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De Boni F, Pilot R, Milani A, Ivanovskaya VV, Abraham RJ, Casalini S, Pedron D, Casari CS, Sambi M, Sedona F. Structure and vibrational properties of 1D molecular wires: from graphene to graphdiyne. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:11211-11222. [PMID: 38775497 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00943f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Graphyne- and graphdiyne-like model systems have attracted much attention from many structural, theoretical, and synthetic scientists because of their promising electronic, optical, and mechanical properties, which are crucially affected by the presence, abundance and distribution of triple bonds within the nanostructures. In this work, we performed the two-step bottom-up on-surface synthesis of graphyne- and graphdiyne-based molecular wires on the Au(111). We characterized their structural and chemical properties both in situ (UHV conditions) through STM and XPS and ex situ (in air) through Raman spectroscopy. By comparing the results with the well-known growth of poly(p-phenylene) wires (namely the narrowest armchair graphene nanoribbon), we were able to show how to discriminate different numbers of triple bonds within a molecule or a nanowire also containing phenyl rings. Even if the number of triple bonds can be effectively determined from the main features of STM images and confirmed by fitting the C1s peak in XPS spectra, we obtained the most relevant results from ex situ Raman spectroscopy, despite the sub-monolayer amount of molecular wires. The detailed analysis of Raman spectra, combined with density functional theory (DFT) simulations, allowed us to identify the main features related to the presence of isolated (graphyne-like systems) or at least two conjugated triple bonds (graphdiyne-like systems). Moreover, other spectral features can be exploited to understand if the chemical structure of graphyne- and graphdiyne-based nanostructures suffered unwanted reactions. As in the case of sub-monolayer graphene nanoribbons obtained by on-surface synthesis, we demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy can be used for a fast, highly sensitive and non-destructive determination of the properties, the quality and the stability of the graphyine- and graphdiyne-based nanostructures obtained by this highly promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Boni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Roberto Pilot
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Consorzio INSTM, Unità di Ricerca di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Milani
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Viktoria V Ivanovskaya
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Raichel J Abraham
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Stefano Casalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Danilo Pedron
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Carlo S Casari
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Sambi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Consorzio INSTM, Unità di Ricerca di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Sedona
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Tang K, Li Y, Chen Y, Cui W, Lin Z, Zhang Y, Shi L. Encapsulation and Evolution of Polyynes Inside Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:966. [PMID: 38869590 PMCID: PMC11174086 DOI: 10.3390/nano14110966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Polyyne is an sp-hybridized linear carbon chain (LCC) with alternating single and triple carbon-carbon bonds. Polyyne is very reactive; thus, its structure can be easily damaged through a cross-linking reaction between the molecules. The longer the polyyne is, the more unstable it becomes. Therefore, it is difficult to directly synthesize long polyynes in a solvent. The encapsulation of polyynes inside carbon nanotubes not only stabilizes the molecules to avoid cross-linking reactions, but also allows a restriction reaction to occur solely at the ends of the polyynes, resulting in long LCCs. Here, by controlling the diameter of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), polyynes were filled with high yield below room temperature. Subsequent annealing of the filled samples promoted the reaction between the polyynes, leading to the formation of long LCCs. More importantly, single chiral (6,5) SWCNTs with high purity were used for the successful encapsulation of polyynes for the first time, and LCCs were synthesized by coalescing the polyynes in the (6,5) SWCNTs. This method holds promise for further exploration of the synthesis of property-tailored LCCs through encapsulation inside different chiral SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yinong Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China (Z.L.)
| | - Yingzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China (Z.L.)
