Negligible shift of 3Ag- potential in longer-chain carotenoids as revealed by a single persistent peak of 3Ag-→1Ag- stimulated emission followed by 3Ag-←1Ag- transient-absorption

Excited-state dynamics of overlapped optically-allowed 1B(u) and optically-forbidden 1B(u) or 3A(g) vibronic levels of carotenoids: possible roles in the light-harvesting function

The unique excited-state properties of the overlapped (diabatic) optically-allowed 1B(u) (+) and the optically-forbidden 1B(u) (-) or 3A(g) (-) vibronic levels close to conical intersection ('the diabatic pair') are summarized: Pump-probe spectroscopy after selective excitation with approximately 100 fs pulses of all-trans carotenoids (Cars) in nonpolar solvent identified a symmetry selection rule in the diabatic electronic mixing and diabatic internal conversion, i.e., '1B(u) (+)-to-1B(u) (-) is allowed but 1B(u) (+)-to-3A(g) (-) is forbidden'. On the other hand, pump-probe spectroscopy after coherent excitation with approximately 30 fs of all-trans Cars in THF generated stimulated emission with quantum beat, consisting of the long-lived coherent diabatic cross term and a pair of short-lived incoherent terms.