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Yan T, Zhou W, Li C. Discovery of a T cell proliferation-associated regulator signature correlates with prognosis risk and immunotherapy response in bladder cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s11255-024-04086-6. [PMID: 38789872 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-024-04086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of immunotherapy is heavily influenced by T cell activity. This study aimed to examine how T cell proliferation regulators can predict the prognosis and response to immunotherapy in patients with bladder cancer (BCa). METHODS T cell proliferation-related subtypes were determined by employing the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm that analyzed the expression patterns of T cell proliferation regulators. Subtypes were assessed for variations in prognosis, immune infiltration, and functional behaviors. Subsequently, a risk model related to T cell proliferation was created through Cox and Lasso regression analyses in the TCGA cohort and then confirmed in two GEO cohorts and an immunotherapy cohort. RESULTS BCa patients were categorized into two subtypes (C1 and C2) according to the expression profiles of 31 T cell proliferation-related genes (TRGs) with distinct prognoses and immune landscapes. The C2 subtype had a shorter overall survival (OS), with higher levels of M2 macrophage infiltration, and the activation of cancer-related pathways than the C1 subtype. Following this, thirteen prognosis-related genes that were involved in T cell proliferation were utilized to create the prognostic signature. The model's predictive accuracy was confirmed by analyzing both internal and external datasets. Individuals in the high-risk category experienced a poorer prognosis, increased immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment, and diminished responses to immunotherapy. Additionally, the immunotherapeutic prediction efficacy of the model was further confirmed by an immunotherapy cohort (anti-PD-L1 in the IMvigor210 cohort). CONCLUSIONS Our study characterized two subtypes linked to T cell proliferation in BCa patients with distinct prognoses and tumor microenvironment (TME) patterns, providing new insights into the heterogeneity of T cell proliferation in BCa and its connection to the immune landscape. The signature has prospective clinical implications for predicting outcomes and may help physicians to select prospective responders who prioritize current immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yan
- Department of Blood Purification Center, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, No.141, Tianjin Road, Huangshi, 435000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Urology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Blood Purification Center, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, No.141, Tianjin Road, Huangshi, 435000, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Mao X, Chen X, Xu Z, Ding L, Luo W, Lin Y, Wang R, Xia L, Wang M, Li G. The identification of a N 6-methyladenosin-modifed immune pattern to predict immunotherapy response and survival in urothelial carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:7774-7798. [PMID: 38696324 PMCID: PMC11131986 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the immune system and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) contribute to immune therapy resistance and cancer progression in urothelial carcinoma (UC). This study aims to identify immune-related molecules, that are m6A-modified, and that are associated with tumor progression, poor prognosis, and immunotherapy response. METHODS We identified prognostic immune genes (PIGs) using Cox analysis and random survival forest variable hunting algorithm (RSF-VH) on immune genes retrieved from the Immunology Database and Analysis Portal database (ImmPort). The RM2Target database and MeRIP-seq analysis, combined with a hypergeometric test, assessed m6A methylation in these PIGs. We analyzed the correlation between the immune pattern and prognosis, as well as their association with clinical factors in multiple datasets. Moreover, we explored the interplay between immune patterns, tumor immune cell infiltration, and m6A regulators. RESULTS 28 PIGs were identified, of which the 10 most significant were termed methylated prognostic immune genes (MPIGs). These MPIGs were used to create an immune pattern score. Kaplan-Meier and Cox analyses indicated this pattern as an independent risk factor for UC. We observed significant associations between the immune pattern, tumor progression, and immune cell infiltration. Differential expression analysis showed correlations with m6A regulators expression. This immune pattern proved effective in predicting immunotherapy response in UC in real-world settings. CONCLUSION The study identified a m6A-modified immune pattern in UC, offering prognostic and therapeutic response predictions. This emphasizes that immune genes may influence tumor immune status and progression through m6A modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Mao
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xianjiong Chen
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Zhehao Xu
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Lifeng Ding
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yudong Lin
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Ruyue Wang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Gonghui Li
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
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3
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Scimeca M, Bischof J, Bonfiglio R, Nale E, Iacovelli V, Carilli M, Vittori M, Agostini M, Rovella V, Servadei F, Giacobbi E, Candi E, Shi Y, Melino G, Mauriello A, Bove P. Molecular profiling of a bladder cancer with very high tumour mutational burden. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:202. [PMID: 38688924 PMCID: PMC11061316 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of urothelial bladder cancer is a notable global concern, as evidenced by the epidemiological data in terms of frequency, distribution, as well as mortality rates. Although numerous molecular alterations have been linked to the occurrence and progression of bladder cancer, currently there is a limited knowledge on the molecular signature able of accurately predicting clinical outcomes. In this report, we present a case of a pT3b high-grade infiltrating urothelial carcinoma with areas of squamous differentiation characterized by very high tumor mutational burden (TMB), with up-regulations of immune checkpoints. The high TMB, along with elevated expressions of PD-L1, PD-L2, and PD1, underscores the rationale for developing a personalized immunotherapy focused on the use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Additionally, molecular analysis revealed somatic mutations in several other cancer-related genes, including TP53, TP63 and NOTCH3. Mutations of TP53 and TP63 genes provide mechanistic insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying disease development and progression. Notably, the above-mentioned mutations and the elevated hypoxia score make the targeting of p53 and/or hypoxia related pathways a plausible personalized medicine option for this bladder cancer, particularly in combination with immunotherapy. Our data suggest a requirement for molecular profiling in bladder cancer to possibly select appropriate immune-checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Scimeca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Julia Bischof
- Indivumed GmbH, Falkenried, 88 Building D, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rita Bonfiglio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Nale
- Indivumed GmbH, Falkenried, 88 Building D, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valerio Iacovelli
- Urology Unit San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, GVM Care, 00100, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Carilli
- Urology Unit San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, GVM Care, 00100, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vittori
- Urology Unit San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, GVM Care, 00100, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Agostini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Rovella
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Servadei
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Giacobbi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Bove
- Urology Unit San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, GVM Care, 00100, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Grivas P, Pouessel D, Park CH, Barthelemy P, Bupathi M, Petrylak DP, Agarwal N, Gupta S, Fléchon A, Ramamurthy C, Davis NB, Recio-Boiles A, Sternberg CN, Bhatia A, Pichardo C, Sierecki M, Tonelli J, Zhou H, Tagawa ST, Loriot Y. Sacituzumab Govitecan in Combination With Pembrolizumab for Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Cancer That Progressed After Platinum-Based Chemotherapy: TROPHY-U-01 Cohort 3. J Clin Oncol 2024; 42:1415-1425. [PMID: 38261969 PMCID: PMC11095901 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pembrolizumab is standard therapy for patients with metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) who progress after first-line platinum-based chemotherapy; however, only approximately 21% of patients respond. Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) is a trophoblast cell surface antigen-2-directed antibody-drug conjugate with US Food and Drug Administration-accelerated approval to treat patients with locally advanced or mUC who previously received platinum-based chemotherapy and a checkpoint inhibitor (CPI). Here, we report the primary analysis of TROPHY-U-01 cohort 3. METHODS TROPHY-U-01 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03547973) is a multicohort, open-label phase II study. Patients were CPI-naïve and had mUC progression after platinum-based chemotherapy in the metastatic setting or ≤12 months in the (neo)adjuvant setting. Patients received 10 mg/kg of SG once on days 1 and 8 and 200 mg of pembrolizumab once on day 1 of 21-day cycles. The primary end point was objective response rate (ORR) per central review. Secondary end points included clinical benefit rate (CBR), duration of response (DOR) and progression-free survival (PFS) per central review, and safety. RESULTS Cohort 3 included 41 patients (median age 67 years; 83% male; 78% visceral metastases [29% liver]). With a median follow-up of 14.8 months, the ORR was 41% (95% CI, 26.3 to 57.9; 20% complete response rate), CBR was 46% (95% CI, 30.7 to 62.6), median DOR was 11.1 months (95% CI, 4.8 to not estimable [NE]), and median PFS was 5.3 months (95% CI, 3.4 to 10.2). The median overall survival was 12.7 months (range, 10.7-NE). Grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 61% of patients; most common were neutropenia (37%), leukopenia (20%), and diarrhea (20%). CONCLUSION SG plus pembrolizumab demonstrated a high response rate with an overall manageable toxicity profile in patients with mUC who progressed after platinum-based chemotherapy. No new safety signals were detected. These data support further evaluation of SG plus CPI in mUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Grivas
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Damien Pouessel