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials and Pollution Control, School of Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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3
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Banerjee J, Bar N, Basu RK, Das SK. Biosorption of Ni(II) by Ni(II) resistant S. cerevisiae AJ208: potential study with nutritive elements and GA modeling. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2023.2175692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirjhar Bar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- St. James’ School, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sudip Kumar Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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4
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Condorelli M, Speciale A, Cimino F, Muscarà C, Fazio E, D’Urso L, Corsaro C, Neri G, Mezzasalma AM, Compagnini G, Neri F, Saija A. Nano-Hybrid Au@LCCs Systems Displaying Anti-Inflammatory Activity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3701. [PMID: 35629727 PMCID: PMC9143445 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have received great attention owing to their biocompatible nature, environmental, and widespread biomedical applications. Au NPs are known as capable to regulate inflammatory responses in several tissues and organs; interestingly, lower toxicity in conjunction with anti-inflammatory effects was reported to occur with Au NPs treatment. Several variables drive this benefit-risk balance, including Au NPs physicochemical properties such as their morphology, surface chemistry, and charge. In our research we prepared hybrid Au@LCC nanocolloids by the Pulsed Laser Ablation, which emerged as a suitable chemically clean technique to produce ligand-free or functionalized nanomaterials, with tight control on their properties (product purity, crystal structure selectivity, particle size distribution). Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we have investigated the bioproperties of Au@LCCs. When tested in vitro on intestinal epithelial cells exposed to TNF-α, Au@LCCs sample at the ratio of 2.6:1 showed a significantly reduced TNF gene expression and induced antioxidant heme oxygenase-1 gene expression better than the 1:1 dispersion. Although deeper investigations are needed, these findings indicate that the functionalization with LCCs allows a better interaction of Au NPs with targets involved in the cell redox status and inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Condorelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (L.D.); (G.C.)
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.F.); (C.C.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Luisa D’Urso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (L.D.); (G.C.)
| | - Carmelo Corsaro
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.F.); (C.C.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Giulia Neri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Angela Maria Mezzasalma
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.F.); (C.C.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Compagnini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (L.D.); (G.C.)
| | - Fortunato Neri
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.F.); (C.C.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Antonina Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (G.N.)
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Optical Spectra of Oligofurans: A Theoretical Approach to the Transition Energies, Reorganization Energies, and the Vibronic Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237163. [PMID: 34885747 PMCID: PMC8659192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is experimental evidence of high vibronic activity that accompanies the allowed transition between the ground state and the lowest electronic singlet excited state of oligofurans that contain two, three, and four furan rings. The absorption and emission spectra of the three lowest oligofurans measured at liquid nitrogen temperature show distinct fine structures that are reproduced using the projection-based model of vibronic coupling (with Dushinsky rotation included) parameterized utilizing either Density Functional Theory (DFT, with several different exchange-correlation functionals) or ab initio (CC2) quantum chemistry calculations. Using as a reference the experimental data concerning the electronic absorption and fluorescence for the eight lowest oligofurans, we first analyzed the performance of the exchange-correlation functionals for the electronic transition energies and the reorganization energies. Subsequently, we used the best functionals alongside with the CC2 method to explore how the reorganization energies are distributed among the totally symmetric vibrations, identify the normal modes that dominate in the fine structures present in the absorption and emission bands, and trace their evolution with the increasing number of rings in the oligofuran series. Confrontation of the simulated spectra with the experiment allows for the verification of the performance of the selected DFT functionals and the CC2 method.
