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Valim AC, Costa AMD, Quitzan JG, Borges AS, Oliveira-Filho JP, Amorim RM, Andrade DGA. Urothelial carcinoma in a mule. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 139:105127. [PMID: 38852925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Equine bladder neoplasms are rare. This report aimed to describe the clinical signs and treatment of urothelial carcinoma (UC) in a mule. Cystoscopy of a 20-year-old female mule with a one-week history of hematuria and anemia revealed vascular congestion in the mucosa and an intraluminal, pedunculated mass in the dorsal bladder region. Histopathological examination revealed UC. Initial therapy consisted of four weekly cystoscopic guided injections of fluorouracil. At the fourth chemotherapy session, a paler and more friable tumor mass was observed. Consequently, we opted to surgically remove it during cystoscopy. Following mass excision, patient comfort, gross appearance of urine, and the hematocrit returned to normal. Repeat cystoscopy examinations revealed no gross appearance of tumor recurrence 18 months after treatment. Bladder neoplasms clinically resemble urolithiasis and cystitis and should be considered a differential diagnosis in cases of anemia and hematuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Valim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - A M D Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - J G Quitzan
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - A S Borges
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - J P Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - R M Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - D G A Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil.
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Olofsson KM, van de Velde N, Peletto S, Iulini B, Pratley L, Modabberzadeh B, Małek E, Grandi G. First Swedish case of fatal equine parasitic encephalitis by Halicephalobus gingivalis. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:56. [PMID: 38102633 PMCID: PMC10722705 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halicephalobus gingivalis is a nematode with zoonotic potential which can cause fatal opportunistic infections in various mammals. The parasite has never been diagnosed in Sweden, in any species, prior to the presented case. CASE PRESENTATION An imported 21-year-old Icelandic mare developed severe neurological signs. The horse was eventually euthanized and submitted for post-mortem examination where severe lesions in the kidneys were noted. Histopathology revealed the presence of H. gingivalis in both kidneys and the brain. Phylogenetic analysis of the parasite determined it to belong to Lineage 1. CONCLUSIONS With the occurrence of H. gingivalis in Sweden, the disease should be added to the list of differential diagnoses in cases with acute onset of neurological disease in both horses and other mammals including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Maria Olofsson
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Norbert van de Velde
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Iulini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Pratley
- Evidensia Specialisthästsjukhuset Helsingborg, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | | | - Emilian Małek
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giulio Grandi
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Satué K, Fazio E, Gardón JC, Medica P. Contribution of Hemogram Plan in the Horse's Clinical Evaluation. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104292. [PMID: 36958411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The interpretation of the blood count is essential to help the equine clinician in the diagnosis, prognosis, patient management, and control of equine diseases. Hematologic alterations often reflect the condition of the individual or an overall response to a pathological situation. A thorough clinical examination of the patient is essential to correctly interpret the hematological results. The most common abnormalities in the erythrogram are mainly anemia and polycythemia. The frequent causes of anemia in horses are acute and chronic blood loss, hemolytic anemia, and anemia caused by chronic disease. Evaluation of leukogram, including a total white cell count, a differential cell count, absolute numbers of specific leukocytes can help identify abnormalities that may suggest specific diseases such as a viral or bacterial infection, inflammatory disorders or even a neoplastic process. The platelet count is most often used to monitor or diagnose conditions that cause too much bleeding related with thrombocytopenia; it can be due to multiple mechanisms such as reduction of thrombopoiesis (myeloptisis, myelofibrosis, myeloproliferative disease, and idiopathic medullary aplasias or due to the effect of mielosuppresive drugs), increased peripheral destruction of platelets (immune mediated thrombocytopenia), consumption (dissemined intravascular coagulation) sequestration of the spleen and loss of platelets by idiopathic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Juan Carlos Gardón
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Catholic University of Valencia (San Vicente Mártir), Valencia, Spain
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
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4
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Eosinophilic Inflammation and Equine Herpesvirus-1 Associated With Haemorrhagic Cystitis in a Horse. Case Report. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 119:104161. [PMID: 36343833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Equine idiopathic haemorrhagic cystitis (EIHC) is a recently described form of aseptic cystitis in horses in which there is no discernible underlying cause. This case report describes a 9-year-old Thoroughbred gelding that presented with stranguria, pollakiuria, and haematuria. Cystoscopy revealed ulceration and haemorrhage of the bladder mucosa, diffuse mural hyperaemia and marked urine sedimentation. Histopathological evaluation of the bladder revealed chronic active ulcerative neutrophilic, lymphoplasmacytic, and eosinophilic cystitis. There was no bacterial or fungal growth upon culture but polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and sequencing for equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) on bladder mucosa was positive. Conservative therapy with broad spectrum antimicrobials and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy yielded complete resolution of clinical signs with significant improvement of macroscopic lesions in 14 days. Although a positive EHV-1 PCR suggests a viral cause, the horse's clinical signs, histology and recovery rate are more consistent with equine idiopathic haemorrhagic cystitis (EIHC). Neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation is a known feature of EIHC but eosinophilic infiltrates have not been previously described. The significance of the eosinophilic involvement is not certain; however, their presence has been associated with fungal, viral, parasitic, and immune-mediated aetiologies in other body systems. This is the first report of a horse with possible EIHC in Australia, as well as the first case with eosinophilic infiltrates and testing positive for EHV-1.