- Department of Medical Oncology & Clinical Research Unit, Institut Claudius Regaud/Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse (IUCT-Oncopôle), Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chethan Ramamurthy
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Scott T. Tagawa
- Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Zhou J, Zhou R, Zhu Y, Deng S, Muhuitijiang B, Li C, Shi X, Zhang L, Tan W. Investigating the impact of regulatory B cells and regulatory B cell-related genes on bladder cancer progression and immunotherapeutic sensitivity. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:101. [PMID: 38566204 PMCID: PMC10985985 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory B cells (Bregs), a specialized subset of B cells that modulate immune responses and maintain immune tolerance in malignant tumors, have not been extensively investigated in the context of bladder cancer (BLCA). This study aims to elucidate the roles of Bregs and Breg-related genes in BLCA. METHODS We assessed Breg infiltration levels in 34 pairs of BLCA and corresponding paracancerous tissues using immunohistochemical staining. We conducted transwell and wound healing assays to evaluate the impact of Bregs on the malignant phenotype of SW780 and T24 cells. Breg-related genes were identified through gene sets and transcriptional analysis. The TCGA-BLCA cohort served as the training set, while the IMvigor210 and 5 GEO cohorts were used as external validation sets. We employed LASSO regression and random forest for feature selection and developed a risk signature using Cox regression. Primary validation of the risk signature was performed through immunohistochemical staining and RT-qPCR experiments using the 34 local BLCA samples. Additionally, we employed transfection assays and flow cytometry to investigate Breg expansion ability and immunosuppressive functions. RESULTS Breg levels in BLCA tissues were significantly elevated compared to paracancerous tissues (P < 0.05) and positively correlated with tumor malignancy (P < 0.05). Co-incubation of SW780 and T24 cells with Bregs resulted in enhanced invasion and migration abilities (all P < 0.05). We identified 27 Breg-related genes, including CD96, OAS1, and CSH1, which were integrated into the risk signature. This signature demonstrated robust prognostic classification across the 6 cohorts (pooled HR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.52-3.33). Moreover, the signature exhibited positive associations with advanced tumor stage (P < 0.001) and Breg infiltration ratios (P < 0.05) in the local samples. Furthermore, the signature successfully predicted immunotherapeutic sensitivity in three cohorts (all P < 0.05). Knockdown of CSH1 in B cells increased Breg phenotype and enhanced suppressive ability against CD8 + T cells (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Bregs play a pro-tumor role in the development of BLCA. The Breg-related gene signature established in this study holds great potential as a valuable tool for evaluating prognosis and predicting immunotherapeutic response in BLCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhou
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Ranran Zhou
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Yuanchao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Shikai Deng
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, No. 1023-1063 Shatai South Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Bahaerguli Muhuitijiang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Chengyao Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, No. 1023-1063 Shatai South Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, No. 1023-1063 Shatai South Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
| | - Wanlong Tan
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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Zheng J, Peng X, Li X, Chen Y, Li X, Fu L, Li A, Lu Z. Occult urothelial carcinoma with mediastinal metastasis: A case report. Oncol Lett 2024; 27:148. [PMID: 38385116 PMCID: PMC10879954 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Occult urothelial carcinoma (UC), particularly with mediastinal metastases, is an uncommon clinical occurrence. The present study describes the unusual case of a 70-year-old male patient who developed mediastinal metastases from an occult UC. Histological evaluations and immunohistochemical features of the mediastinal tumor were indicative of UC; however, extensive imaging failed to identify the primary urological lesion. The findings suggest that mediastinal metastases from UCs, despite their rarity, should be considered in cases where patients with mediastinal tumors exhibit chest-related symptoms. Prompt pathological examinations are crucial for ascertaining the nature and origin of the tumor. Moreover, individualized treatment should be performed in strict accordance with the established oncology guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfan Zheng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Xintong Peng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Yuyu Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Ling Fu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Lu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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7
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Alberca-del Arco F, Prieto-Cuadra D, Santos-Perez de la Blanca R, Sáez-Barranquero F, Matas-Rico E, Herrera-Imbroda B. New Perspectives on the Role of Liquid Biopsy in Bladder Cancer: Applicability to Precision Medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:803. [PMID: 38398192 PMCID: PMC10886494 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common tumors in the world. Cystoscopy and tissue biopsy are the standard methods in screening and early diagnosis of suspicious bladder lesions. However, they are invasive procedures that may cause pain and infectious complications. Considering the limitations of both procedures, and the recurrence and resistance to BC treatment, it is necessary to develop a new non-invasive methodology for early diagnosis and multiple evaluations in patients under follow-up for bladder cancer. In recent years, liquid biopsy has proven to be a very useful diagnostic tool for the detection of tumor biomarkers. This non-invasive technique makes it possible to analyze single tumor components released into the peripheral circulation and to monitor tumor progression. Numerous biomarkers are being studied and interesting clinical applications for these in BC are being presented, with promising results in early diagnosis, detection of microscopic disease, and prediction of recurrence and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernardo Alberca-del Arco
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (HUVV), 29010 Málaga, Spain; (F.A.-d.A.); (R.S.-P.d.l.B.); (F.S.-B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Prieto-Cuadra
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (HUVV), 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Anatomia Patologica, IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- SYNLAB Pathology, 29007 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocio Santos-Perez de la Blanca
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (HUVV), 29010 Málaga, Spain; (F.A.-d.A.); (R.S.-P.d.l.B.); (F.S.-B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Genitourinary Alliance for Research and Development (GUARD Consortium), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Felipe Sáez-Barranquero
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (HUVV), 29010 Málaga, Spain; (F.A.-d.A.); (R.S.-P.d.l.B.); (F.S.-B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Genitourinary Alliance for Research and Development (GUARD Consortium), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Elisa Matas-Rico
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (HUVV), 29010 Málaga, Spain; (F.A.-d.A.); (R.S.-P.d.l.B.); (F.S.-B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Genitourinary Alliance for Research and Development (GUARD Consortium), 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Bernardo Herrera-Imbroda
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (HUVV), 29010 Málaga, Spain; (F.A.-d.A.); (R.S.-P.d.l.B.); (F.S.-B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Genitourinary Alliance for Research and Development (GUARD Consortium), 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29071 Málaga, Spain
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8
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Su Z, You L, He Y, Chen J, Zhang G, Liu Z. Multi-omics reveals the role of ENO1 in bladder cancer and constructs an epithelial-related prognostic model to predict prognosis and efficacy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2189. [PMID: 38273010 PMCID: PMC10811216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
α-Enolase (ENO1) is a crucial molecular target for tumor therapy and has emerged as a research hotspot in recent decades. Here, we aimed to explore the role of ENO1 in bladder cancer (BLCA) and then construct a signature to predict the prognosis and treatment response of BLCA. Firstly, we found ENO1 was highly expressed in BLCA tissues, as verified by IHC, and was associated with poor prognosis. The analysis of the tumor immune microenvironment by bulk RNA-seq and scRNA-seq showed that ENO1 was associated with CD8+ T-cell exhaustion. Additionally, the results in vitro showed that ENO1 could promote the proliferation and invasion of BLCA cells. Then, the analysis of epithelial cells (ECs) revealed that ENO1 might promote BLCA progression by metabolism, the cell cycle and some carcinogenic pathways. A total of 249 hub genes were obtained from differentially expressed genes between ENO1-related ECs, and we used LASSO analysis to construct a novel signature that not only accurately predicted the prognosis of BLCA patients but also predicted the response to treatment for BLCA. Finally, we constructed a nomogram to better guide clinical application. In conclusion, through multi-omics analysis, we found that ENO1 was overexpressed in bladder cancer and associated with poor prognosis, CD8+ T-cell exhaustion and epithelial heterogeneity. Moreover, the prognosis and treatment of patients can be well predicted by constructing an epithelial-related prognostic signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Su
- Department of Oncology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, No. 134, East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie You
- Department of Oncology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, No. 134, East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufang He
