decisions are accurate or not, providing little insight into the extent to which reality monitoring may be affected by qualities of the underlying mnemonic representations. We used a continuous-response memory precision task to measure the quality of remembered experiences that underlie two different types of reality monitoring decisions: self/experimenter decisions that distinguish actions performed by participants and the experimenter and imagined/perceived decisions that distinguish imagined and perceived experiences. The data revealed memory precision to be associated with higher accuracy in both self/experimenter and imagined/perceived reality monitoring decisions, with lower precision linked with a tendency to misattribute self-generated experiences to external sources. We then sought to investigate the possible neurocognitive basis of these observed associations by applying brain stimulation to a region that has been implicated in precise recollection of personal events, the left angular gyrus. Stimulation of angular gyrus selectively reduced the association between memory precision and self-referential reality monitoring decisions, relative to control site stimulation. The angular gyrus may, therefore, be important for the mnemonic processes involved in representing remembered experiences that give rise to a sense of self-agency, a key component of "autonoetic consciousness" that characterizes episodic memory [Tulving, E. Elements of episodic memory. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 1985].
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8
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Alfimova M, Plakunova V, Golimbet V. Errors of Verbal Episodic Memory in Schizophrenia Patients and in Non-Clinical Group with Different Profiles of Schizotypal Traits. КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ И СПЕЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЯ 2022. [DOI: 10.17759/cpse.2022110304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to provide a fine grain analysis of errors generated on word list learning tasks by schizophrenia patients and healthy controls with different profiles of schizotypal traits, since it can shed light on the cognitive mechanisms of memory impairment in these cohorts. 511 patients (mean age 33.40±11.53 years; 57% women) and 307 healthy controls (mean age 25.20±7.64 years; 73% women) completed the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (A. Rey, 1964). The healthy subjects were assigned to groups with low, high, positive and negative schizotypy based on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire adapted by A.G. Efremov and S.N. Enikolopov (2002). In patients, symptomatology was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale adapted by S.N. Mosolov (2001). We analyzed the number of extra-list intrusions, their perseverations, frequency and strength of the associations with stimuli, as well as phonetic intrusions, intrusions from interference trails, and false recognition of semantic and phonetic lures. The results showed that patients are characterized by an increase in the number of extra-list intrusions and their perseverations, proactive interference and recognition of semantic lures; similar trends regarding extra-list intrusions and false recognitions were observed in the high schizotypy group. The data can be interpreted in favor of the idea of impairment of reality monitoring and insufficient encoding of stimulus’s surface features as inherent deficits of information processing in schizophrenia.
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9
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Lavallé L, Dondé C, Gawęda Ł, Brunelin J, Mondino M. Impaired self-recognition in individuals with no full-blown psychotic symptoms represented across the continuum of psychosis: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2864-2874. [PMID: 32466806 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172000152x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairments in self-recognition (i.e. recognition of own thoughts and actions) have been repeatedly shown in individuals with schizophrenia. According to classical clinical characterizations, schizophrenia is included in a continuum encompassing a large range of genetic statuses, psychotic states and symptoms. The current meta-analysis aims to determine whether self-recognition is affected by individuals within the psychosis continuum. METHOD Three populations were considered: people with an at-risk mental state for psychosis (ARMS), hallucination-prone individuals and unaffected relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Eleven studies contrasted self-recognition between these three populations (n = 386) and healthy controls (n = 315) and four studies used correlational analysis to estimate comparable effects (n = 629). Eligible studies used experimental paradigms including source-monitoring and self-monitoring. RESULTS We observed significantly reduced self-recognition accuracy in these populations [g = -0.44 (-0.71 to -0.17), p = 0.002] compared to controls. No influence of the type of population, experimental paradigm or study design was observed. CONCLUSION The present analysis argues for self-recognition deficits in populations with no full-blown psychotic symptoms represented across the continuum of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Lavallé
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
- Lyon University, F-69000, France
- Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Batiment 416, 95 Bd Pinel, 69678Bron, France
| | - Clément Dondé
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
- Lyon University, F-69000, France
- Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Batiment 416, 95 Bd Pinel, 69678Bron, France
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jérome Brunelin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
- Lyon University, F-69000, France
- Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Batiment 416, 95 Bd Pinel, 69678Bron, France
| | - Marine Mondino
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
- Lyon University, F-69000, France