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Gratwick Z. An updated review: Laboratory investigation of equine renal disease. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Gratwick
- Axiom Veterinary Laboratories Ltd Newton Abbot, Devon UK
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6
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Equine Idiopathic Hemorrhagic Cystitis: Is It Idiopathic or More Likely to Be Exercise-Associated? J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:6-9. [PMID: 31203985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a syndrome called "equine idiopathic hemorrhagic cystitis" was described and clinical features compared with bladder neoplasia. In this case report, we describe a case of hemorrhagic cystitis with a favorable outcome in a high-performance dressage horse, in which exercise intensity might be the etiologic factor for the development of bladder-wall hyperplasia and hematuria. A 14-year-old Warmblood gelding was presented with a history of hematuria of 2-day duration. The high-level dressage horse had performed on the previous 3 weekends and was trained at least three times a week at performance intensity level. Sonographically, the dorsal bladder wall was about 1.5 cm thick and the different layers of the bladder wall could not be differentiated. Endoscopy revealed that the bladder was highly edematous and showed diffuse submucosal bleeding. Histopathological differential diagnoses were severe reactive hyperplasia or a low-grade transitional cell carcinoma. Four months later, bladder wall thickness had decreased to 1.0 cm and the different layers of the bladder wall were easily visible sonographically. Endoscopy showed a normal bladder mucosa. On histopathology, hyperplasia of the epithelium was significantly decreased. A diet low in calcium was recommended after the checkup, and the owners started working the horse very lightly for 2 days a week. Over the following 2 months, hematuria had not recurred. In conclusion, it seems likely that hemorrhagic cystitis in this horse was exercise-associated, but as repeated provocation by high exercise intensity was not performed in this case, this remains an assumption.
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Smith FL, Magdesian KG, Michel AO, Vaughan B, Reilly CM. Equine idiopathic hemorrhagic cystitis: Clinical features and comparison with bladder neoplasia. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1202-1209. [PMID: 29604121 PMCID: PMC5980356 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new syndrome of hematuria in horses has been documented. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Hemorrhagic cystitis is a novel cause of stranguria and hematuria in horses. This syndrome may be difficult to differentiate from bladder neoplasia because they share several clinical features. ANIMALS Eleven horses with idiopathic hemorrhagic cystitis and 7 horses with bladder neoplasia. METHODS Retrospective cohort study. RESULTS Hemorrhagic cystitis was detected on cystoscopy of affected horses, with hemorrhagic and thickened apical bladder mucosa. Clinical signs and endoscopic appearance of the bladder resolved within 3-8 weeks. Histopathology of bladder mucosal biopsy specimens featured neutrophilic and hemorrhagic cystitis. Histopathology was suggestive of dysplasia or neoplasia in 3 horses with hemorrhagic cystitis, yet the horses experienced complete resolution, suggesting that small biopsy specimens obtained by endoscopy can be difficult to interpret. Horses with bladder neoplasia had lower hematocrits, were older, more likely to be female, and more likely to have a mass detected on ultrasonographic examination of the bladder than horses with hemorrhagic cystitis syndrome. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Hemorrhagic cystitis represents a novel differential diagnosis for horses with hematuria, and is associated with a favorable prognosis. Although histopathology may suggest a neoplastic process, affected horses should be monitored cystoscopically, because complete resolution of hemorrhagic cystitis occurs. The cause of this disease is unknown, and warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauna L Smith
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - K Gary Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Adam O Michel
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Betsy Vaughan
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Christopher M Reilly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California
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8
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Martin LM, Jochems BC, Lattimer JC, Johnson PJ, Whelchel DD. Idiopathic renal haematuria in an Egyptian Arabian stallion. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Martin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - B. C. Jochems
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
- Texas A & M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences College Station Texas USA
| | - J. C. Lattimer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - P. J. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - D. D. Whelchel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
- Georgia Equine Veterinary Services Canton Georgia USA
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9
