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Relative Stability of Boron Planar Clusters in Diatomic Molecular Model. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051469. [PMID: 35268570 PMCID: PMC8911741 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the recently introduced phenomenological diatomic molecular model imagining the clusters as certain constructions of pair interatomic chemical bonds, there are estimated specific (per atom) binding energies of small all-boron planar clusters Bn, n = 1–15, in neutral single-anionic and single-cationic charge states. The theoretically obtained hierarchy of their relative stability/formation probability correlates not only with results of previous calculations, but also with available experimental mass-spectra of boron planar clusters generated in process of evaporation/ablation of boron-rich materials. Some overestimation in binding energies that are characteristic of the diatomic approach could be related to differences in approximations made during previous calculations, as well as measurement errors of these energies. According to the diatomic molecular model, equilibrium binding energies per B atom and B–B bond lengths are expected within ranges 0.37–6.26 eV and 1.58–1.65 Å, respectively.
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Mason JL, Folluo CN, Jarrold CC. More than little fragments of matter: Electronic and molecular structures of clusters. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:200901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0054222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Carley N. Folluo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Jian T, Chen X, Li SD, Boldyrev AI, Li J, Wang LS. Probing the structures and bonding of size-selected boron and doped-boron clusters. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3550-3591. [PMID: 31120469 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00233b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Because of their interesting structures and bonding and potentials as motifs for new nanomaterials, size-selected boron clusters have received tremendous interest in recent years. In particular, boron cluster anions (Bn-) have allowed systematic joint photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical studies, revealing predominantly two-dimensional structures. The discovery of the planar B36 cluster with a central hexagonal vacancy provided the first experimental evidence of the viability of 2D borons, giving rise to the concept of borophene. The finding of the B40 cage cluster unveiled the existence of fullerene-like boron clusters (borospherenes). Metal-doping can significantly extend the structural and bonding repertoire of boron clusters. Main-group metals interact with boron through s/p orbitals, resulting in either half-sandwich-type structures or substitutional structures. Transition metals are more versatile in bonding with boron, forming a variety of structures including half-sandwich structures, metal-centered boron rings, and metal-centered boron drums. Transition metal atoms have also been found to be able to be doped into the plane of 2D boron clusters, suggesting the possibility of metalloborophenes. Early studies of di-metal-doped boron clusters focused on gold, revealing ladder-like boron structures with terminal gold atoms. Recent observations of highly symmetric Ta2B6- and Ln2Bn- (n = 7-9) clusters have established a family of inverse sandwich structures with monocyclic boron rings stabilized by two metal atoms. The study of size-selected boron and doped-boron clusters is a burgeoning field of research. Further investigations will continue to reveal more interesting structures and novel chemical bonding, paving the foundation for new boron-based chemical compounds and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jian
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Wang LS. Photoelectron spectroscopy of size-selected boron clusters: from planar structures to borophenes and borospherenes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2016.1147816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ueno LT, Kiohara VO, Ferrão LFA, Pelegrini M, Roberto-Neto O, Machado FBC. Comparative study of small boron, silicon and germanium clusters: B(m)Si(n) and B(m)Ge(n) (m + n = 2-4). J Mol Model 2015; 21:141. [PMID: 25966673 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemically speaking, atomic clusters are very rich, allowing their application in a broad range of technological areas such as developing functional materials, heterogeneous catalysis, and building optical devices. In this work, high level computational chemistry methods were used in a systematic manner to improve the characterization of small clusters formed by boron, silicon, germanium, mixed boron/silicon, and mixed boron/germanium. Calculations were carried out with both ab initio [MP2 and CCSD(T)] and density functional (B3LYP) methods with extended basis sets. The CCSD(T) results were then extrapolated to the complete basis set (CBS) limit. Finally, geometrical parameters, vibrational frequencies, and relative energies were then obtained and compared to data presented in the literature. Graphical Abstract Small boron, silicon and germanium clusters: BmSin and BmGen (m + n = 2-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo T Ueno