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Castiajo P, Pinheiro AP. Attention to voices is increased in non-clinical auditory verbal hallucinations irrespective of salience. Neuropsychologia 2021; 162:108030. [PMID: 34563552 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the processing of vocal emotions have been associated with both clinical and non-clinical auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), suggesting that changes in the mechanisms underpinning voice perception contribute to AVH. These alterations seem to be more pronounced in psychotic patients with AVH when attention demands increase. However, it remains to be clarified how attention modulates the processing of vocal emotions in individuals without clinical diagnoses who report hearing voices but no related distress. Using an active auditory oddball task, the current study clarified how emotion and attention interact during voice processing as a function of AVH proneness, and examined the contributions of stimulus valence and intensity. Participants with vs. without non-clinical AVH were presented with target vocalizations differing in valence (neutral; positive; negative) and intensity (55 decibels (dB); 75 dB). The P3b amplitude was larger in response to louder (vs. softer) vocal targets irrespective of valence, and in response to negative (vs. neutral) vocal targets irrespective of intensity. Of note, the P3b amplitude was globally increased in response to vocal targets in participants reporting AVH, and failed to be modulated by valence and intensity in these participants. These findings suggest enhanced voluntary attention to changes in vocal expressions but reduced discrimination of salient and non-salient cues. A decreased sensitivity to salience cues of vocalizations could contribute to increased cognitive control demands, setting the stage for an AVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Castiajo
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pinheiro
- Faculdade de Psicologia, CICPSI, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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11
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Chinchani AM, Menon M, Roes M, Hwang H, Allen P, Bell V, Bless J, Bortolon C, Cella M, Fernyhough C, Garrison J, Kozáková E, Larøi F, Moffatt J, Say N, Suzuki M, Toh WL, Zaytseva Y, Rossell SL, Moseley P, Woodward TS. Item-specific overlap between hallucinatory experiences and cognition in the general population: A three-step multivariate analysis of international multi-site data. Cortex 2021; 145:131-144. [PMID: 34717270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hallucinatory experiences (HEs) can be pronounced in psychosis, but similar experiences also occur in nonclinical populations. Cognitive mechanisms hypothesized to underpin HEs include dysfunctional source monitoring, heightened signal detection, and impaired attentional processes. Using data from an international multisite study on non-clinical participants (N = 419), we described the overlap between two sets of variables - one measuring cognition and the other HEs - at the level of individual items. We used a three-step method to extract and examine item-specific signal, which is typically obscured when summary scores are analyzed using traditional methodologies. The three-step method involved: (1) constraining variance in cognition variables to that which is predictable from HE variables, followed by dimension reduction, (2) determining reliable HE items using split-halves and permutation tests, and (3) selecting cognition items for interpretation using a leave-one-out procedure followed by repetition of Steps 1 and 2. The results showed that the overlap between HEs and cognition variables can be conceptualized as bi-dimensional, with two distinct mechanisms emerging as candidates for separate pathways to the development of HEs: HEs involving perceptual distortions on one hand (including voices), underpinned by a low threshold for signal detection in cognition, and HEs involving sensory overload on the other hand, underpinned by reduced laterality in cognition. We propose that these two dimensions of HEs involving distortions/liberal signal detection, and sensation overload/reduced laterality may map onto psychosis-spectrum and dissociation-spectrum anomalous experiences, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit M Chinchani
- BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Vancouver, UK; Department of Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, UK
| | - Mahesh Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, UK
| | - Meighen Roes
- BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Vancouver, UK; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, UK
| | - Heungsun Hwang
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, UK
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vaughan Bell
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Josef Bless
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Catherine Bortolon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Psychologie, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Matteo Cella
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Jane Garrison
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eva Kozáková
- Department of Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Larøi
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; NORMENT-Norwegian Center of Excellence for Mental Disorders Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jamie Moffatt
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Nicolas Say
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mimi Suzuki
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wei Lin Toh
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Lab, Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yuliya Zaytseva
- Department of Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Lab, Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Mental Health, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Moseley
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Todd S Woodward
- BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Vancouver, UK; Department of Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, UK.
