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Rubio AR, González R, Busto N, Vaquero M, Iglesias AL, Jalón FA, Espino G, Rodríguez AM, García B, Manzano BR. Anticancer Activity of Half-Sandwich Ru, Rh and Ir Complexes with Chrysin Derived Ligands: Strong Effect of the Side Chain in the Ligand and Influence of the Metal. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1540. [PMID: 34683834 PMCID: PMC8537477 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An important challenge in the field of anticancer chemotherapy is the search for new species to overcome the resistance of standard drugs. An interesting approach is to link bioactive ligands to metal fragments. In this work, we have synthesized a set of p-cymene-Ru or cyclopentadienyl-M (M = Rh, Ir) complexes with four chrysin-derived pro-ligands with different -OR substituents at position 7 of ring A. The introduction of a piperidine ring on chrysin led to the highly cytotoxic pro-ligand HL4 and its metal complexes L4-M (SW480 and A549 cell lines, cytotoxic order: L4-Ir > L4-Ru ≈ L4-Rh). HL4 and its complexes induce apoptosis and can overcome cis-platinum resistance. However, HL4 turns out to be more cytotoxic in healthy than in tumor cells in contrast to its metal complexes which displayed higher selectivity than cisplatin towards cancer cells. All L4-M complexes interact with double stranded DNA. Nonetheless, the influence of the metal is clear because only complex L4-Ir causes DNA cleavage, through the generation of highly reactive oxygen species (1O2). This result supports the hypothesis of a potential dual mechanism consisting of two different chemical pathways: DNA binding and ROS generation. This behavior provides this complex with a great effectivity in terms of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Rubio
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (A.R.R.); (M.V.); (G.E.); (B.G.)
| | - Rocío González
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (R.G.); (A.L.I.); (F.A.J.)
| | - Natalia Busto
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (A.R.R.); (M.V.); (G.E.); (B.G.)
| | - Mónica Vaquero
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (A.R.R.); (M.V.); (G.E.); (B.G.)
| | - Ana L. Iglesias
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (R.G.); (A.L.I.); (F.A.J.)
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología (FCITEC), Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Blvd. Universitario # 1000, Unidad Valle de las Palmas, Baja California, Tijuana 21500, Mexico
| | - Félix A. Jalón
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (R.G.); (A.L.I.); (F.A.J.)
| | - Gustavo Espino
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (A.R.R.); (M.V.); (G.E.); (B.G.)
| | - Ana M. Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela 2, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - Begoña García
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (A.R.R.); (M.V.); (G.E.); (B.G.)
| | - Blanca R. Manzano
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (R.G.); (A.L.I.); (F.A.J.)
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Han B, Kim SM, Nam GE, Kim SH, Park SJ, Park YK, Baik HW. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Centered Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Artemisia annua L. Extract for Improvement of Liver Function. Clin Nutr Res 2020; 9:258-270. [PMID: 33204666 PMCID: PMC7644367 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2020.9.4.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has the potential to develop into hepatic steatosis and progress to terminal liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This human clinical study was aimed to demonstrate that SPB-201 (powdered-water extract of Artemisia annua) can improve liver function in subjects with non-alcoholic liver dysfunction at mild to moderate levels. A decrease of 271% in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level and a significant decrease of 334% in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was observed in the test group as compared to the control group at the 4 weeks follow-up. In addition, after 8 weeks, decreases of 199% in AST level and 216% in ALT level were reported in the test group as compared to the control group. These results confirmed that SPB-201 intake significantly enhanced liver function and health. Moreover, the Multidimensional Fatigue Scale score of the test group decreased but that of the control group increased, implicating that SPB-201 also eliminated overall fatigue. No significant adverse events were observed among all subjects during the study. Taken together, our clinical study confirmed the excellent efficacy and safety of SPB-201 in liver function improvement, showing the possibility of SPB-201 as a functional food to restore liver dysfunction and treat liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungduck Han
- Department of Family Medicine, Sahmyook Medical Center, Seoul 02500, Korea.,Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
| | - Seon-Mee Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
| | - Ga Eun Nam
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | | | - Su-Jin Park
- G&P Bioscience Co. LTD., Goyang 10326, Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Seongnam 13590, Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Baik
- Division of Gastroenterology & Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, DMC Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Seongnam 13590, Korea