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Shulga YM, Kabachkov EN, Korepanov VI, Khodos II, Kovalev DY, Melezhik AV, Tkachev AG, Gutsev GL. The Concentration of C( sp3) Atoms and Properties of an Activated Carbon with over 3000 m 2/g BET Surface Area. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1324. [PMID: 34067894 PMCID: PMC8156701 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The alkaline activation of a carbonized graphene oxide/dextrin mixture yielded a carbon-based nanoscale material (AC-TR) with a unique highly porous structure. The BET-estimated specific surface area of the material is 3167 m2/g, which is higher than the specific surface area of a graphene layer. The material has a density of 0.34 g/cm3 and electrical resistivity of 0.25 Ω·cm and its properties were studied using the elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the plasmon excitation range. From these data, we derive an integral understanding of the structure of this material. The concentration of sp3 carbon atoms was found to be relatively low with an absolute value that depends on the measurement method. It was shown that there is no graphite-like (002) peak in the electron and X-ray diffraction pattern. The characteristic size of a sp2-domain in the basal plane estimated from the Raman spectra was 7 nm. It was also found that plasmon peaks in the EELS spectrum of AC-TR are downshifted compared to those of graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury M. Shulga
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia;
- Institute of New Materials and Nanotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninsky pr. 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene N. Kabachkov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia;
- Chernogolovka Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Vitaly I. Korepanov
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (V.I.K.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Igor I. Khodos
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (V.I.K.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Dmitry Y. Kovalev
- Merzhanov Institute of Structural Macrokinetics and Materials Science “ISMAN”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia;
| | - Alexandr V. Melezhik
- Institute of Technology, Tambov State Technical University, ul. Leningrad 1, 392000 Tambov, Russia; (A.V.M.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Aleksei G. Tkachev
- Institute of Technology, Tambov State Technical University, ul. Leningrad 1, 392000 Tambov, Russia; (A.V.M.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Gennady L. Gutsev
- Department of Physics, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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Peggiani S, Senis A, Facibeni A, Milani A, Serafini P, Cerrato G, Lucotti A, Tommasini M, Fazzi D, Castiglioni C, Russo V, Li Bassi A, Casari CS. Size-selected polyynes synthesised by submerged arc discharge in water. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.137054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Hassani N. CO oxidation by linear oxocarbon chains O -C -O (n = 5–10, x = 1, 2): A theoretical study. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Peggiani S, Marabotti P, Lotti RA, Facibeni A, Serafini P, Milani A, Russo V, Li Bassi A, Casari CS. Solvent-dependent termination, size and stability in polyynes synthesized via laser ablation in liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26312-26321. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04132g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UV-vis and SERS spectroscopy reveal the solvent effect on termination, size and stability in polyynes synthesized via laser ablation in liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Facibeni
- Department of Energy
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
| | | | | | - Valeria Russo
- Department of Energy
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
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11
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Rabia A, Tumino F, Milani A, Russo V, Li Bassi A, Achilli S, Fratesi G, Onida G, Manini N, Sun Q, Xu W, Casari CS. Scanning tunneling microscopy and Raman spectroscopy of polymeric sp-sp 2 carbon atomic wires synthesized on the Au(111) surface. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18191-18200. [PMID: 31560011 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06552k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Long linear carbon nanostructures based on sp-hybridization can be synthesized by exploiting on-surface synthesis of halogenated precursors evaporated on Au(111), thus opening a way to investigations by surface-science techniques. By means of an experimental approach combining scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM and STS) with ex situ Raman spectroscopy we investigate the structural, electronic and vibrational properties of polymeric sp-sp2 carbon atomic wires composed by sp-carbon chains connected through phenyl groups. Density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations of the structure and the electronic density of states allow us to simulate STM images and to compute Raman spectra. The comparison of experimental data with DFT simulations unveil the properties and the formation stages as a function of the annealing temperature. Atomic-scale structural information from STM complement the Raman sensitivity to the single molecular bond to open the way to detailed understanding of these novel carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Rabia
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
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12
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Abstract
sp-Hybridized carbon atomic wires are appealing systems with large property tunability. In particular, their electronic properties are intimately related to length, structure, and type of functional end-groups as well as to other effects such as the intermolecular charge transfer with metal nanoparticles. Here, by a combined Raman, Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) investigation and first principles calculations of different N,N-dimethylanilino-terminated polyynes, we suggest that, upon charge transfer interaction with silver nanoparticles, the function of sp-carbon atomic wire can change from electron donor to electron acceptor by increasing the wire length. In addition, the insertion into the wire of a strong electrophilic group (1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene-2,3-diyl) changes the electron-accepting molecular regions involved in this intermolecular charge transfer. Our results indicate that carbon atomic wires could display a tunable charge transfer between the sp-wire and the metal, and hold promise as active materials in organic optoelectronics and photovoltaics.
