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Gugliandolo E, Macrì F, Fusco R, Siracusa R, Cordaro M, D'amico R, Peritore AF, Impellizzeri D, Genovese T, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R, Crupi R. Inhibiting IL-6 in medicine: a new twist to sustain inhibition of his cytokine tin the therapy of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Pharmacol Res 2023; 192:106750. [PMID: 37004831 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by an increase in blood pressure in the lungs' arteries. It can occur in a variety of species, including humans, dogs, cats, and horses. To date, PAH has a high mortality rate in both veterinary and human medicine, often due to complications such as heart failure. The complex pathological mechanisms of PAH involve multiple cellular signalling pathways at various levels. IL-6 is a powerful pleiotropic cytokine that regulates several phases of immune response, inflammation, and tissue remodelling. The hypothesis of this study was that the use of an IL-6 antagonist in PAH could interrupt or mitigate the cascade of events that leads to the progression of the disease and the worsening of clinical outcome, as well as tissue remodelling. In this study, we used two pharmacological protocols with an IL-6 receptor antagonist in a monocrotaline-induced PAH model in rats. Our results showed that the use of an IL-6 receptor antagonist had a significant protective effect, ameliorating both haemodynamic parameters, lung and cardiac function, tissue remodelling, and the inflammation associated with PAH. The results of this study suggest that the inhibition IL-6 could be a useful pharmacological strategy in PAH, in both human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Francesco Macrì
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D'amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Gerardo C, Bettschart‐Wolfensberger R. Pre‐operative management of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in a stallion scheduled for castration. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Citarella Gerardo
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Echocardiographic Features of the Ductus Arteriosus and the Foramen Ovale in a Hospital-Based Population of Neonatal Foals. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172242. [PMID: 36077962 PMCID: PMC9454784 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In fetal circulation, the distribution of oxygenated blood from the maternal placenta is facilitated by two intracardiac shunts. Oxygenated blood flows from the right atrium to the left heart through the foramen ovale, which is formed by the septum primum and septum secundum. Less oxygenated blood is directed to the placenta through the ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta. The ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale should close after birth. However, knowledge about the exact time of closure of those structures in foals is limited. The current study investigates the ultrasonographical closure of both the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale in healthy and diseased neonatal foals. Cardiac auscultation and ultrasound were performed on fifty foals. Cardiac murmurs were common, and in some foals, the ductus arteriosus was still open at ten days of age. The foramen ovale was not open; however, a fluttering motion of the septum primum into the left atrium was a common finding in healthy and diseased foals. The exact clinical importance of those findings needs to be further elucidated. Abstract The ductus arteriosus (DA) and foramen ovale (FO), including the septum primum (SP) and septum secundum (SS), are important structures in fetal circulation and are unexplored in neonatal equids. The objective of this study is to describe echocardiographic characteristics in a hospital-based population of neonatal foals. On days 2, 5 and 10 after parturition, cardiac ultrasound was performed, and clinical data were collected in healthy and diseased Warmblood foals. Fifty healthy (n = 15) and diseased (n = 35) Warmblood foals were examined. A left-sided and right-sided holosystolic murmur was audible in 98% (n = 42) and 51% (n = 22), respectively, on day 2; in 81% (n = 25) and 19% (n = 6) on day 5; and in 44% (n = 4) and 11% (n = 1) on day 10. The median grade of the systolic murmurs was higher when the DA was open. Flow through the DA could be visualized with color flow and continuous wave (CW) Doppler from the left parasternal long-axis view of the pulmonary artery in 40/43 foals on day 2, 9/31 foals on day 5 and 2/9 foals on day 10. The DA diameter was 2 ± 1 mm on day 2, 2 ± 1 mm on day 5 and 1 mm on day 10. The thickness of both septa of the FO was similar. The SP fluttered into the left atrium at all ages, but the maximal distance between the SP and SS decreased over time. In conclusion, cardiac murmurs, a patent DA and fluttering FO are frequent findings in neonatal foals. While these findings are probably physiological, the clinical importance needs to be further elucidated.
