Timing and precision of rattlesnake spinal motoneurons are determined by the KV72/3 potassium channel

Pharmacological modulation of the M-current shapes locomotor function in developing zebrafish

The M-current (IM) is a noninactivating potassium current that has been implicated in the control of locomotion in mammals, where it was shown to shape the rhythm governing locomotor movements. We tested whether IM might also be involved in the control of locomotor movements in developing zebrafish. Specifically, we investigated the involvement of IM in the execution of escape responses and swimming movement of zebrafish aged 4-5 days postfertilization (dpf) using XE-991 and ICA-069673, a pharmacological blocker and enhancer of IM, respectively. We found that IM may influence the number and type of swim bouts in an escape response but not the duration of the first bout nor the tail beat frequency. Enhancing IM reduced the distance swam with slow or fast swimming maneuvers by freely behaving larval zebrafish. We then studied whether IM is involved in locomotor output by spinal circuits using various approaches to induce motor activity in spinalized 4-5 dpf zebrafish. We found that while modulating IM during N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA)-evoked swimming activity had negligible effects, modulating IM during swimming activity evoked by a generalized depolarization of the spinal cord affected specific swimming parameters. In particular, XE-991 and ICA-069673 had opposite effects on overall spiking activity, swimming episode frequency and duration, and the number of bursts within each episode. In summary, IM was found to be involved in certain facets of escape response and swimming in larval zebrafish, and some of this influence resides within the expression of this current in spinal circuits.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate for the first time a role of the M-current in specific parameters of escape responses and swimming in larval zebrafish. Experiments conducted in isolated spinal preparations point to the presence of the M-current in spinal circuits of larval zebrafish.

Motor control: Snake neurons speed up

How are motor neurons tuned for very different jobs? Classic work has focused on variations in motor neuron size and their premotor networks. New results in rattlesnakes show that shifting a motor neuron's temporal precision can be as simple as changing its potassium channel conductance.