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Sancler-Silva YFR, Silva-Junior ER, Fedorka CE, Scheeren VFC, Cavalero TS, Papa PM, Alvarenga MA, Dell'Aqua JA, Papa FO. New Treatment for Urethral Rent in Stallions. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 64:89-95. [PMID: 30973159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this report is to describe a new methodology to successfully treat stallions diagnosed with urethral rent. Four stallions of ages ranging from 7 to 12 years (median 9) with hemospermia were admitted for clinical evaluation, breeding soundness examination, and urethroscopy for inspection of the urethra and vesicular glands. Once the presence of urethral rent was identified and/or other sources of hemorrhage were excluded, a topical treatment was performed with 4% Policresulen solution (Albocresil). The treatment was carried out by infusing 100 mL of the solution into the lumen of the urethra through a catheter placed up to the region of the ischial arch. This procedure was repeated once daily, or at 48 hours intervals, resulting in a total of 4-7 infusions. In all cases, chemical cauterization was efficient in the healing of the urethral rent. However, due to masturbation during treatment, one animal did not completely heal, and the treatment with the Policresulen was prolonged. It is believed that the low pH of the solution resulted in urethritis, which was treated with systemic therapy of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal. Topical treatment with 4% Policresulen was found to be efficient in the chemical cauterization of urethral rent in stallions. This treatment was efficient, practical, less invasive, and less costly than the alternative of surgical methods, which are more invasive and require longer recovery time of the animal. However, sexual rest and the elimination of sexual stimuli from the environment are essential management in association with this therapeutic method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edjalma R Silva-Junior
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carleigh E Fedorka
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Veronica F C Scheeren
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais S Cavalero
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia M Papa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco A Alvarenga
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose A Dell'Aqua
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico O Papa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Schumacher J, Schumacher J. Bloody urine – the list of differential diagnoses lengthens, but diagnostics remain the same. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Schumacher
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - James Schumacher
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
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Glass KG, Arnold CE, Varner DD, Chaffin MK, Schumacher J. Signalment, clinical features, and outcome for male horses with urethral rents following perineal urethrotomy or corpus spongiotomy: 33 cases (1989–2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:1421-1427. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.12.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Arnold CE, Taylor T, Chaffin MK, Schott HC, Caron JP. Nephrectomy Via Ventral Median Celiotomy in Equids. Vet Surg 2015; 42:275-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E. Arnold
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University; College Station, TX
| | - Tex Taylor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University; College Station, TX
| | - M. Keith Chaffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University; College Station, TX
| | - Harold C. Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI
| | - John P. Caron
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI
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Gracia-Calvo LA, Durán ME, Martín-Cuervo M, Vieítez V, Jiménez J, Ezquerra LJ. Persistent Hematuria as a Result of Chronic Renal Hypertension Secondary to Nephritis in a Stallion. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Madron M, Schleining J, Caston S, Reinertson E, Evans L. Laser treatment of urethral defects in geldings and stallions used as the primary treatment or in combination with a temporary subischial incision: Eight cases (2003-2011). EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Madron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; USA
| | - J. Schleining
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; USA
| | - S. Caston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; USA
| | - E. Reinertson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; USA
| | - L. Evans
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; USA
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Rebsamen E, Geyer H, Fürst A, Eser MW, Koch C, Kummer M. Haematuria in two geldings caused by osteochondroma of the os pubis: Case reports and anatomic study of the os pubis in 41 cadaveric pelvises. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Aleman M, Nieto JE, Higgins JK. Ulcerative cystitis associated with phenylbutazone administration in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:499-503. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.4.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Sponseller BT, Plattner BL, Hostetter JM. Pathology in practice. Halicephalobus gingivalis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:1265-7. [PMID: 21568770 DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.10.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice T Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Savage CJ. Urinary clinical pathologic findings and glomerular filtration rate in the horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008; 24:387-404, vii. [PMID: 18652961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary specific gravity (USG) measurements are underused by equine ambulatory veterinarians. Urinary dipstick and USG findings can assist in the diagnosis and prognosis of many disease processes in the horse. Simple methods for measurement of the glomerular filtration rate and urinary biochemical markers can improve equine urinary diagnostic abilities in critical care patients. Fractional excretion of electrolytes and minerals assists in fluid care and in management of nutrition of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Savage
- Equine Clinical Services, Equine Centre, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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