- Department of Oncology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, No. 134, East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, No. 134, East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guifeng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, No. 134, East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, No. 134, East Street, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Nunes SP, Morales L, Rubio C, Munera-Maravilla E, Lodewijk I, Suárez-Cabrera C, Martínez VG, Pérez-Escavy M, Pérez-Crespo M, Alonso Sánchez M, Montesinos E, San José-Enériz E, Agirre X, Prósper F, Pineda-Lucena A, Henrique R, Dueñas M, Correia MP, Jerónimo C, Paramio JM. Modulation of tumor microenvironment by targeting histone acetylation in bladder cancer. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:1. [PMID: 38172127 PMCID: PMC10764810 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the epigenetic machinery in both tumor and immune cells contribute to bladder cancer (BC) development, constituting a promising target as an alternative therapeutic option. Here, we have explored the effects of a novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor CM-1758, alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in BC. We determined the antitumor effects of CM-1758 in various BC cell lines together with the induction of broad transcriptional changes, with focus on the epigenetic regulation of PD-L1. Using an immunocompetent syngeneic mouse model of metastatic BC, we studied the effects of CM-1758 alone or in combination with anti-PD-L1 not only on tumor cells, but also in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro, we found that CM-1758 has cytotoxic and cytostatic effects either by inducing apoptosis or cell cycle arrest in BC cells at low micromolar levels. PD-L1 is epigenetically regulated by histone acetylation marks and is induced after treatment with CM-1758. We also observed that treatment with CM-1758 led to an important delay in tumor growth and a higher CD8 + T cell tumor infiltration. Moreover, anti-PD-L1 alone or in combination with CM-1758 reprogramed macrophage differentiation towards a M1-like polarization state and increased of pro-inflammatory cytokines systemically, yielding potential further antitumor effects. Our results suggest the possibility of combining HDAC inhibitors with immunotherapies for the management of advanced metastatic BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P Nunes
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucia Morales
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Rubio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Munera-Maravilla
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iris Lodewijk
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristian Suárez-Cabrera
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor G Martínez
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Pérez-Escavy
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Pérez-Crespo
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Alonso Sánchez
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Montesinos
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
| | - Edurne San José-Enériz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xabier Agirre
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Departmento de Hematología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, and CCUN, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- Small-Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, ICBAS - School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Dueñas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Margareta P Correia
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, ICBAS - School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, ICBAS - School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Liu J, Gao Y, Song C, Liao W, Meng L, Yang S, Xiong Y. Immunotherapeutic prospects and progress in bladder cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18101. [PMID: 38165009 PMCID: PMC10902563 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignant tumours of the urogenital system, with high morbidity and mortality. In most cases, surgery is considered the first choice of treatment, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, the 5-year recurrence rate is still as high as 65% in patients with non-invasive or in situ tumours and up to 73% in patients with slightly more advanced disease at initial diagnosis. Various treatment methods for bladder cancer have been developed, and hundreds of new immunotherapies are being tested. To date, only a small percentage of people have had success with new treatments, though studies have suggested that the combination of immunotherapy with other therapies improves treatment efficiency and positive outcomes for individuals, with great hopes for the future. In this article, we summarize the origins, therapeutic mechanisms and current status of research on immunotherapeutic agents for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Party and Administration, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wenbiao Liao
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lingchao Meng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Sixing Yang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yunhe Xiong
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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11
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Li H, Lin G, Cui M, Wang L, Ding D, Li X, Fan X, Yang Q, Wang Y, Kang C, Zhang L, Liu B, Su J. Hub biomarkers in ultrasound-guided bladder cancer and osteosarcoma: Myosin light chain kinase and caldesmon. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36414. [PMID: 38050320 PMCID: PMC10695499 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer and osteosarcoma are 2 types of cancers that originate from epithelial tissues inside the bladder and bone or muscle tissues. Ultrasound-guided biopsies provide crucial support for the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer and osteosarcoma. However, the relationship between myosin light chain kinase (MYLK) and caldesmon (CALD1) and bladder cancer and osteosarcoma remains unclear. The bladder cancer datasets GSE65635 and GSE100926, the osteosarcoma dataset GSE39058, were obtained from gene expression omnibus. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened and weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed. The construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction network, functional enrichment analysis, gene set enrichment analysis. Gene expression heat map was drawn and immune infiltration analysis was performed. The comparative toxicogenomics database analysis were performed to find disease most related to core gene. Western blotting experiments were performed. TargetScan screened miRNAs that regulated central DEGs. We obtained 54 DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in terms of cellular differentiation, cartilage development, skeletal development, muscle actin cytoskeleton, actin filament, Rho GTPase binding, DNA binding, fibroblast binding, MAPK signaling pathway, apoptosis, and cancer pathways. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs were primarily enriched in terms of skeletal development, cartilage development, muscle actin cytoskeleton, MAPK signaling pathway, and apoptosis. The immune infiltration analysis showed that when T cells regulatory were highly expressed, Eosinophils exhibited a similar high expression, suggesting a strong positive correlation between T cells regulatory and Eosinophils, which might influence the disease progression in osteosarcoma. We identified 6 core genes (SRF, CTSK, MYLK, VCAN, MEF2C, CALD1). MYLK and CALD1 were significantly correlated with survival rate and exhibited lower expression in bladder cancer and osteosarcoma samples compared to normal samples. Comparative toxicogenomics database analysis results indicated associations of core genes with osteosarcoma, bladder tumors, bladder diseases, tumors, inflammation, and necrosis. The results of Western blotting showed that the expression levels of MYLK and CALD1 in bladder cancer and osteosarcoma were lower than those in normal tissues. MYLK and CALD1 likely play a role in regulating muscle contraction and smooth muscle function in bladder cancer and osteosarcoma. The lower expression of MYLK and CALD1 is associated with poorer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Li
- Yungang Community Health Service Center, 731 Hospital of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guihu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 731 Hospital of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Meiyue Cui
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, 731 Hospital of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Functional Department, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Danyang Ding
- Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Badachu Xixia Zhuang, Shijingshan District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyi Li
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, 731 Hospital, China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xingyue Fan
- Rehabilitation Center, Lianyungang First People’s Hospital, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Badachu Xixia Zhuang, Shijingshan District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ye Wang
- Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Badachu Xixia Zhuang, Shijingshan District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chunbo Kang
- Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Badachu Xixia Zhuang, Shijingshan District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Fuxing Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhi Su
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
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12
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Ismail A, Choi S, Boussios S. Frontiers of Ovarian Carcinosarcoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:1667-1682. [PMID: 37938504 PMCID: PMC10781844 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Ovarian carcinosarcoma (OCS), also known as a malignant mixed Müllerian tumour (MMMT), is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that accounts for less than 5% of ovarian cancers. It is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates, with a median overall survival (OS) of less than 2 years. Several factors, including advancing age, nulliparity, reduced lactation rates, decreased use of oral contraceptive pills, genetic mutations in BRCA (breast cancer) genes, and the use of assisted reproductive technology, may increase the risk of OCS. Poor prognostic factors include an advanced stage at diagnosis, older age, lymph node metastasis, suboptimal surgical cytoreduction, the presence of heterologous features on histopathology, and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumour protein p53, and p53 alongside Wilms tumour 1 (WT1). The main treatment approach for OCS is cytoreductive surgery followed by platinum-based chemotherapy, although immunotherapy is showing promise. Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) testing may enhance outcomes by enabling personalized immunotherapy and targeted therapies for specific patient groups, thereby reducing unnecessary side effects and healthcare costs. However, there is currently a lack of standardised treatment regimens for OCS patients, with most studies consisting of case reports and a shortage of suitable comparator groups. This article aims to provide clinicians with information on the epidemiology, risk factors, prognostic factors, and latest therapeutic advancements in OCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayden Ismail
- GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sunyoung Choi
- GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Stergios Boussios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Kent, Gillingham, ME7 5NY, UK.
