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Descamps E, Boussac M, Joineau K, Payoux P. Changes of cerebral functional connectivity induced by foot reflexology in a RCT. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17139. [PMID: 37816799 PMCID: PMC10564852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Pharmacological Interventions (NPIs) are increasingly being introduced into healthcare, but their mechanisms are unclear. In this study, 30 healthy participants received foot reflexology (FR) and sham massage, and went through a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to evaluate NPIs effect on brain. Rs-fMRI revealed an effect of both NPIs on functional connectivity with changes occurring in the default-mode network, the sensorimotor network and a Neural Network Correlates of Pain (NNCP-a newly discovered network showing great robustness). Even if no differences were found between FR and SM, this study allowed to report brain biomarkers of well-being as well as the safety of NPIs. In further research, it could be relevant to study it in patients to look for a true reflexology induced-effect dependent of patient reported outcomes. Overall, these findings enrich the understanding of the neural correlates of well-being experienced with NPIs and provided insight into the basis of the mechanisms of NPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Descamps
- Inserm Unité ToNIC, UMR 1214, CHU PURPAN - Pavillon BAUDOT, Place du Dr Joseph Baylac, 31024, Toulouse CEDEX 3, France.
- CNRS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Mathilde Boussac
- Inserm Unité ToNIC, UMR 1214, CHU PURPAN - Pavillon BAUDOT, Place du Dr Joseph Baylac, 31024, Toulouse CEDEX 3, France.
| | - Karel Joineau
- Inserm Unité ToNIC, UMR 1214, CHU PURPAN - Pavillon BAUDOT, Place du Dr Joseph Baylac, 31024, Toulouse CEDEX 3, France
| | - Pierre Payoux
- Inserm Unité ToNIC, UMR 1214, CHU PURPAN - Pavillon BAUDOT, Place du Dr Joseph Baylac, 31024, Toulouse CEDEX 3, France
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Leach MJ, Agnew T. Evidence implementation in Australian manual therapy practice: A cross-sectional study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 36:109-116. [PMID: 37949546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have explored the determinants of evidence implementation in complementary manual therapy professions. Exploring the factors that impede or enable evidence implementation in complementary manual therapy professions is critical to determining the most appropriate strategies to optimise this practice, and enhance the quality of care. METHODS The study used a cross-sectional study design to examine Australian complementary medicine manual therapists' attitudes, skills, training, use, barriers and enablers to evidence implementation. Eligible therapists were invited to self-administer the 84-item Evidence-Based practice Attitude and utilization Survey online. RESULTS The survey was completed by 294 manual therapists (77% female; 65% aged ≥50 years). Participants were mostly supportive of, and reported a moderate to moderate-high level of skill in evidence implementation. However, the level of engagement in evidence implementation was low. The leading barriers to evidence implementation were lack of time, and lack of clinical evidence. While few participants reported skill-level as a barrier, most indicated a desire to develop the skills necessary to improve their engagement in evidence implementation. Participants also supported a range of other enabling strategies to foster evidence implementation in their practice, with most of these strategies targeting access to evidence. CONCLUSIONS Although participants reported few barriers to evidence implementation, there was a low level of engagement in this activity. The barriers to evidence implementation therefore warrant further exploration. This ongoing work will help better understand how to optimise evidence implementation in complementary manual therapy practice, and help drive improvements in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Leach
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Military Road, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia.
| | - Tamara Agnew
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Military Road, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia.
