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Cooper TK, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Delaney MA, Piersigilli A, Southard TL, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Conditions and Pathology of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Naked Mole Rats, and Rabbits. ILAR J 2022; 62:77-132. [PMID: 34979559 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are valuable resources in biomedical research in investigations of biological processes, disease pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, safety, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Interpretation of data from animals requires knowledge not only of the processes or diseases (pathophysiology) under study but also recognition of spontaneous conditions and background lesions (pathology) that can influence or confound the study results. Species, strain/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, spontaneous diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplasia impact experimental results and interpretation as well as animal welfare. This review and the references selected aim to provide a pathology resource for researchers, pathologists, and veterinary personnel who strive to achieve research rigor and validity and must understand the spectrum of "normal" and expected conditions to accurately identify research-relevant experimental phenotypes as well as unusual illness, pathology, or other conditions that can compromise studies involving laboratory mice, rats, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, naked mole rats, and rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology and the Genetically Modified Animal Phenotyping Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Knutson KA, Petritz OA, Sadar MJ, Cohen EB, Schachterle K, Chen S. Diagnosis and management of nasopharyngeal stenosis in four guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). J Exot Pet Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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3
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Abstract
Sedation and anesthesia in rodent species are complex due to their wide species variation, small size, and metabolism. This review article covers recent advances in sedation and anesthesia as well as an updated drug formulary for sedation protocols. Setup, equipment, monitoring, maintenance, and recovery are reviewed as well as species-specific anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Bennett
- Avian & Exotics Service, Bluepearl Emergency and Specialty Hospital, 7414 S Tamiami Trl. Sarasota, FL 34231, USA.
| | - Kerrie Lewis
- Pebble Creek Animal Hospital, 19440 Bruce B Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33647, USA
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4
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Lee A. Managing Disease Outbreaks in Captive Herds of Exotic Companion Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2021; 24:567-608. [PMID: 34366011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Management of epizootics of exotic companion mammal herds relies on careful observance of animals, proper management and husbandry, adequate nutrition, and stress reduction. Many diseases occur because of the stress of weaning so anticipating this and maximizing sanitation and ventilation, minimizing overcrowding and concurrent disease, and providing enough fiber for herbivores is prudent. Antimicrobial therapy must be carefully considered in the route of administration and the likely risk of enterotoxemia development. Separation of affected animals, rapid diagnostic testing, and implementation of treatment and supportive care minimizes losses during epizootics. Knowledge of potential zoonotic pathogens is important for veterinarians and staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Lee
- The Unusual Pet Vets, 210 Karingal Drive, Frankston, VIC 3199, Australia.
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5
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Marzban Abbasabadi B, Moradi HR, Arefi S, Kyllar M. Histomorphology of the lower respiratory tract in the Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica). Anat Histol Embryol 2021; 50:534-542. [PMID: 33474749 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) (ICP) is widely distributed in Asia; however, compared with other rodents, little is known about the structures of its respiratory system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histomorphology of the lower respiratory portion of the ICP to provide a basis for the identification of the normal structure of this organ. The larynx, trachea and lungs of four carcasses of adult Indian crested porcupines (two males and two females) were dissected and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. The gross anatomy and histology of all specimens were evaluated. A macroscopic evaluation showed unique structures in the ICP respiratory system, including the presence of a chamber-like structure at the origin of the bronchi and a difference in epiglottis shape between males and females. Histologically, the stratified squamous epithelium covered the epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage, and the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium covered the internal part of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. Histomorphological studies showed a few goblet cells in the tracheal epithelium. In the bronchi and larger bronchioles, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia were observed. Bronchi were surrounded by segments of cartilage. Distal bronchioles had a simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium with club (Clara) cells, lacked cartilaginous tissue in their walls and had a complete smooth muscle layer. These results revealed histomorphological differences between the ICP and other rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrokh Marzban Abbasabadi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Moradi
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shirin Arefi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michal Kyllar
- Institute of Anatomy and Histology, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Wien, Austria.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison P Wills
- Department of Animal and Agriculture, Hartpury University, Gloucester, UK
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7
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Tanner L, Single AB. Animal Models Reflecting Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Related Respiratory Disorders: Translating Pre-Clinical Data into Clinical Relevance. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:203-225. [PMID: 31527372 PMCID: PMC7265725 DOI: 10.1159/000502489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the lives of an ever-growing number of people worldwide. The lack of understanding surrounding the pathophysiology of the disease and its progression has led to COPD becoming the third leading cause of death worldwide. COPD is incurable, with current treatments only addressing associated symptoms and sometimes slowing its progression, thus highlighting the need to develop novel treatments. However, this has been limited by the lack of experimental standardization within the respiratory disease research area. A lack of coherent animal models that accurately represent all aspects of COPD clinical presentation makes the translation of promising in vitrodata to human clinical trials exceptionally challenging. Here, we review current knowledge within the COPD research field, with a focus on current COPD animal models. Moreover, we include a set of advantages and disadvantages for the selection of pre-clinical models for the identification of novel COPD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Tanner
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,
| | - Andrew Bruce Single
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Roberts-Steel S, Oxley JA, Carroll A, Wills AP. Frequency of Owner-Reported Bacterial Infections in Pet Guinea Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090649. [PMID: 31487781 PMCID: PMC6770499 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic guinea pigs suffer morbidity and mortality due to a range of bacterial infections amongst other causes. Microorganisms such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and Streptococcus pneumoniae are commonly implicated in respiratory disease; however, there is a lack of research surrounding the prevalence of these bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency with which owners reported bacterial infections in pet guinea pigs and to assess owner knowledge of correct husbandry practices to inform prevention of the development of bacterial infections. An online questionnaire, consisting of 30 questions was promoted to guinea pig owners. Of all respondents (n = 524), 39.39% reported that their guinea pig(s) had been clinically diagnosed with a bacterial infection, with upper respiratory tract infections the most commonly reported (46.95%), followed by urinary tract (15.49%) and then gastrointestinal infections (11.73%). Owners demonstrated knowledge of correct husbandry practices and there was no significant effect (p = 0.475) of owner knowledge on having owned a guinea pig with a bacterial infection. Bacterial infections may be more common in guinea pigs than was previously thought. Further research is required to understand why bacterial infections are common in pet guinea pigs and to help owners to prevent and recognize these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Roberts-Steel
- Animal Welfare Research Arena, Department of Animal and Agriculture, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK.