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
- Kent Medway Medical School, University of Kent, Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7LX, UK.
- AELIA Organization, 9Th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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13
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Peng Z, Zhuang J, Shen B. The role of microbiota in tumorigenesis, progression and treatment of bladder cancer. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 3:5. [PMID: 38455086 PMCID: PMC10917617 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2023.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
For decades, the urinary system was regarded as a sterile environment due to the absence of any bacterial growth in clinical standard urine cultures from healthy individuals. However, a diverse array of microbes colonizes the urinary system in small quantities, exhibiting a variable compositional signature influenced by differences in sex, age, and pathological state. Increasing pieces of evidence suggest microbiota exists in tumor tissue and plays a crucial role in tumor microenvironment based on research in multiple cancer models. Current studies about microbiota and bladder cancer have preliminarily characterized the bladder cancer-related microbiota, but how the microbiota influences the biological behavior of bladder cancer remains unclarified. This review summarizes the characteristics of microbiota in bladder cancer, aims to propose possible mechanisms that microbiota acts in tumorigenesis and progression of bladder cancer based on advances in gut microbiota, and discusses the potential clinical application of microbiota in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bing Shen
- Correspondence to: Prof. Bing Shen, Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, NO. 85 Wu Jin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, China. E-mail:
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14
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Varaprasad GL, Gupta VK, Prasad K, Kim E, Tej MB, Mohanty P, Verma HK, Raju GSR, Bhaskar L, Huh YS. Recent advances and future perspectives in the therapeutics of prostate cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:80. [PMID: 37740236 PMCID: PMC10517568 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers in males and the fifth leading reason of death. Age, ethnicity, family history, and genetic defects are major factors that determine the aggressiveness and lethality of PC. The African population is at the highest risk of developing high-grade PC. It can be challenging to distinguish between low-risk and high-risk patients due to the slow progression of PC. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a revolutionary discovery for the identification of PC. However, it has led to an increase in over diagnosis and over treatment of PC in the past few decades. Even if modifications are made to the standard PSA testing, the specificity has not been found to be significant. Our understanding of PC genetics and proteomics has improved due to advances in different fields. New serum, urine, and tissue biomarkers, such as PC antigen 3 (PCA3), have led to various new diagnostic tests, such as the prostate health index, 4K score, and PCA3. These tests significantly reduce the number of unnecessary and repeat biopsies performed. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and prostatectomy are standard treatment options. However, newer novel hormone therapy drugs with a better response have been identified. Androgen deprivation and hormonal therapy are evolving as new and better options for managing hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant PC. This review aimed to highlight and discuss epidemiology, various risk factors, and developments in PC diagnosis and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganji Lakshmi Varaprasad
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiran Prasad
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Eunsu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mandava Bhuvan Tej
- Department of Health Care Informatics, Sacred Heart University, 5151 Park Avenue, Fair Fields, CT, 06825, USA
| | - Pratik Mohanty
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Henu Kumar Verma
- Department of Immunopathology, Institute of Lungs Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum, 85764, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Ganji Seeta Rama Raju
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lvks Bhaskar
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India.
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Wang M, Zhang Z, Li Z, Zhu Y, Xu C. E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases in bladder cancer tumorigenesis and implications for immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1226057. [PMID: 37497216 PMCID: PMC10366618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1226057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapidly increasing incidence of bladder cancer in China and worldwide, great efforts have been made to understand the detailed mechanism of bladder cancer tumorigenesis. Recently, the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy has changed the treatment strategy for bladder cancer, especially for advanced bladder cancer, and has improved the survival of patients. The ubiquitin-proteasome system, which affects many biological processes, plays an important role in bladder cancer. Several E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases target immune checkpoints, either directly or indirectly. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases in bladder cancer tumorigenesis and further highlight the implications for bladder cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyu Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhensheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhizhou Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yasheng Zhu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanliang Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Oppolzer IA, Riester J, Büttner R, Burger M, Schnabel MJ. Endocrine immune-related adverse events in patients with metastatic renal and urothelial cancer treated with immune checkpoint-inhibitors. Int Urol Nephrol 2023:10.1007/s11255-023-03635-9. [PMID: 37271776 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the incidence, diagnosis and treatment of immune-related adverse events (e-irAE) of checkpoint inhibition (ICI) in metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). METHODS A retrospective, single-center study was conducted to identify a cohort that received ICI for mUC or mRCC. e-irAE were classified according to the CTCAE V.5.0. Patients received ICI for mUC or mCC between 01/2017 and 03/2021. A retrospective chart review was performed. T-Test, the chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test were performed. RESULTS 102 Patients received ICI [mUC: 40 (39%), mRCC: 62 (61%)]. 64 (63%) received an ICI monotherapy, 27 (27%) a dual ICI therapy, 11 (11%) a combination with VEGFi. e-irAE occurred in 19 (19%) patients [grade 1-2: 17 (84%), grade 3: 3 (16%)]. The median time until e-irAE was 42 days (range 11-211 days). 14 Patients developed thyroidism (14%), 4 (4%) a hypophysitis, 1 (1%) an adrenal insufficiency (AI). 7 patients (7%) had to discontinue ICI therapy [hypophysitis (100%), AI (100%), thyroidism (14%)]. 6 (86%) received cortisone. After a median range of 34 days 5 patients (71%) restarted ICI therapy. All patients (n = 4) with hypophysitis continued ICI [4 (100%) prednisone, 3 (75%) levothyroxine]. 11 (79%) presented with hyperthyroidism. 4 (37%) needed therapy (1 (7%) prednisone, 3 (21%) thiamazole, 2 (14%) beta blocker). The 9 (64%) patients with hypothyroidism received levothyroxine. Hypophysitis appears only on dual ICI (CTLA-4/PD-1) inhibition (p 0.007). CONCLUSION This study shows the importance of adequate diagnosis and therapy of e-irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josef Riester
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roland Büttner
- Department of Internal Medicine Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marco Julius Schnabel
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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17
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Pimentel PAB, Giuliano A, Bęczkowski PM, Horta RDS. Molecular Profile of Canine Hemangiosarcoma and Potential Novel Therapeutic Targets. Vet Sci 2023; 10:387. [PMID: 37368773 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a relatively common neoplasia, occurring mainly in the skin, spleen, liver and right atrium. Despite the numerous studies investigating the treatment of canine HSA, no significant improvement in survival has been achieved in the last 20 years. Advancements in genetic and molecular profiling presented molecular similarities between canine HSA and human angiosarcoma. It could therefore serve as a valuable model for investigating new and more effective treatments in people and dogs. The most common genetic abnormalities in canine HSA have been found in the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) and neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) pathways. Mutations are also found in tumor protein p53 (TP53), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A). Known abnormal protein expression could be exploited to trial new target treatments that could be beneficial for both canine and human patients. Despite the high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR), no correlation with overall survival time has ever been found. In this review, we explore the most recent developments in molecular profiling in canine HSA and discuss their possible applications in the prognosis and treatment of this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Giuliano
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Veterinary Medical Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paweł Marek Bęczkowski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rodrigo Dos Santos Horta
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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Yan B, Li X, Peng M, Zuo Y, Wang Y, Liu P, Ren W, Jin X. The YTHDC1/GLUT3/RNF183 axis forms a positive feedback loop that modulates glucose metabolism and bladder cancer progression. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1145-1158. [PMID: 37258572 PMCID: PMC10318083 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00997-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glucose metabolism is a characteristic of bladder cancer. Hyperglycemia contributes to the development and progression of bladder cancer. However, the underlying mechanism by which hyperglycemia promotes the aggressiveness of cancers, especially bladder cancer, is still incompletely understood. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is a kind of methylation modification occurring at the N6 position of adenosine that is important for the pathogenesis of urological tumors. Recently, it was found that the m6A reader YTHDC1 is regulated by high-glucose conditions. In our study, we revealed that YTHDC1 is not only regulated by high-glucose conditions but is also downregulated in bladder cancer tissue and associated with the prognosis of cancer. We also showed that YTHDC1 suppresses the malignant progression of and the glycolytic process in bladder cancer cells in an m6A-dependent manner and determined that this effect is partially mediated by GLUT3. Moreover, GLUT3 was found to destabilize YTHDC1 by upregulating RNF183 expression. In summary, we identified a novel YTHDC1/GLUT3/RNF183 feedback loop that regulates disease progression and glucose metabolism in bladder cancer. Collectively, this study provides new insight regarding the pathogenesis of bladder cancer under hyperglycemic conditions and might reveal ideal candidates for the development of drugs for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yan