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Liang X, Wu S, Li K, Zhang H, Yang F, Wang X, Yang G. The effects of reflexology on symptoms in pregnancy: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18442. [PMID: 37533996 PMCID: PMC10391945 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This review assessed the effects of reflexology on symptoms in pregnancy. Methods and analysis PubMed, Embase, Springer, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and reference lists of previous systematic reviews were searched for the eligible randomized controlled trials (RCT) from the inception date of each predefined database up to May 31st, 2023. Data were extracted, and methodological quality was evaluated by the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). The efficacy of treatment was assessed using pooled effect sizes (Hedges' g) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.4 manager, and publication bias was evaluated by Begg's test. Results The included a total of 13 RCTs in this review, of eleven was high risk of bias and two were low, reported the effects of reflexology on low back and/or pelvic pain (LBPP), labor pain, duration of labor, anxiety, fatigue, sleep quality, constipation symptoms, and ankle and foot edema in pregnancy. The effect sizes (Hedges' g) for reflexology in labor pain, duration of labor, anxiety, fatigue, and sleep quality showed statistical significance, which the meta-analysis also confirmed except for fatigue and sleep quality due to insufficient studies. Conclusion Reflexology is probably effective and safe for labor pain, duration of labor, and anxiety in pregnancy, while the evidences for reflexology in LBPP, fatigue, sleep quality, constipation symptoms, and ankle and foot edema during pregnancy were insufficient. Based on the low to high quality of included studies, strong supportive evidence is not yet available. Rigorous-design and large-scale clinical trials should be conducted to provide higher-quality, reliable evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liang
- Qi-Huang Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shangping Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fujing Yang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guangyi Yang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
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Venugopal V, Yogapriya C, Deenadayalan B, Akila A, Poonguzhali S, Poornima R, Maheshkumar K. Foot reflexology for reduction of blood pressure in hypertensive individual: A systematic review. Foot (Edinb) 2023; 54:101974. [PMID: 36804683 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2023.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Hypertension is the modifiable risk factor associated with cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. Foot reflexology has been proposed to reduce the blood pressure for the patients with hypertension but the available evidences are uncertain. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, know the efficacy of foot reflexology on blood pressure reduction in patients with hypertension. DATA SOURCES AND SELECTION A systematic search of electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, and Cochrane library since inception till January 2022. Randomized controlled trial with foot reflexology as an intervention for lowering blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients was included in the study. DATA EXTRACTION AND OUTCOME MEASURES Data was independently extracted by four authors. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was the primary outcome measure. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated to determine the effect size. RESULTS The pooled effect of SBP (SMD: -2.70, 95 % of CI: -6.79, 1.39, I2 - 97 %, P < 0.001) and DBP (SMD: -2.12, 95 % of CI: -5.95, 1.71, I2 - 97 %, P < 0.001) changes are not favorable for foot reflexology in terms of reducing blood pressure. CONCLUSION Findings from the studies showed that foot reflexology interventions were not much effective in the reduction of blood pressure among patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Venugopal
- Department of Yoga, Govt. Yoga & Naturopathy Medical College & Hospital, The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University, Chennai 600106, India
| | - C Yogapriya
- Department of Naturopathy, Govt. Yoga & Naturopathy Medical College & Hospital, The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University, Chennai 600106, India
| | - B Deenadayalan
- Department of Naturopathy, Govt. Yoga & Naturopathy Medical College & Hospital, The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University, Chennai 600106, India
| | - A Akila
- Department of Acupuncture & Energy Medicine, Govt. Yoga & Naturopathy Medical College & Hospital, The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University, Chennai 600106, India
| | - S Poonguzhali
- Department of Community Medicine, Govt. Yoga & Naturopathy Medical College & Hospital, The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University, Chennai 600106, India
| | - R Poornima
- CRRI, Govt. Yoga & Naturopathy Medical College & Hospital, The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University, Chennai 600106, India
| | - K Maheshkumar
- Department of Physiology, Govt. Yoga & Naturopathy Medical College & Hospital, The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University, Chennai 600106, India.
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Deniz AÖ, Açikgöz A. A Randomized Controlled Trial: The Effect of Acupressure and Foot Reflexology on Pain During Heel-Lancing in Neonates. Clin Nurs Res 2023; 32:306-312. [PMID: 34955035 DOI: 10.1177/10547738211061815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This randomized controlled study aimed to determine the effects of acupressure and foot reflexology on procedural pain during heel-lancing in newborns. This study was conducted with 105 neonates (35 foot reflexology group, 35 acupressure group, and 35 control group) who met the inclusion criteria and who were delivered by cesarean section between October 2017 and March 2018 at a state hospital in Turkey. A "Newborn Information Form" and a "Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale" (N-PASS) were used to collect data. The study found a significant intergroup difference between pain scores of neonates during the procedures (p < .05). Advanced analyses found that the pain scores in the acupressure and foot reflexology groups were similar, whereas the pain scores in the control group were higher than in the other two groups. Acupressure and foot reflexology administered during heel lancing in newborns are effective methods for reducing pain.