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12
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Yu H, Ying W, Li G, Lin X, Jiang D, Chen G, Chen S, Sun X, Xu Y, Ye J, Zhuo C. Exploring concomitant neuroimaging and genetic alterations in patients with and patients without auditory verbal hallucinations: A pilot study and mini review. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060519884856. [PMID: 32696690 PMCID: PMC7376300 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519884856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore concomitant neuroimaging and genetic alterations in patients with
schizophrenia with or without auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), and to
discuss the use of pattern recognition techniques in the development of an
objective index that may improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes
for schizophrenia. Methods The pilot study included patients with schizophrenia with AVHs (SCH-AVH
group) and without AVHs (SCH-no AVH group). High throughput sequencing (HTS)
was performed to explore RNA networks. Global functional connectivity
density (gFCD) analysis was performed to assess functional connectivity (FC)
alterations of the default mode network (DMN). Quantitative long noncoding
(lnc) RNA and mRNA expression data were related to peak T values of gFCDs
using Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis. Results Compared with the SCH-no AVH group (n = 5), patients in the
SCH-AVH group (n = 5) exhibited differences in RNA
expression in RNA networks that were related to AVH severity, and displayed
alterations in FC (reflected by gFCD differences) within the DMN (posterior
cingulate and dorsal-medial prefrontal cortex), and in the right parietal
lobe, left occipital lobe, and left temporal lobe. Peak lncRNA expression
values were significantly related to peak gFCD T values within the DMN. Conclusion Among patients with schizophrenia, there are concomitant FC and genetic
expression alterations associated with AVHs. Data from pattern recognition
studies may inform the development of an objective index aimed at improving
early diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning for patients with
schizophrenia with and without AVHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Yu
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuro-Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wang Ying
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging-Genetic and Comorbidity Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianshui Third Hospital, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuro-Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuro-Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangdong Chen
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuro-Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suling Chen
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuro-Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuhai Sun
- Department of Neurology, Zoucheng People's Hospital, Jining Medical University Affiliated Zoucheng Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiaen Ye
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuro-Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuro-Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Psychiatric Neuroimaging-Genetic and Comorbidity Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Fourth Centre Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Psychiatric-Neuro-Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, School of Mental Health of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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13
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Costanzi M, Cianfanelli B, Santirocchi A, Lasaponara S, Spataro P, Rossi-Arnaud C, Cestari V. Forgetting Unwanted Memories: Active Forgetting and Implications for the Development of Psychological Disorders. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11040241. [PMID: 33810436 PMCID: PMC8066077 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrusive memories are a common feature of many psychopathologies, and suppression-induced forgetting of unwanted memories appears as a critical ability to preserve mental health. In recent years, biological and cognitive studies converged in revealing that forgetting is due to active processes. Recent neurobiological studies provide evidence on the active role of main neurotransmitter systems in forgetting, suggesting that the brain actively works to suppress retrieval of unwanted memories. On the cognitive side, there is evidence that voluntary and involuntary processes (here termed "intentional" and "incidental" forgetting, respectively) contribute to active forgetting. In intentional forgetting, an inhibitory control mechanism suppresses awareness of unwanted memories at encoding or retrieval. In incidental forgetting, retrieval practice of some memories involuntarily suppresses the retrieval of other related memories. In this review we describe recent findings on deficits in active forgetting observed in psychopathologies, like post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Moreover, we report studies in which the role of neurotransmitter systems, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, has been investigated in active forgetting paradigms. The possibility that biological and cognitive mechanisms of active forgetting could be considered as hallmarks of the early onset of psychopathologies is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Costanzi
- Department of Human Sciences, Lumsa University, 00193 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Beatrice Cianfanelli
- Department of Human Sciences, Lumsa University, 00193 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Alessandro Santirocchi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (C.R.-A.); (V.C.)
| | - Stefano Lasaponara
- Department of Human Sciences, Lumsa University, 00193 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (S.L.)
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (C.R.-A.); (V.C.)
| | - Pietro Spataro
- Department of Economy, Universitas Mercatorum, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Clelia Rossi-Arnaud
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (C.R.-A.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Cestari
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (C.R.-A.); (V.C.)