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13
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Zhao J, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Fan Z, Ma G, Liu Y, Zhao X. Synthesis of polyynes by intense femtosecond laser irradiation of SWCNTs suspended in methanol. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tarakeshwar P, Buseck PR, Kroto HW. Pseudocarbynes: Charge-Stabilized Carbon Chains. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1675-1681. [PMID: 27078718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbyne is the long-sought linear allotrope of carbon. Despite many reports of solid carbyne, the evidence is unconvincing. A recent report of supposed carbyne shows gold clusters in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. In order to determine the effects of such clusters, we performed ab initio calculations of uncapped and capped linear carbon chains and their complexes with gold clusters. The results indicate that gold dramatically alters the electron densities of the C≡C bonds. The resulting charge-stabilization of the carbon chains leads to pseudocarbynes. These findings are corroborated in calculations of the structures of crystals containing isolated carbon chains and those intercalated with gold clusters. Calculated Raman spectra of these pseudocarbynes with gold clusters are in better agreement with experiment than calculated spectra of isolated carbon chains. The current work opens the way toward the design and development of a new class of metal-intercalated carbon compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilarisetty Tarakeshwar
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Peter R Buseck
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287-6004, United States
| | - Harold W Kroto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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15
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Casari CS, Tommasini M, Tykwinski RR, Milani A. Carbon-atom wires: 1-D systems with tunable properties. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4414-35. [PMID: 26847474 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06175j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a discussion of the current state of research on linear carbon structures and related materials based on sp-hybridization of carbon atoms (polyynes and cumulenes). We show that such systems have widely tunable properties and thus represent an intriguing and mostly unexplored field for both fundamental and applied sciences. We discuss the rich interplay between the structural, vibrational, and electronic properties focusing on recent advances and the future perspectives of carbon-atom wires and novel hybrid sp-sp(2)-carbon architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Casari
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - M Tommasini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'G. Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - R R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Milani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'G. Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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An K, Wei G, Qi G, Sheng L, Yu L, Ren W, Zhao X. Stability improvement of C8H2 and C10H2 embedded in poly(vinyl alcohol) films with adsorption on gold nanoparticles. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering investigations of C2nH2 (n=4–6) in as-prepared and dried Ag colloid. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Milani A, Tommasini M, Russo V, Li Bassi A, Lucotti A, Cataldo F, Casari CS. Raman spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the structure and electronic properties of carbon-atom wires. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:480-91. [PMID: 25821689 PMCID: PMC4362090 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, nanotubes and other carbon nanostructures have shown potential as candidates for advanced technological applications due to the different coordination of carbon atoms and to the possibility of π-conjugation. In this context, atomic-scale wires comprised of sp-hybridized carbon atoms represent ideal 1D systems to potentially downscale devices to the atomic level. Carbon-atom wires (CAWs) can be arranged in two possible structures: a sequence of double bonds (cumulenes), resulting in a 1D metal, or an alternating sequence of single-triple bonds (polyynes), expected to show semiconducting properties. The electronic and optical properties of CAWs can be finely tuned by controlling the wire length (i.e., the number of carbon atoms) and the type of termination (e.g., atom, molecular group or nanostructure). Although linear, sp-hybridized carbon systems are still considered elusive and unstable materials, a number of nanostructures consisting of sp-carbon wires have been produced and characterized to date. In this short review, we present the main CAW synthesis techniques and stabilization strategies and we discuss the current status of the understanding of their structural, electronic and vibrational properties with particular attention to how these properties are related to one another. We focus on the use of vibrational spectroscopy to provide information on the structural and electronic properties of the system (e.g., determination of wire length). Moreover, by employing Raman spectroscopy and surface enhanced Raman scattering in combination with the support of first principles calculations, we show that a detailed understanding of the charge transfer between CAWs and metal nanoparticles may open the possibility to tune the electronic structure from alternating to equalized bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Milani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- NEMAS – Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- NEMAS – Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Russo