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Uro-Oncology Institute of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xurui Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Uro-Oncology Institute of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mou Peng
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Uro-Oncology Institute of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yali Zuo
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yinhuai Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pian Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
| | - Weigang Ren
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, 410005, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Uro-Oncology Institute of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Roy P, Singh KP. Epigenetic mechanism of therapeutic resistance and potential of epigenetic therapeutics in chemorefractory prostate cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 380:173-210. [PMID: 37657858 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States. Depending upon the histopathological subtypes of prostate cancers, various therapeutic options, such as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI), immunotherapy, and chemotherapy, are available to treat prostate cancer. While these therapeutics are effective in the initial stages during treatments, the tumors subsequently develop resistance to these therapies. Despite all the progress made so far, therapeutic resistance remains a major challenge in the treatment of prostate cancer. Although various mechanisms have been reported for the resistance development in prostate cancer, altered expression of genes either directly or indirectly involved in drug response pathways is a common event. In addition to the genetic basis of gene regulation such as mutations and gene amplifications, epigenetic alterations involved in the aberrant expression of genes have frequently been shown to be associated not only with cancer initiation and progression but also with therapeutic resistance development. There are several review articles compiling reports on genetic mechanisms involved in therapeutic resistance in prostate cancer. However, epigenetic mechanisms for the therapeutic resistance development in prostate cancer have not yet been summarized in a review article. Therefore, the objective of this article is to compile various reports and provide a comprehensive review of the epigenetic aberrations, and aberrant expression of genes by epigenetic mechanisms involved in CRPCs and therapeutic resistance development in prostate cancer. Additionally, the potential of epigenetic-based therapeutics in the treatment of chemorefractory prostate cancer as evidenced by clinical trials has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Roy
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Kamaleshwar P Singh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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20
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Esteban-Villarrubia J, Torres-Jiménez J, Bueno-Bravo C, García-Mondaray R, Subiela JD, Gajate P. Current and Future Landscape of Perioperative Treatment for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030566. [PMID: 36765525 PMCID: PMC9913718 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy is the current standard of care for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, less than half of patients are candidates for this treatment, and 50% will develop metastatic disease. Adjuvant chemotherapy could be offered if neoadjuvant treatment has not been administered for suitable patients. It is important to reduce the risk of systemic recurrence and improve the prognosis of localized MIBC. Systemic therapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma has evolved in recent years. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted agents, such as antibody-drug conjugates or FGFR inhibitors, are new therapeutic alternatives and have shown their benefit in advanced disease. Currently, several clinical trials are investigating the role of these drugs, as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy, in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings with promising outcomes. In addition, the development of predictive biomarkers could predict responses to neoadjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Gajate
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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21
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Ibrahiem AT, Eladl E, Toraih EA, Fawzy MS, Abdelwahab K, Elnaghi K, Emarah Z, Shaalan AAM, Ehab Z, Soliman NA. Prognostic Value of BRAF, Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD1), and PD Ligand 1 (PDL1) Protein Expression in Colon Adenocarcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13020237. [PMID: 36673047 PMCID: PMC9858159 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with colorectal cancer in different stages show variable outcomes/therapeutic responses due to their distinct tumoral biomarkers and biological features. In this sense, this study aimed to explore the prognostic utility of BRAF, programmed death-1 (PD1), and its ligand (PDL1) protein signatures in colon adenocarcinoma. The selected protein markers were explored in 64 archived primary colon adenocarcinomas in relation to clinicopathological features. BRAF overexpression was found in 39% of the cases and was significantly associated with grade 3, N1, advanced Dukes stage, presence of relapse, and shorter overall survival (OS). PD1 expression in the infiltrating immune cells (IICs) exhibited significant association with T2/T3, N0/M0, early Dukes stage, and absence of relapse. PDL1 expression in IICs is significantly associated with advanced nodal stage/distant metastasis, advanced Dukes stage, and shorter OS. Meanwhile, PDL1 expression in neoplastic cells (NC) was associated with the advanced lymph node/Dukes stage. A positive combined expression pattern of PDL1 in NC/IICs was associated with poor prognostic indices. Tumor PDL1 expression can be an independent predictor of OS and DFS. The multivariate analyses revealed that short OS was independently associated with the RT side location of the tumor, PD1 expression in stromal IICs, and PDL1 expression in NC. In conclusion, overexpression of BRAF in colon adenocarcinoma is considered a poor prognostic pathological marker. In addition, PDL1 expression in NC is considered an independent prognostic factor for DFS/OS. Combined immunohistochemical assessment for BRAF and PD1/PDL1 protein expressions in colon adenocarcinoma might be beneficial for selecting patients for future targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf T. Ibrahiem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Entsar Eladl
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eman A. Toraih
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Medical Genetics Unit, Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Manal S. Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1008584720
| | - Khaled Abdelwahab
- Surgical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Khaled Elnaghi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Center, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Oncology Center, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 24246, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad Emarah
- Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Center, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Oncology Center, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 24246, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aly A. M. Shaalan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 82621, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ziad Ehab
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 21955, Egypt
| | - Nahed A. Soliman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
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22
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Yu EM, Mudireddy M, Biswas R, Aragon-Ching JB. The role of switch maintenance therapy in urothelial cancers. Ther Adv Urol 2023; 15:17562872221147760. [PMID: 36891217 PMCID: PMC9986508 DOI: 10.1177/17562872221147760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has changed the treatment paradigm of metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). The JAVELIN Bladder 100 trial established avelumab, one of several ICIs in use today, as a life-prolonging maintenance therapy for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. Platinum-based chemotherapy is most often used in the first-line treatment of mUC, and while response rates approach about 50%, disease control is usually short-lived upon completion of the standard three to six cycles of chemotherapy. Much progress has been made in recent years in the second-line space and beyond with the use of ICIs, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in eligible patients at the time of disease progression post-platinum-based chemotherapy. However, many patients with progressive mUC after first-line chemotherapy suffer from rapid progression of disease, treatment toxicity with subsequent lines of therapy, and a limited life expectancy. Until the results of the JAVELIN Bladder 100 trial were presented in 2020, there were no maintenance strategies proven to be beneficial over best supportive care after disease control is achieved with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. To date, standard of care frontline treatment of metastatic urothelial cancer remains to be four to six cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy followed by maintenance avelumab. This review summarizes the current evidence available on maintenance therapies in mUC, as well as several highly anticipated clinical trials that we hope will result in further progress in the management of this aggressive cancer and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-mi Yu
- GU Medical Oncology, Inova Schar Cancer
Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Mythri Mudireddy
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Inova
Schar Cancer Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Rakesh Biswas
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Inova
Schar Cancer Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jeanny B. Aragon-Ching
- GU Medical Oncology, Inova Schar Cancer
Institute, 8081 Innovation Park Drive, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA
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23