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14
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Thompson R, Hallas L, Moseley P, Alderson-Day B. Cognitive and phenomenological characteristics of hallucination-proneness across the lifespan. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2021; 26:18-34. [PMID: 33238807 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2020.1850435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of age on hallucination-proneness within healthy adult cohorts and its relation to underlying cognitive mechanisms is underexplored. Based on previously researched trends in relation to cognitive ageing, we hypothesised that older and younger adults, when compared to a middle adult age group, would show differential relations between hallucination-proneness and cognitive performance. METHODS A mixed methods, between-groups study was conducted with 30 young adults, 26 older adults, and 27 from a "middle adulthood" group. Participants completed a source memory task, jumbled speech task, Launay-Slade hallucination scale, unusual experiences schedule, and control measures of delusion-proneness and attitudes to mental health. RESULTS Compared to older age-groups, younger participants demonstrated better scores on the source memory task, and reported hearing more words in jumbled speech. Additionally, younger cohorts rated higher on hallucination-proneness and disclosed more unusual experiences on a customised schedule designed to gather further qualitative data. Jumbled speech scores positively correlated with hallucination-proneness scores, particularly for the "middle" age group. Source memory performance unexpectedly correlated positively with hallucination-proneness, although this may be the product of age differences in task performance. CONCLUSIONS Age differences in hallucination-proneness are evident on self-report and cognitive measures. Implications are discussed for potentially non-overlapping cognitive mechanisms underlying hallucination-proneness in non-clinical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Hallas
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Peter Moseley
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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15
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Mourgues C, Negreira AM, Quagan B, Mercan NE, Niles H, Kafadar E, Bien C, Kamal F, Powers AR. Development of Voluntary Control Over Voice-Hearing Experiences: Evidence From Treatment-Seeking and Non-Treatment-Seeking Voice-Hearers. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2020; 1:sgaa052. [PMID: 33196043 PMCID: PMC7643545 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Voluntary control over voice-hearing experiences is one of the most consistent predictors of functioning among voice-hearers. However, control over voice-hearing experiences is likely to be more nuanced and variable than may be appreciated through coarse clinician-rated measures, which provide little information about how control is conceptualized and developed. We aimed to identify key factors in the evolution of control over voice-hearing experiences in treatment-seeking (N = 7) and non-treatment-seeking (N = 8) voice-hearers. Treatment-seeking voice-hearers were drawn from local chapters of the Connecticut Hearing Voices Network, and non-treatment-seeking voice-hearers were recruited from local spiritually oriented organizations. Both groups participated in a clinical assessment, and a semi-structured interview meant to explore the types of control exhibited and how it is fostered. Using Grounded Theory, we identified that participants from both groups exerted direct and indirect control over their voice-hearing experiences. Participants that developed a spiritual explanatory framework were more likely to exert direct control over the voice-hearing experiences than those that developed a pathologizing framework. Importantly, despite clear differences in explanatory framework and distress because of their experiences, both groups underwent similar trajectories to develop control and acceptance over their voice-hearing experiences. Understanding these factors will be critical in transforming control over voice-hearing experiences from a phenomenological observation to an actionable route for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Mourgues
- Department of Psychiatry and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven CT
| | - Alyson M Negreira
- Department of Psychiatry and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven CT
| | - Brittany Quagan
- Department of Psychiatry and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven CT
| | | | - Halsey Niles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven CT.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Claire Bien
- Department of Psychiatry and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven CT
| | - Faria Kamal
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Albert R Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven CT.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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16
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Collins LC, Semino E, Demjén Z, Hardie A, Moseley P, Woods A, Alderson-Day B. A linguistic approach to the psychosis continuum: (dis)similarities and (dis)continuities in how clinical and non-clinical voice-hearers talk about their voices. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2020; 25:447-465. [PMID: 33158372 PMCID: PMC7713671 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2020.1842727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: "Continuum" approaches to psychosis have generated reports of similarities and differences in voice-hearing in clinical and non-clinical populations at the cohort level, but not typically examined overlap or degrees of difference between groups. Methods: We used a computer-aided linguistic approach to explore reports of voice-hearing by a clinical group (Early Intervention in Psychosis service-users; N = 40) and a non-clinical group (spiritualists; N = 27). We identify semantic categories of terms statistically overused by one group compared with the other, and by each group compared to a control sample of non-voice-hearing interview data (log likelihood (LL) value 6.63+=p < .01; effect size measure: log ratio 1.0+). We consider whether individual values support a continuum model. Results: Notwithstanding significant cohort-level differences, there was considerable continuity in language use. Reports of negative affect were prominent in both groups (p < .01, log ratio: 1.12+). Challenges of cognitive control were also evident in both cohorts, with references to "disengagement" accentuated in service-users (p < .01, log ratio: 1.14+). Conclusion: A corpus linguistic approach to voice-hearing provides new evidence of differences between clinical and non-clinical groups. Variability at the individual level provides substantial evidence of continuity with implications for cognitive mechanisms underlying voice-hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C. Collins
- ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK, Luke C. Collins ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social Science, Bailrigg House, Bailrigg, LancasterLA1 4YE, UK
| | - Elena Semino
- ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Zsófia Demjén
- Institute for Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Hardie
- ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Peter Moseley
- Psychology Department, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Angela Woods
- Hearing the Voice, Durham University, Durham, UK
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17
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Pinheiro AP, Schwartze M, Kotz SA. Cerebellar circuitry and auditory verbal hallucinations: An integrative synthesis and perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:485-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Petrolini V, Jorba M, Vicente A. The Role of Inner Speech in Executive Functioning Tasks: Schizophrenia With Auditory Verbal Hallucinations and Autistic Spectrum Conditions as Case Studies. Front Psychol 2020; 11:572035. [PMID: 33041942 PMCID: PMC7527436 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several theories propose that one of the core functions of inner speech (IS) is to support subjects in the completion of cognitively effortful tasks, especially those involving executive functions (EF). In this paper we focus on two populations who notoriously encounter difficulties in performing EF tasks, namely, people diagnosed with schizophrenia who experience auditory verbal hallucinations (Sz-AVH) and people with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). We focus on these two populations because they represent two different ways in which IS can fail to help in EF tasks, which can be illustrative for other mental conditions. First, we review the main components of EF (see section "Executive Functions"). Then we explain the functions that IS is taken to perform in the domain of EF (see section "Inner Speech and Executive Functions") and review the evidence concerning problems about EF in the two populations of our study: Sz-AVH (see section "Executive Functions and Inner Speech in Sz-AVH") and ASC (see section "Executive Function and Inner Speech in ASC"). After this we further detail our account about what a properly functioning IS can do for both populations and how different IS profiles may impact EF performance: in the case of Sz-AVH, the uncontrolled and intrusive character of IS negatively affects EF performance, whereas in ASC, EF is not sufficiently supported by IS, given the tendency in this population to present a diminished use of IS (see section "IS in ASC and Sz-AVH: How It Relates to EF"). We finally briefly discuss Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Developmental Language Disorders (DLD) (see section "Further Considerations").
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Petrolini
- Centro de Investigación Micaela Portilla, Department of Linguistics and Basque Studies, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Marta Jorba
- Centro de Investigación Micaela Portilla, Department of Linguistics and Basque Studies, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Agustín Vicente
- Centro de Investigación Micaela Portilla, Department of Linguistics and Basque Studies, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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19
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Swyer A, Powers AR. Voluntary control of auditory hallucinations: phenomenology to therapeutic implications. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2020; 6:19. [PMID: 32753641 PMCID: PMC7403299 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-020-0106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) have traditionally been thought to be outside the influence of conscious control. However, recent work with voice hearers makes clear that both treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking voice hearers may exert varying degrees of control over their voices. Evidence suggests that this ability may be a key factor in determining health status, but little systematic examination of control in AVH has been carried out. This review provides an overview of the research examining control over AVH in both treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking populations. We first examine the relationship between control over AVH and health status as well as the psychosocial factors that may influence control and functioning. We then link control to various cognitive constructs that appear to be important for voice hearing. Finally, we reconcile the possibility of control with the field’s current understanding of the proposed cognitive, computational, and neural underpinnings of hallucinations and perception more broadly. Established relationships between control, health status, and functioning suggest that the development of control over AVH could increase functioning and reduce distress. A more detailed understanding of the discrete types of control, their development, and their neural underpinnings is essential for translating this knowledge into new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Swyer
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, York College/CUNY, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Albert R Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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20
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Iglesias-Parro S, Soriano MF, Prieto M, Rodríguez I, Aznarte JI, Ibáñez-Molina AJ. Introspective and Neurophysiological Measures of Mind Wandering in Schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4833. [PMID: 32179815 PMCID: PMC7076020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia have often been considered to be “in their own world”. However, this casual observation has not been proven by scientific evidence so far. This can be explained because scientific research has usually addressed cognition related to the processing of external stimuli, but only recently have efforts been made to explain thoughts, images and feelings not directly related to the external environment. This internally directed cognition has been called mind wandering. In this paper, we have explored mind wandering in schizophrenia under the hypothesis that a predominance of mind wandering would be a core dysfunction in this disorder. To this end, we collected verbal reports and measured electrophysiological signals from patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and matched healthy controls while they were presented with segments of films. The results showed that mind wandering was more frequent in patients than in controls. This higher frequency of mind wandering did not correlate with deficits in attentional, memory or executive functioning. In addition, mind wandering in patients was characterized by a different pattern of Electroencephalography (EEG) complexity in patients than in controls, leading to the suggestion that mind wandering in schizophrenia could be of a different nature. These findings could have relevant implications for the conceptualization of this severe mental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M F Soriano