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Zhang X, Hu L, Li L, Wang Y, Zhang C, Su J, Di H, Gao Q, Tai X, Guo T. Pediatric Tuina for functional constipation in children: study protocol for a randomized controlled trail. Trials 2022; 23:750. [PMID: 36064720 PMCID: PMC9446667 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional constipation (FC) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, which brings many negative impacts to the children's daily life. Pediatric Tuina has been proved to be a potential therapy for FC. However, the evidence for its effectiveness and safety is insufficient due to the lack of high-quality study. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pediatric Tuina for children with FC. METHODS/DESIGN This study is a randomized, controlled, multicentre, clinical trial. We will include 176 children with FC from five hospitals. The participants will be randomly allocated into two groups: the pediatric Tuina group and the Medilac-Vita group. This study will include a 1-week actual treatment period and a 2-week follow-up period. Primary outcomes are weekly spontaneous bowel movements and weekly complete spontaneous bowel movements. The secondary outcomes are effective rate, stool form, distress sensation, and glycerine enema rate. The assessment will be performed each week. Adverse event will be monitored in the treatment period and follow-up period. DISCUSSION This study is designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pediatric Tuina for children with FC, and we hypothesize that pediatric Tuina is more effective than probiotics. It will provide reliable evidence and support for the treatment of FC by pediatric Tuina. TRIAL REGISTRATION This protocol was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100046485). .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghe Zhang
- School of Second Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Department of Tuina, Second Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Luan Hu
- Department of Tuina, Yunnan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Science and Technology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanwang Wang
- School of Second Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Can Zhang
- School of Second Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jinyan Su
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Hua Di
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Pediatric Tuina, Shandong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiantao Tai
- School of Second Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.
| | - Taipin Guo
- School of Second Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.
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Miralizadeh A, Peyman A, Jamali Soltani N, Ashktorab T. Comparison of the Effect of Foot and Palm Reflexology Massage on Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Premature Infants under Noninvasive Ventilation. Complement Med Res 2021; 29:100-108. [PMID: 34818220 DOI: 10.1159/000517982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory distress is one of the life-threatening conditions in preterm infants. Sensory deprivation in preterm infants hospitalized in the intensive care units affects their physiological and psychological development. Therefore, this study is an attempt to compare the effects of foot and palm reflexology on respiratory distress in infants subjected to noninvasive ventilation. METHODS In this clinical study, 150 infants hospitalized at Fatemieh Hospital in Hamadan were randomly assigned to 3 groups. In the intervention groups, the reflexology massage to foot and palm was performed for 10 min within 3 days in 6 rounds. In the control group, leg warming was performed. In each group, the personal information checklist, the respiratory distress score, oxygen saturation percentage, and respiratory rate before and after the daily intervention were examined. Data analysis was performed using the standard statistical tests in SPSS. RESULTS The results mirrored the statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups 3 days into the intervention with regard to the average oxygen saturation percentage, respiratory rate, and the respiratory distress score (p < 0.05). When eliminating the effect of confounding variables, therapeutic intervention applied to palm compared to foot had a greater effect on reducing respiratory distress score in the studied infants. CONCLUSION The reflexology massage method, especially palm reflexology massage, contributes to the mitigation of respiratory distress in preterm infants subjected to noninvasive ventilation. Hence, this low-cost and efficient intervention program can be recommended as a complementary method for preterm infants with respiratory distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysan Miralizadeh
- Department of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Peyman
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Jamali Soltani
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Fatemieh Hospital, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ashktorab
- Department of Management, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Aromatherapy Massage vs. Foot Reflexology on the Severity of Restless Legs Syndrome in Female Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. Geriatrics (Basel) 2021; 6:geriatrics6040099. [PMID: 34698176 PMCID: PMC8544351 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics6040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of reflexology and aromatherapy massage on the severity of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in 105 female patients undergoing hemodialysis. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in a hemodialysis center with 48 beds in a high turnover hospital in an urban area of Iran. Intervention groups received reflexology (n = 35) and aromatherapy massage using lavender essential oil (n = 35) for 24 sessions, and the placebo group (n = 35) received simple foot massage. The restless legs syndrome rating scale was used to assess RLS severity in the groups before the intervention and after 4 and 8 weeks of the interventions. Results obtained by the mixed model analysis 3 * 3 (3 groups * 3 times) revealed the significant effect of time, group, and the time-group interrelationship (p = 0.001). Aromatherapy massage reduced the RLS severity, but reflexology did not appear to cause any significant reduction in it. Therefore, we suggest that aromatherapy massage be incorporated into routine care for relieving the ailment and suffering of patients undergoing hemodialysis.