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Sacks M, Byrne DP, Herteman N, Secombe C, Adler A, Hosgood G, Raisis AL, Mosing M. Electrical impedance tomography to measure lung ventilation distribution in healthy horses and horses with left-sided cardiac volume overload. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2511-2523. [PMID: 34347908 PMCID: PMC8478054 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Left‐sided cardiac volume overload (LCVO) can cause fluid accumulation in lung tissue changing the distribution of ventilation, which can be evaluated by electrical impedance tomography (EIT). Objectives To describe and compare EIT variables in horses with naturally occurring compensated and decompensated LCVO and compare them to a healthy cohort. Animals Fourteen adult horses, including university teaching horses and clinical cases (healthy: 8; LCVO: 4 compensated, 2 decompensated). Methods In this prospective cohort study, EIT was used in standing, unsedated horses and analyzed for conventional variables, ventilated right (VAR) and left (VAL) lung area, linear‐plane distribution variables (avg‐max VΔZLine, VΔZLine), global peak flows, inhomogeneity factor, and estimated tidal volume. Horses with decompensated LCVO were assessed before and after administration of furosemide. Variables for healthy and LCVO‐affected horses were compared using a Mann‐Whitney test or unpaired t‐test and observations from compensated and decompensated horses are reported. Results Compared to the healthy horses, the LCVO cohort had significantly less VAL (mean difference 3.02; 95% confidence interval .77‐5.2; P = .02), more VAR (−1.13; −2.18 to −.08; P = .04), smaller avg‐max VΔZLLine (2.54; 1.07‐4.00; P = .003) and VΔZLLine (median difference 5.40; 1.71‐9.09; P = .01). Observation of EIT alterations were reflected by clinical signs in horses with decompensated LCVO and after administration of furosemide. Conclusions and Clinical Importance EIT measurements of ventilation distribution showed less ventilation in the left lung of horses with LCVO and might be useful as an objective assessment of the ventilation effects of cardiogenic pulmonary disease in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Sacks
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - David P Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicolas Herteman
- Equine Clinic, Department for Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cristy Secombe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Andy Adler
- Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Giselle Hosgood
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Anthea L Raisis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Martina Mosing
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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De Silva M, Tagliavia C, Galiazzo G, Gifuni G, Caiazza M, Chiocchetti R, Grandis A. Morphological variability of the atrioventricular valve cusps in the equine heart. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:167-175. [PMID: 33555625 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morphometric studies of the atrioventricular valves are still limited in the horse. OBJECTIVES To investigate the anatomy of the atrioventricular valves in the horse, focusing on the morphometric features of the valvular leaflets and the tendinous cords. We hypothesised that accessory leaflets occur commonly and exist as independent structures in the atrioventricular valves of the horse. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive anatomical study. METHODS Twenty normal hearts from slaughtered half-bred horses were used. The cardiac weight and circumference were recorded. The atrioventricular valves were exposed by excision of the atria, and the tricuspid and mitral annular diameters and circumferences were measured; the number of leaflets and tendinous cords for each atrioventricular ostium were then counted. The atrioventricular valves were isolated and the width, height and thickness of each leaflet were measured. RESULTS In addition to the principal leaflets, accessory leaflets were identified in 39 of 40 cardiac valves, 2 to 6 accessory leaflets for the mitral valve and 1 to 4 for the tricuspid valve. All the accessory leaflets were separated from the adjacent leaflets at their insertion. They were narrower and thinner than the principal leaflets, and were attached to a single papillary muscle; 95% of the accessory leaflets had two tendinous cords shared with the adjacent leaflets while a minority (34%) had their own specific tendinous cord. MAIN LIMITATIONS Lack of signalment data from the study population. CONCLUSIONS Supernumerary leaflets occurred commonly in the atrioventricular valves of the horse and appeared as independent structures. The clinical relevance of increased numbers of commissures that result from accessory leaflets and their relationship with valvular regurgitation are currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita De Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Tagliavia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annamaria Grandis
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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