- Mental Health Unit, St. Agustín Universitary Hospital, Linares, Jaén, Spain
| | - M Prieto
- Psychology Department, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Psychology Department, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - J I Aznarte
- Mental Health Unit, St. Agustín Universitary Hospital, Linares, Jaén, Spain
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21
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Rae CL, Ahmad A, Larsson DEO, Silva M, Praag CDGV, Garfinkel SN, Critchley HD. Impact of cardiac interoception cues and confidence on voluntary decisions to make or withhold action in an intentional inhibition task. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4184. [PMID: 32144304 PMCID: PMC7060346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interoceptive signals concerning the internal physiological state of the body influence motivational feelings and action decisions. Cardiovascular arousal may facilitate inhibition to mitigate risks of impulsive actions. Baroreceptor discharge at ventricular systole underpins afferent signalling of cardiovascular arousal. In a modified Go/NoGo task, decisions to make or withhold actions on 'Choose' trials were not influenced by cardiac phase, nor individual differences in heart rate variability. However, cardiac interoceptive awareness and insight predicted how frequently participants chose to act, and their speed of action: Participants with better awareness and insight tended to withhold actions and respond slower, while those with poorer awareness and insight tended to execute actions and respond faster. Moreover, self-reported trait urgency correlated negatively with intentional inhibition rates. These findings suggest that lower insight into bodily signals is linked to urges to move the body, putatively by engendering noisier sensory input into motor decision processes eliciting reactive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Rae
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - Aysha Ahmad
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Dennis E O Larsson
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Marta Silva
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Sarah N Garfinkel
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Hugo D Critchley
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
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22
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Fernyhough C. Modality-general and modality-specific processes in hallucinations. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2639-2645. [PMID: 31530334 PMCID: PMC6877466 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing recognition in psychosis research of the importance of hallucinations in modalities other than the auditory. This has focused attention on cognitive and neural processes that might be shared by, and which might contribute distinctly to, hallucinations in different modalities. In this article, I address some issues around the modality-generality of cognitive and neural processes in hallucinations, including the role of perceptual and reality-monitoring systems, top-down and bottom-up processes in relation to the psychological and neural substrates of hallucinations, and the phenomenon of simultaneous multimodal hallucinations of the same entity. I suggest that a functional systems approach, inspired by some neglected aspects of the writings of A. R. Luria, can help us to understand patterns of hallucinatory experience across modalities and across clinical and non-clinical groups. Understanding the interplay between modality-general and modality-specific processes may bear fruit for improved diagnosis and therapeutic approaches to dealing with distressing hallucinations.
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23
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Brébion G, Stephan-Otto C, Ochoa S, Cuevas-Esteban J, Núñez-Navarro A, Usall J. Clinical and non-clinical hallucinations are similarly associated with source memory errors in a visual memory task. Conscious Cogn 2019; 76:102823. [PMID: 31586672 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hallucinations have been found to be associated with various types of source memory failure in both schizophrenia patients and hallucination-prone healthy individuals. We investigated the associations of clinical and non-clinical hallucinations with source memory errors in a visual memory task that involved the remembering of picture presentation context. 59 schizophrenia patients and 61 healthy individuals took part in the study. Pictures were presented either at different locations or in association with different visual stimuli. The participants were required afterwards to recognize the target pictures among distractors, and then to remember their spatial location or the visual stimulus that was associated with them. Liberal response bias in picture recognition was associated with hallucination proneness and auditory-verbal hallucinations in subsamples of participants with significant non-clinical or clinical hallucinations. After controlling for overall memory performance, failure to remember the spatial location of the pictures was associated with visual hallucinations in male patients; failure to remember the associated visual stimulus was related to auditory-verbal hallucinations in female patients and to hallucination proneness in healthy women. The findings suggest that both clinical and non-clinical hallucinations are associated with loss of contextual information relative to the acquisition of events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gildas Brébion
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Christian Stephan-Otto
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Ochoa
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Cuevas-Esteban
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Araceli Núñez-Navarro
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Judith Usall
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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