- NEMAS – Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Li Bassi
- NEMAS – Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- NEMAS – Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Franco Cataldo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università della Tuscia, Via Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy
- Actinium Chemical Research srl, Via Casilina 1626A, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo S Casari
- NEMAS – Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Kim YR, Lee JH, Choi H, Cho W, Kang YS. Chemical stability of olefin carrier based on silver cations and metallic silver nanoparticles against the formation of silver acetylide for facilitated transport membranes. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Russo P, Hu A, Compagnini G, Duley WW, Zhou NY. Femtosecond laser ablation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite: a green route for large-scale production of porous graphene and graphene quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2381-9. [PMID: 24435549 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05572h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Porous graphene (PG) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are attracting attention due to their potential applications in photovoltaics, catalysis, and bio-related fields. We present a novel way for mass production of these promising materials. The femtosecond laser ablation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is employed for their synthesis. Porous graphene (PG) layers were found to float at the water-air interface, while graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were dispersed in the solution. The sheets consist of one to six stacked layers of spongy graphene, which form an irregular 3D porous structure that displays pores with an average size of 15-20 nm. Several characterization techniques have confirmed the porous nature of the collected layers. The analyses of the aqueous solution confirmed the presence of GQDs with dimensions of about 2-5 nm. It is found that the formation of both PG and GQDs depends on the fs-laser ablation energy. At laser fluences less than 12 J cm(-2), no evidence of either PG or GQDs is detected. However, polyynes with six and eight carbon atoms per chain are found in the solution. For laser energies in the 20-30 J cm(-2) range, these polyynes disappeared, while PG and GQDs were found at the water-air interface and in the solution, respectively. The origin of these materials can be explained based on the mechanisms for water breakdown and coal gasification. The absence of PG and GQDs, after the laser ablation of HOPG in liquid nitrogen, confirms the proposed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Russo
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Fazzi D, Scotognella F, Milani A, Brida D, Manzoni C, Cinquanta E, Devetta M, Ravagnan L, Milani P, Cataldo F, Lüer L, Wannemacher R, Cabanillas-Gonzalez J, Negro M, Stagira S, Vozzi C. Ultrafast spectroscopy of linear carbon chains: the case of dinaphthylpolyynes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:9384-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Park YE, Shin SK, Park SM. The Solvent Effects on the Formation of Polyynes by Laser Ablation. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.7.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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24
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Gloria D, Justin Gooding J, Moran G, Brynn Hibbert D. Electrochemically fabricated three dimensional nano-porous gold films optimised for surface enhanced Raman scattering. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Yildizhan MM, Fazzi D, Milani A, Brambilla L, Del Zoppo M, Chalifoux WA, Tykwinski RR, Zerbi G. Photogenerated cumulenic structure of adamantyl endcapped linear carbon chains: An experimental and computational investigation based on infrared spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:124512. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3571451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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26
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Hanamura K, Fujii M, Wakabayashi T, Hayashi S. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of size-selected polyynes (C8H2) adsorbed on silver colloidal nanoparticles. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Lucotti A, Casari C, Tommasini M, Li Bassi A, Fazzi D, Russo V, Del Zoppo M, Castiglioni C, Cataldo F, Bottani C, Zerbi G. sp Carbon chain interaction with silver nanoparticles probed by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Lucotti A, Tommasini M, Fazzi D, Del Zoppo M, Chalifoux WA, Ferguson MJ, Zerbi G, Tykwinski RR. Evidence for Solution-State Nonlinearity of sp-Carbon Chains Based on IR and Raman Spectroscopy: Violation of Mutual Exclusion. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:4239-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja078198b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lucotti
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Mirella Del Zoppo
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Wesley A. Chalifoux