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Chen J, Guan Y, Li C, Du H, Liang C. Identification and validation of a novel cuproptosis-related lncRNA gene signature to predict prognosis and immune response in bladder cancer. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:133. [PMID: 36454396 PMCID: PMC9715909 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00596-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bladder cancer (BCa) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the urogenital system, characterized by the high recurrence rate, mortality rate and poor prognosis. Based on cuproptosis-related long noncoding RNAs (CRLs), this study set out to create a prediction signature to evaluate the prognosis of patients with BCa. METHODS RNA-seq data including CRLs and related clinicopathological data were gathered from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (n = 428). The predictive signature was constructed after correlation analysis. Subsequently, relying on the analyzed data from the TCGA database and our sample collection, we examined and verified the connections between CRLs model and important indexes included prognosis, route and functional enrichment, tumor immune evasion, tumor mutation, and treatment sensitivity. RESULTS Patients in the high-risk group had lower overall survival (OS) than that of low-risk group. Compared with clinicopathological variables, CRLs features have better predictive value according to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The expression level of CRLs was highly associated with the tumor progress, tumor microenvironment and tumor immune escape. Additionally, we identified that the mutation of TP53, TTN, KMT2D and MUC16 gene were founded in patients with BCa. Lapatinib, pazopanib, saracatinib, gemcitabine, paclitaxel and palenolactone had good antitumor effects for BCa patients in the high-risk group (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study revealed the effects of CRLs on BCa and further established CRLs model, which can be used in clinic for predicting prognosis, immunological response and treatment sensitivity inpatient with BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Guan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hexi Du
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, 218th Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Wang ZL, Huang RY, Han B, Wu F, Sun ZY, Li GZ, Zhang W, Zhao Z, Liu X. Identification of tumor-associated antigens and immune subtypes of lower-grade glioma and glioblastoma for mRNA vaccine development. Chin Neurosurg J 2022; 8:34. [PMID: 36307882 PMCID: PMC9614757 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-022-00301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background mRNA became a promising therapeutic approach in many diseases. This study aimed to identify the tumor antigens specifically expressed in tumor cells for lower-grade glioma (LGG) and glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Methods In this work, the mRNA microarray expression profile and clinical data were obtained from 301 samples in the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database, the mRNA sequencing data and clinical data of 701 samples were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Genetic alterations profiles were extracted from CGGA and cBioPortal datasets. R language and GraphPad Prism software were applied for the statistical analysis and graph work. Results PTBP1 and SLC39A1, which were overexpressed and indicated poor prognosis in LGG patients, were selected as tumor-specific antigens for LGG patients. Meanwhile, MMP9 and SLC16A3, the negative prognostic factors overexpressed in GBM, were identified as tumor-specific antigens for GBM patients. Besides, three immune subtypes (LGG1-LGG3) and eight WGCNA modules were identified in LGG patients. Meanwhile, two immune subtypes (GBM1–GBM2) and 10 WGCNA modules were selected in GBM. The immune characteristics and potential functions between different subtypes were diversity. LGG2 and GBM1 immune subtype were associated with longer overall survival than other subtypes. Conclusion In this study, PTBP1 and SLC39A1 are promising antigens for mRNA vaccines development in LGG, and MMP9 and SLC16A3 were potential antigens in GBM. Our analyses indicated that mRNA vaccine immunotherapy was more suitable for LGG2 and GBM1 subtypes. This study was helpful for the development of glioma immunotherapies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41016-022-00301-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-liang Wang
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruo-yu Huang
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South 4th Ring West Road, Beijing, 100070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Han
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Wu
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South 4th Ring West Road, Beijing, 100070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-yan Sun
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South 4th Ring West Road, Beijing, 100070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guan-zhang Li
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South 4th Ring West Road, Beijing, 100070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South 4th Ring West Road, Beijing, 100070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South 4th Ring West Road, Beijing, 100070 People’s Republic of China
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Ma YT, Li Y, Yan L, Hua F, Wang DG, Xu GY, Yang HL, Xue YJ, Qin YJ, Sha D, Ning H, Zhao MQ, Yao ZG. Case Report: Potential Predictive Value of MMR/MSI Status and PD-1 Expression in Immunotherapy for Urothelial Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610638. [PMID: 36338826 PMCID: PMC9633672 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown encouraging outcomes against Lynch syndrome (LS)-associated colorectal cancer (CRC) and endometrial cancer with mismatch repair deficient/microsatellite instability-high (dMMR/MSI-H). However, there is as yet no clarity on the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in LS-associated urothelial carcinoma (UC). Here, we report a patient with recurrent and metastatic LS-associated UC who achieved sustained response to programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor combined with chemotherapy over 31 months, during which the side effects of immunotherapy could be controlled and managed. Our findings indicate that the dMMR/MSI status and PD-1 expression in UC may have potential predictive value for the response to PD-1-targeted immunotherapy. Our case supports the inclusion of such combination and/or monotherapy for UC in clinical studies and using dMMR/MSI status and PD-1 expression as potential predictive biomarkers for assessment of the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Ma
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oncology, Dongying City People’s Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Pathology, Dongying City People’s Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Dong-Guan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Dongying City People’s Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Guo-Ying Xu
- Department of Urology Surgery, Dongying Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongying, China
| | - Hong-Lan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Dongying City People’s Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Ying-Jie Xue
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ye-Jun Qin
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Dan Sha
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Ning
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Miao-Qing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Zhi-Gang Yao, ; Miao-Qing Zhao,
| | - Zhi-Gang Yao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Zhi-Gang Yao, ; Miao-Qing Zhao,
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26
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The past, present, and future of immunotherapy for bladder tumors. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:236. [PMID: 36175715 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a prominent cancer worldwide with a relatively low survival rate for patients with increased stage and metastasis. Current treatments are based on surgical removal, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Immunotherapy, and platinum-based chemotherapy. However, treatment resistance due to genetic instability of bladder tumors, as well as intolerance to treatment adverse effects leads to the necessity to further treatment options. New advancements in immunotherapy are on the rise for treatment of various cancers and specifically has shown promise in the treatment of bladder cancer. This review summarizes these new advancements in treatment options involving cytokines and cytokine blockade. Such a study might be helpful for urologists to manage patients with bladder cancer more effectively.
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Cruz-Hernández CD, Rodríguez-Martínez G, Cortés-Ramírez SA, Morales-Pacheco M, Cruz-Burgos M, Losada-García A, Reyes-Grajeda JP, González-Ramírez I, González-Covarrubias V, Camacho-Arroyo I, Cerbón M, Rodríguez-Dorantes M. Aptamers as Theragnostic Tools in Prostate Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081056. [PMID: 36008950 PMCID: PMC9406110 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite of the capacity that several drugs have for specific inhibition of the androgen receptor (AR), in most cases, PCa progresses to an androgen-independent stage. In this context, the development of new targeted therapies for prostate cancer (PCa) has remained as a challenge. To overcome this issue, new tools, based on nucleic acids technology, have been developed. Aptamers are small oligonucleotides with a three-dimensional structure capable of interacting with practically any desired target, even large targets such as mammalian cells or viruses. Recently, aptamers have been studied for treatment and detection of many diseases including cancer. In PCa, numerous works have reported their use in the development of new approaches in diagnostics and treatment strategies. Aptamers have been joined with drugs or other specific molecules such as silencing RNAs (aptamer–siRNA chimeras) to specifically reduce the expression of oncogenes in PCa cells. Even though these studies have shown good results in the early stages, more research is still needed to demonstrate the clinical value of aptamers in PCa. The aim of this review was to compile the existing scientific literature regarding the use of aptamers in PCa in both diagnosis and treatment studies. Since Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) aptamers are the most studied type of aptamers in this field, special emphasis was given to these aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos David Cruz-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Griselda Rodríguez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Sergio A. Cortés-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Miguel Morales-Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Marian Cruz-Burgos
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Alberto Losada-García
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Juan Pablo Reyes-Grajeda
- Laboratorio de Estructura de Proteínas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico;
| | - Imelda González-Ramírez
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana–Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico;
| | | | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (I.C.-A.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (I.C.-A.); (M.C.)