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Blackburn L, Hill C, Lindsey AL, Sinnott LT, Thompson K, Quick A. Effect of Foot Reflexology and Aromatherapy on Anxiety and Pain During Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2021; 48:265-276. [PMID: 33855996 DOI: 10.1188/21.onf.265-276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if the addition of aromatherapy and foot reflexology to the standard of care improves pain and anxiety in patients receiving brachytherapy for cervical cancer. SAMPLE & SETTING 41 women with locally advanced cervical cancer who received intracavitary brachytherapy as part of their treatment. METHODS & VARIABLES Participants were randomized to either the control group, which received the standard-of-care management during brachytherapy, or the intervention group, which received the addition of aromatherapy and foot reflexology to standard of care. Participants rated their pain on a numeric rating scale and anxiety on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and a numeric rating scale at five different time points. RESULTS All average pain and anxiety scores were equal or lower at each key time point for the intervention group. Statistically significant differences were found for the intervention group for anxiety on the numeric rating scale and on the STAI, but only post-reflexology. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Nurses and other healthcare providers can be trained to provide reflexology during painful, anxiety-producing procedures to increase patient tolerance of these treatments and overall quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Blackburn
- Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute
| | - Catherine Hill
- Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute
| | - Amy L Lindsey
- Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute
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Karatas N, Isler Dalgic A. Is foot reflexology effective in reducing colic symptoms in infants: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2021; 59:102732. [PMID: 33984498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infantile colic and its accompanying crying represent a major source of stress and have negative physiological, emotional and psychological effects on infants and parents. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of foot reflexology for reducing symptoms of infantile colic. DESIGN The study was conducted as a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a sample population of 45 infants diagnosed with infantile colic. METHODS Simple randomization was used to select a reflexology (study) group (n = 20) and a placebo group of infants with colic (n = 25). The parents and biostatistician were blinded to group assessment. Foot reflexology, or stimulating reflex points on the foot, was implemented with the reflexology group. Placebo foot reflexology, or noneffective touch, was used with the placebo group. Over a two-week period, both interventions were performed four times for 20 min each time by the researcher. The researcher collected data using the information form, the Infant Colic Scale (ICS), and a diary of daily crying duration. RESULTS The trial ended with the completion of the data. In each group, 20 infants were studied. The means of the Infant Colic Scale scores and daily crying duration were significantly lower in the foot-reflexology group than in the placebo foot-reflexology group (p < .001). Infants with colic in the reflexology group cried less and experienced fewer symptoms than before treatment. CONCLUSIONS Foot reflexology is a non-invasive and safe nursing intervention that is effective for reducing crying duration and symptoms in infants with colic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimet Karatas
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Nursing, Department of Pediatric Nursing, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Aysegul Isler Dalgic
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Nursing, Department of Pediatric Nursing, Antalya, Turkey.
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Fitri SYR, Wardhani V, Rakhmawati W, Pahria T, Hendrawati S. Culturally Based Practice in Neonatal Procedural Pain Management: A Mini Review. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:540. [PMID: 33014934 PMCID: PMC7494950 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultural factors have gradually become important considerations in health services, including in pain management for adult and pediatric patients. However, research on culturally based pain management in neonates remains limited. This mini review aims to provide an overview of procedural pain management in neonates based on cultural approaches from various countries. The review found that there are several analyses of pain management procedures for neonates developed from cultural practices, namely, acupuncture, foot massage and reflexology, Yakson touch therapy, and aromatherapy. The acupuncture method (invasive and non-invasive) is more widely studied using randomized controlled trials (RCTs) than the other methods because the techniques applied can be standardized and measured. There are indications of the positive impact of all the methods examined in this review, but the results of studies have not been consistent because of the diversity of outcome measurement methods used and because of the difficulty of creating standardized procedures to measure pain management methods that are based on cultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Yuyun Rahayu Fitri
- Pediatric nursing department, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Viera Wardhani
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Windy Rakhmawati
- Pediatric nursing department, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Tuti Pahria
- Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Sri Hendrawati
- Pediatric nursing department, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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