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Vinatoru M, Mason T, Calinescu I. Ultrasonically assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) of functional compounds from plant materials. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lapkin AA, Heer PK, Jacob PM, Hutchby M, Cunningham W, Bull SD, Davidson MG. Automation of route identification and optimisation based on data-mining and chemical intuition. Faraday Discuss 2017; 202:483-496. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Data-mining of Reaxys and network analysis of the combined literature and in-house reactions set were used to generate multiple possible reaction routes to convert a bio-waste feedstock, limonene, into a pharmaceutical API, paracetamol. The network analysis of data provides a rich knowledge-base for generation of the initial reaction screening and development programme. Based on the literature and the in-house data, an overall flowsheet for the conversion of limonene to paracetamol was proposed. Each individual reaction–separation step in the sequence was simulated as a combination of the continuous flow and batch steps. The linear model generation methodology allowed us to identify the reaction steps requiring further chemical optimisation. The generated model can be used for global optimisation and generation of environmental and other performance indicators, such as cost indicators. However, the identified further challenge is to automate model generation to evolve optimal multi-step chemical routes and optimal process configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Lapkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB3 0AS
- UK
| | - P. K. Heer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB3 0AS
- UK
| | - P.-M. Jacob
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB3 0AS
- UK
| | - M. Hutchby
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - W. Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - S. D. Bull
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
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Kim KE, Ko KH, Heo RW, Yi CO, Shin HJ, Kim JY, Park JH, Nam S, Kim H, Roh GS. Artemisia annua Leaf Extract Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. J Med Food 2016; 19:290-9. [PMID: 26741655 PMCID: PMC4799707 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisia annua L. (AA) is a well-known source of the antimalarial drug artemisinin. AA also has an antibacterial and antioxidant activity. However, the effect of AA extract on hepatic steatosis induced by obesity is unclear. We investigated whether AA extract prevents obesity-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Mice were randomly divided into groups that received a normal chow diet or HFD with or without AA for 12 weeks. We found that AA extract reduced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed mice. Western blot analysis showed that HFD-induced expression of nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein in the livers was decreased by AA extract. In particular, dietary administration of AA extract decreased hepatic high-mobility group box 1 and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in HFD-fed mice. AA extract also attenuated HFD-induced collagen deposition and fibrosis-related transforming growth factor-β1 and connective tissue growth factor. These data indicate that dietary AA extract has beneficial effects on hepatic steatosis and inflammation in HFD-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Eun Kim
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Hee Ko
- 2 Gyeongnam Oriental Medicinal Herb Institute , Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.,3 Division of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology , Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Rok Won Heo
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chin-ok Yi
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Shin
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Kim
- 4 Busan Regional Korea Food and Drug Administration , Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Park
- 5 Shinseon F&V Co., Ltd. , Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghae Nam
- 3 Division of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology , Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajin Kim
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Seob Roh
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
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Multivariate data analysis and metabolic profiling of artemisinin and related compounds in high yielding varieties of Artemisia annua field-grown in Madagascar. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 117:522-31. [PMID: 26476297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An improved liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) protocol for rapid analysis of co-metabolites of A. annua in raw extracts was developed and extensively characterized. The new method was used to analyse metabolic profiles of 13 varieties of A. annua from an in-field growth programme in Madagascar. Several multivariate data analysis techniques consistently show the association of artemisinin with dihydroartemisinic acid. These data support the hypothesis of dihydroartemisinic acid being the late stage precursor to artemisinin in its biosynthetic pathway.
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