| | - Mauricio Rodríguez-Dorantes
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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Xu C, Song L, Peng H, Yang Y, Liu Y, Pei D, Guo J, Liu N, Liu J, Li X, Li C, Kang Z. Clinical Eosinophil-Associated Genes can Serve as a Reliable Predictor of Bladder Urothelial Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:963455. [PMID: 35936781 PMCID: PMC9353774 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.963455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Numerous studies have shown that infiltrating eosinophils play a key role in the tumor progression of bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA). However, the roles of eosinophils and associated hub genes in clinical outcomes and immunotherapy are not well known. Methods: BLCA patient data were extracted from the TCGA database. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) was revealed by the CIBERSORT algorithm. Candidate modules and hub genes associated with eosinophils were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The external GEO database was applied to validate the above results. TIME-related genes with prognostic significance were screened by univariate Cox regression analysis, lasso regression, and multivariate Cox regression analysis. The patient's risk score (RS) was calculated and divided subjects into high-risk group (HRG) and low-risk group (LRG). The nomogram was developed based on the risk signature. Models were validated via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration curves. Differences between HRG and LRG in clinical features and tumor mutational burden (TMB) were compared. The Immune Phenomenon Score (IPS) was calculated to estimate the immunotherapeutic significance of RS. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of chemotherapeutic drugs were predicted by the pRRophetic algorithm. Results: 313 eosinophil-related genes were identified by WGCNA. Subsequently, a risk signature containing 9 eosinophil-related genes (AGXT, B3GALT2, CCDC62, CLEC1B, CLEC2D, CYP19A1, DNM3, SLC5A9, SLC26A8) was finally developed via multiplex analysis and screening. Age (p < 0.001), grade (p < 0.001), and RS (p < 0.001) were independent predictors of survival in BLCA patients. Based on the calibration curve, our risk signature nomogram was confirmed as a good predictor of BLCA patients' prognosis at 1, 3, and 5 years. The association analysis of RS and immunotherapy indicated that low-risk patients were more credible for novel immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) immunotherapy. The chemotherapeutic drug model suggests that RS has an effect on the drug sensitivity of patients. Conclusions: In conclusion, the eosinophil-based RS can be used as a reliable clinical predictor and provide insights into the precise treatment of BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Xu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lishan Song
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated National Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yubin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Shantou University School of Medicine, Shantou, China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongchen Pei
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiabang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shantou University School of Medicine, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhengjun Kang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Zhang Z, Li D, Yun H, Liu W, Chai K, Tong J, Zeng T, Gao Z, Xie Y. CAR-T Cells in the Treatment of Urologic Neoplasms: Present and Future. Front Oncol 2022; 12:915171. [PMID: 35860578 PMCID: PMC9292130 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.915171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with the breakthrough of CAR-T cells in the treatment of hematological tumors, they are increasingly being used to treat solid tumors, including urologic neoplasms. There are many relatively specific targets for urologic neoplasms, especially prostate cancer. Besides, urologic neoplasms tend to progress more slowly than tumors in other organs of the body, providing ample time for CAR-T cell application. Therefore, CAR-T cells technology has inherent advantages in urologic neoplasms. CAR-T cells in the treatment of urologic neoplasms have been extensively studied and preliminary achievements have been made. However, no breakthrough has been made due to the problems of targeting extra-tumor cytotoxicity and poor anti-tumor activity. we systematacially summarized the research actuality of CAR-T cells in urologic neoplasms, discussed the potential value and difficulties of the research. The application of CAR-T cells in the treatment of urologic neoplasms requires improvement of function through screening for better targets, modification of CAR structures, or in combination with other antitumor approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Heng Yun
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Keqiang Chai
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Jie Tong
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Tongwei Zeng
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Zhenghua Gao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
- *Correspondence: Yongqiang Xie, ; Zhenghua Gao,
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
- *Correspondence: Yongqiang Xie, ; Zhenghua Gao,
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30
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Karimi‐Maleh H, Taheriazam A, Mirzaei S, Hashemi M, Hushmandi K, Makvandi P, Nazarzadeh Zare E, Sharifi E, Goel A, Wang L, Ren J, Nuri Ertas Y, Kumar AP, Wang Y, Rabiee N, Sethi G, Ma Z. (Nano)platforms in bladder cancer therapy: Challenges and opportunities. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 8:e10353. [PMID: 36684065 PMCID: PMC9842064 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Urological cancers are among the most common malignancies around the world. In particular, bladder cancer severely threatens human health due to its aggressive and heterogeneous nature. Various therapeutic modalities have been considered for the treatment of bladder cancer although its prognosis remains unfavorable. It is perceived that treatment of bladder cancer depends on an interdisciplinary approach combining biology and engineering. The nanotechnological approaches have been introduced in the treatment of various cancers, especially bladder cancer. The current review aims to emphasize and highlight possible applications of nanomedicine in eradication of bladder tumor. Nanoparticles can improve efficacy of drugs in bladder cancer therapy through elevating their bioavailability. The potential of genetic tools such as siRNA and miRNA in gene expression regulation can be boosted using nanostructures by facilitating their internalization and accumulation at tumor sites and cells. Nanoparticles can provide photodynamic and photothermal therapy for ROS overgeneration and hyperthermia, respectively, in the suppression of bladder cancer. Furthermore, remodeling of tumor microenvironment and infiltration of immune cells for the purpose of immunotherapy are achieved through cargo-loaded nanocarriers. Nanocarriers are mainly internalized in bladder tumor cells by endocytosis, and proper design of smart nanoparticles such as pH-, redox-, and light-responsive nanocarriers is of importance for targeted tumor therapy. Bladder cancer biomarkers can be detected using nanoparticles for timely diagnosis of patients. Based on their accumulation at the tumor site, they can be employed for tumor imaging. The clinical translation and challenges are also covered in current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesSabanci University, Orta MahalleIstanbulTurkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesIstinye UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Hassan Karimi‐Maleh
- School of Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduPeople's Republic of China,Department of Chemical EngineeringQuchan University of TechnologyQuchanIran,Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicineTehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad UniversityTehranIran,Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research CenterFarhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceIslamic Azad University, Science and Research BranchTehranIran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research CenterFarhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCentre for Materials InterfacePontederaPisa56025Italy
| | | | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and TechnologiesHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
| | - Arul Goel
- La Canada High SchoolLa Cañada FlintridgeCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of CardiologyZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringErciyes UniversityKayseriTurkey,ERNAM—Nanotechnology Research and Application CenterErciyes UniversityKayseriTurkey
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Navid Rabiee
- School of EngineeringMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South Wales2109Australia,Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangGyeongbuk37673South Korea
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- Health Science CenterYangtze UniversityJingzhouHubeiChina
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Lokeshwar SD, Lopez M, Sarcan S, Aguilar K, Morera DS, Shaheen DM, Lokeshwar BL, Lokeshwar VB. Molecular Oncology of Bladder Cancer from Inception to Modern Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112578. [PMID: 35681556 PMCID: PMC9179261 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the last forty years, seminal contributions have been made in the areas of bladder cancer (BC) biology, driver genes, molecular profiling, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for improving personalized patient care. This overview includes seminal discoveries and advances in the molecular oncology of BC. Starting with the concept of divergent molecular pathways for the development of low- and high-grade bladder tumors, field cancerization versus clonality of bladder tumors, cancer driver genes/mutations, genetic polymorphisms, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as an early form of immunotherapy are some of the conceptual contributions towards improving patient care. Although beginning with a promise of predicting prognosis and individualizing treatments, "-omic" approaches and molecular subtypes have revealed the importance of BC stem cells, lineage plasticity, and intra-tumor heterogeneity as the next frontiers for realizing individualized patient care. Along with urine as the optimal non-invasive liquid biopsy, BC is at the forefront of the biomarker field. If the goal is to reduce the number of cystoscopies but not to replace them for monitoring recurrence and asymptomatic microscopic hematuria, a BC marker may reach clinical acceptance. As advances in the molecular oncology of BC continue, the next twenty-five years should significantly advance personalized care for BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soum D. Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Maite Lopez
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Semih Sarcan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karina Aguilar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Daley S. Morera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Devin M. Shaheen
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Bal L. Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Correspondence: (B.L.L.); (V.B.L.)
| | - Vinata B. Lokeshwar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.L.); (V.B.L.)