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Ituiutaba, 38304-402, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Reber AC, Khanna SN. Electronic structure, stability, and oxidation of boron-magnesium clusters and cluster solids. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:054304. [PMID: 25662642 DOI: 10.1063/1.4907273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur C. Reber
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA
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Double aromaticity in transition metal centered double-ring boron clusters M@B2n (M = Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn; n = 6, 7, 8). J Chem Phys 2014; 141:124301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4895727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Casillas R, Baruah T, Zope RR. Geometry and electronic structure of neutral and charged B21 clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shang B, Yuan LF, Zeng XC, Yang J. Ab Initio Prediction of Amorphous B84. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2245-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp907976y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China, and Department of Chemistry and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Lan-Feng Yuan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China, and Department of Chemistry and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China, and Department of Chemistry and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China, and Department of Chemistry and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
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Tian FY, Wang YX. The competition of double-, four-, and three-ring tubular B3n (n=8–32) nanoclusters. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:024903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2953689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Alexandrova AN, Boldyrev AI, Zhai HJ, Wang LS. All-boron aromatic clusters as potential new inorganic ligands and building blocks in chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Theoretical study on the stability of the novel B32 isomers and their metal-poly-boron MB32 cluster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2005.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hayami W, Tanaka T, Otani S. Theoretical Study of the Stability of Lithium Atoms in α-Rhombohedral Boron. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:11975-9. [PMID: 16366651 DOI: 10.1021/jp053031v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The stability of lithium atoms in alpha-rhombohedral boron was investigated by first-principles calculations of total energies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In the case of a low concentration (1.03 at. %), Li at the center of the icosahedral B12 site (the I-site) had a negative binding energy, which suggests Li at the I-site is unstable. However, MD simulations at temperatures below 750 K indicated that Li is still confined in the B12 cage under these conditions, which means Li at the I-site is metastable. Over 800 K, Li began to move away from the B12 site and settled at the tetrahedral site (the T-site) or at the octahedral site (the O-site). Li at the T-site also had a negative binding energy, but MD simulations indicated it was metastable up to 1400 K and did not move to other sites. Li at the O-site was energetically the most favorable, having a positive binding energy. In the case of a high concentration (7.69 at. %), the I-site changed to an unstable saddle point. At this concentration, the T-site was metastable and the O-site became the most stable. In MD simulations at 1400 K, Li atoms at the O-site never jumped to other sites regardless of concentration. Considering these facts, the diffusion coefficient of Li in alpha-rhombohedral boron would have to be very small below 1400 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Hayami
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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Alexandrova AN, Boldyrev AI, Zhai HJ, Wang LS. Photoelectron spectroscopy andab initiostudy of the doubly antiaromatic B62− dianion in the LiB6− cluster. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:54313. [PMID: 15740328 DOI: 10.1063/1.1839575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A metal-boron mixed cluster LiB(6) (-) was produced and characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. A number of electronic transitions were observed and used to compare with theoretical calculations. An extensive search for the global minimum of LiB(6) (-) was carried out via an ab initio genetic algorithm technique. The pyramidal C(2v) ((1)A(1)) molecule was found to be the most stable at all levels of theory. The nearest low-lying isomer was found to be a triplet C(2) ((3)B) structure, 9.2 kcal/mol higher in energy. Comparison of calculated detachment transitions from LiB(6) (-) and the experimental photoelectron spectra confirmed the C(2v) pyramidal global minimum structure. Natural population calculation revealed that LiB(6) (-) is a charge-transfer complex, Li(+)B(6) (2-), in which Li(+) and B(6) (2-) interact in a primarily ionic manner. Analyses of the molecular orbitals and chemical bonding of B(6) (2-) showed that the planar cluster is twofold (pi- and sigma-) antiaromatic, which can be viewed as the fusion of two aromatic B(3) (-) units.
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Alexandrova AN, Boldyrev AI, Zhai HJ, Wang LS. Electronic Structure, Isomerism, and Chemical Bonding in B7-and B7. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp037341u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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