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Giuseppe Zerbi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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Xue KH, Chen SP, Wang LX, Wei RB, Xu SM, Cui L, Mao BW, Tian ZQ, Zen CH, Sun SG, Wu LJ, Zhu YM. Fabrication and characterization of oriented carbon atom wires assembled on gold. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Ma TB, Hu YZ, Wang H. Formation and coalescence of linear chains in growth of nanostructured sp–sp2 amorphous carbon films. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Milani A, Tommasini M, Zerbi G. Carbynes phonons: A tight binding force field. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:064501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2831507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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32
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Hu A, Duley W. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic characterization of molecular structures in diamond-like carbon films. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tommasini M, Fazzi D, Milani A, Del Zoppo M, Castiglioni C, Zerbi G. Intramolecular Vibrational Force Fields for Linear Carbon Chains through an Adaptative Linear Scaling Scheme. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:11645-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0757006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tommasini
- Center for NanoEngineered MAterials and Surfaces (NEMAS), Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Center for NanoEngineered MAterials and Surfaces (NEMAS), Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Milani
- Center for NanoEngineered MAterials and Surfaces (NEMAS), Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mirella Del Zoppo
- Center for NanoEngineered MAterials and Surfaces (NEMAS), Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castiglioni
- Center for NanoEngineered MAterials and Surfaces (NEMAS), Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zerbi
- Center for NanoEngineered MAterials and Surfaces (NEMAS), Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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35
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Cataldo F, Casari CS. Synthesis, Structure and Thermal Properties of Copper and Silver Polyynides and Acetylides. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-007-9150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Ravagnan L, Piseri P, Bruzzi M, Miglio S, Bongiorno G, Baserga A, Casari CS, Li Bassi A, Lenardi C, Yamaguchi Y, Wakabayashi T, Bottani CE, Milani P. Influence of cumulenic chains on the vibrational and electronic properties of s p-s p2 amorphous carbon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:216103. [PMID: 17677788 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.216103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the production and characterization of a form of amorphous carbon with s p-s p(2) hybridization (atomic fraction of sp hybridized species > or =20%) where the predominant sp bonding appears to be (=C=C=)(n) cumulene. Vibrational and electronic properties have been studied by in situ Raman spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements. Cumulenic chains are substantially stable in high vacuum conditions for temperatures lower than 250 K and they influence the electrical transport properties of the s p-s p(2) carbon through a self-doping mechanism by pinning the Fermi level closer to one of the mobility gap edges. Upon heating above 250 K the cumulenic species decay to form graphitic nanodomains embedded in the s p(2) amorphous matrix thus reducing the activation energy of the material. This is the first example of a pure carbon system where the s p hybridization influences bulk properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ravagnan
- Dipartimento di Fisica and CIMAINA, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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Hu A, Lu QB, Duley WW, Rybachuk M. Spectroscopic characterization of carbon chains in nanostructured tetrahedral carbon films synthesized by femtosecond pulsed laser deposition. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:154705. [PMID: 17461657 DOI: 10.1063/1.2727450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study of carbon bonding states and Raman spectra is reported for amorphous diamondlike carbon films deposited using 120 fs and 30 ns pulsed laser ablation of graphite. The presence of sp(1) chains in femtosecond carbon films is confirmed by the appearance of a broad excitation band at 2000-2200 cm(-1) in UV-Raman spectra. Analysis of Raman spectra indicates that the concentrations of sp(1)-, sp(2)-, and sp(3)-bonded carbon are approximately 6%, approximately 43%, and approximately 51%, respectively, in carbon films prepared by femtosecond laser ablation. Using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, specific vibrational frequencies associated with polycumulene, polyyne, and trans-polyacetylene chains have been identified. The present study provides further insight into the composition and structure of tetrahedral carbon films containing both sp(2) clusters and sp(1) chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Wakabayashi T, Tabata H, Doi T, Nagayama H, Okuda K, Umeda R, Hisaki I, Sonoda M, Tobe Y, Minematsu T, Hashimoto K, Hayashi S. Resonance Raman spectra of polyyne molecules C10H2 and C12H2 in solution. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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