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Kramer CS, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A. Immuno-Imaging (PET/SPECT)-Quo Vadis? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103354. [PMID: 35630835 PMCID: PMC9147562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment regimen of certain cancer types, but response assessment has become a difficult task with conventional methods such as CT/MRT or FDG PET-CT and the classical response criteria such as RECIST or PERCIST which have been developed for chemotherapeutic treatment. Plenty of new tracers have been published to improve the assessment of treatment response and to stratify the patient population. We gathered the information on published tracers (in total, 106 individual SPECT/PET tracers were identified) and performed a descriptor-based analysis; in this way, we classify the tracers with regard to target choice, developability (probability to progress from preclinical stage into the clinic), translatability (probability to be widely applied in the 'real world'), and (assumed) diagnostic quality. In our analysis, we show that most tracers are targeting PD-L1, PD-1, CTLA-4, and CD8 receptors by using antibodies or their fragments. Another finding is that plenty of tracers possess only minor iterations regarding chelators and nuclides instead of approaching the problem in a new innovative way. Based on the data, we suggest an orthogonal approach by targeting intracellular targets with PET-activatable small molecules that are currently underrepresented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten S. Kramer
- Curanosticum Wiesbaden-Frankfurt, Center for Advanced Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, D-65191 Wiesbaden, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Hietala A, Joutsen J, Vaarala S, Säily M. A rare and complete response to combination therapy with radiation and nivolumab in a patient with metastatic urothelial cancer. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e246653. [PMID: 35580957 PMCID: PMC9115022 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the current understanding, radiotherapy can enhance the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy due to radiation-induced release of tumour-associated antigens. Here, we present a case with a metastatic urothelial carcinoma who received nivolumab and palliative radiotherapy to a residual tumour in the vagina and to a large metastatic visceral lymph node. The treatment resulted in a rapid and virtually complete response for the time being in all metastases and in the large parailiac tumour mass. Follow up continues. The presented case demonstrates that the combinatory treatment with radiotherapy and immunotherapy can result in an exceptional response for the benefit of the patient with urothelial cancer. To our knowledge, this is one of the largest metastatic masses to disappear with a combination of immuno-oncologic (nivolumab) and radiation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Hietala
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
- Department of Urology, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jenny Joutsen
- Department of Pathology, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Svea Vaarala
- Department of Oncology, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Matti Säily
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
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Rizzo A, Ricci AD. Predictors of response for hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy: is there anything on the horizon? EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2022.2075724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rizzo
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Oncologia Medica per la Presa in Carico Globale del Paziente Oncologico “Don Tonino Bello,” I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Dalia Ricci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Rizzo A, Cusmai A, Gadaleta-Caldarola G, Palmiotti G. Which role for predictors of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:333-339. [PMID: 35403533 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2064273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide, still representing an important cause of cancer-related death. Recent years have seen the emergence of novel systemic treatments for HCC patients, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Nonetheless, several questions regarding HCC immunotherapy remain unanswered, especially in terms of biochemical predictors of response. AREAS COVERED In the current paper, we will discuss available evidence regarding predictive biomarkers of response to HCC immunotherapy. A literature search was conducted in January 2022 of Pubmed/Medline, Cochrane library, and Scopus databases. EXPERT OPINION The identification of predictive biomarkers represents an unmet need in HCC patients receiving ICIs. The HCC medical community is called to further efforts aimed to elucidate the effective role of PD-L1 expression, TMB, MSI, gut microbiota, and other emerging biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rizzo
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Oncologia Medica per la Presa in Carico Globale del Paziente Oncologico "Don Tonino Bello," I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cusmai
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Oncologia Medica per la Presa in Carico Globale del Paziente Oncologico "Don Tonino Bello," I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gennaro Gadaleta-Caldarola
- Medical Oncology Unit, 'Mons. R. Dimiccoli' Hospital, Barletta (BT), Azienda Sanitaria Locale Barletta, 76121, Italy
| | - Gennaro Palmiotti
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Oncologia Medica per la Presa in Carico Globale del Paziente Oncologico "Don Tonino Bello," I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Szklener K, Chmiel P, Michalski A, Mańdziuk S. New Directions and Challenges in Targeted Therapies of Advanced Bladder Cancer: The Role of FGFR Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061416. [PMID: 35326568 PMCID: PMC8946699 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this study was to present and analyze the up-to-date literature describing the epidemiology, genetics, and histopathology of bladder cancer, as well as the latest methods of bladder cancer treatment. The treatment of urothelial cancer was divided depending on its stage and advancement. FGFR3 mutations and overexpression occur more frequently in bladder cancer than any other malignancy, occurring in nearly 80% of the tumors. Closer acknowledgement of targeted therapy will help physicians to navigate specific groups of patients for whom this treatment strategy can be beneficial. To that end, intense clinical research was conducted, bringing evidence for effectiveness and safety of FGFR inhibitors. Recent years of research have truly set a positive perspective for the better understanding of the complex issue of urothelial carcinoma pathology and management. Abstract Bladder neoplasms, including the most common urothelial carcinoma, have been an escalating problem for years, especially in highly developed countries. Recent decades have brought us a steadily growing share of this cancer in terms of both morbidity and mortality statistics. Bladder neoplasms are not only a therapeutic challenge but also an economical one due to the demanding, costly diagnostics and treatment. The treatment of urothelial cancer can be divided depending on the stage and advancement; thus, we can distinguish three main categories: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, conventionally treated by surgical interventions; muscle invasive bladder cancer, conventionally treated with chemotherapeutics; and advanced bladder cancer with distant metastases, conventionally treated with the intensive chemotherapy in the MVAC scheme (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin). Recent years have brought a breakthrough: immunotherapy and targeted therapy were discovered to be beneficial for patients disqualified from chemotherapy or patients who progressed despite treatment. This literature review summarizes the latest research into the use of targeted therapy in the treatment of advanced bladder cancer, its benefits, and its limitations.
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López-Campos F, Gajate P, Romero-Laorden N, Zafra-Martín J, Juan M, Hernando Polo S, Conde Moreno A, Couñago F. Immunotherapy in Advanced Prostate Cancer: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Biomedicines 2022; 10:537. [PMID: 35327339 PMCID: PMC8945350 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. Unfortunately, this has not been the case for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), likely due to the heterogeneous and immune-suppressive microenvironment present in prostate cancer. The identification of molecular biomarkers that could predict response to immunotherapy represents one of the current challenges in this clinical scenario. The management of advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer is rapidly evolving and immunotherapy treatments, mostly consisting of immune checkpoint inhibitors combinations, BiTE® (bispecific T-cell engager) immune therapies, and chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are in development with promising results. This review analyses the current evidence of immunotherapy treatments for mCRPC, evaluating past failures and promising approaches and discussing the directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando López-Campos
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28024 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gajate
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28024 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Nuria Romero-Laorden
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Zafra-Martín
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Manel Juan
- Servei d’Immunologia, CDB-Hospital Clínic, Plataforma de Inmunoterapia HSJD-Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Susana Hernando Polo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain;
| | - Antonio Conde Moreno
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Felipe Couñago
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital La Luz, 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
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