| | - James A Oxley
- Independent Researcher, Measham, Swadlincote DE12 7LQ, UK.
| | - Aisling Carroll
- Animal Welfare Research Arena, Department of Animal and Agriculture, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK.
| | - Alison P Wills
- Animal Welfare Research Arena, Department of Animal and Agriculture, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK.
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9
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Hensel ME, Garcia-Gonzalez DG, Chaki SP, Samuel J, Arenas-Gamboa AM. Characterization of an intratracheal aerosol challenge model of Brucella melitensis in guinea pigs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212457. [PMID: 30835758 PMCID: PMC6400394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
B. melitensis is considered the most virulent of the Brucella species, and a need exists for an improved laboratory animal model of infection that mimics natural transmission and disease. Guinea pigs are highly susceptible to infection with Brucella spp. and develop a disease syndrome that mimics natural disease after aerosol inoculation. Intratracheal inoculation is a targeted means of generating aerosols that offer advantages over aerosol chamber delivery. To establish this delivery method, female, Hartley guinea pigs were infected via intratracheal inoculation with PBS or 16M B. melitensis at low dose (101 to 103) or high dose (106 to 108) and monitored for 30 days for signs of disease. Guinea pigs in the high dose groups developed fever between 12-17 days post-inoculation. Bacteria were recovered from the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, lung, and uterus at 30-days post-inoculation and demonstrated dose dependent mean increases in colonization and pathologic changes consistent with human brucellosis. To study the kinetics of extrapulmonary dissemination, guinea pigs were inoculated with 107 CFU and euthanized at 2-hours post inoculation and at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. 5.8x105 to 4.2x106 CFU were recovered from the lung 2 hours post-inoculation indicating intratracheal inoculation is an efficient means of infecting guinea pigs. Starting at 1-week post inoculation bacteria were recovered from the aforementioned organs with time dependent mean increases in colonization. This data demonstrates that guinea pigs develop a disease syndrome that models the human manifestation of brucellosis, which makes the guinea pig a valuable model for pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E. Hensel
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Garcia-Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sankar P. Chaki
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - James Samuel
- Texas A&M University, Health Science Center and College of Medicine, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Arenas-Gamboa
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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10
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Hensel ME, Arenas-Gamboa AM. A Neglected Animal Model for a Neglected Disease: Guinea Pigs and the Search for an Improved Animal Model for Human Brucellosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2593. [PMID: 30429834 PMCID: PMC6220108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by species of the Brucella genus and affects a wide variety of domestic and wildlife species and is also an important zoonosis. The global burden of disease is difficult to assess but Brucella spp. have a worldwide distribution and are endemic in the Middle East, Africa, South America, and Asia. The clinical signs of fever and malaise are non-specific, and the available serological diagnostic tests lack a high degree specificity in endemic regions compared to other important public health diseases such as malaria. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of brucellosis through discoveries in animal models could lead to improved diagnostics and potentially a vaccine for human use. Mouse models have played an important role in elucidating the pathogenesis but do not replicate key features of the disease such as fever. Guinea pigs were instrumental in exploring the pathogenesis of brucellosis in the early nineteenth century and could offer an improvement on the mouse model as a model for human brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Hensel
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Angela M Arenas-Gamboa
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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11
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Reczyńska K, Tharkar P, Kim SY, Wang Y, Pamuła E, Chan HK, Chrzanowski W. Animal models of smoke inhalation injury and related acute and chronic lung diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 123:107-134. [PMID: 29108862 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Smoke inhalation injury leads to various acute and chronic lung diseases and thus is the dominant cause of fire-related fatalities. In a search for an effective treatment and validation of therapies different classes of animal models have been developed, which include both small and large animals. These models have advanced our understanding of the mechanism of smoke inhalation injury, enabling a better understanding of pathogenesis and pathophysiology and development of new therapies. However, none of the animal models fully mirrors human lungs and their pathologies. All animal models have their limitations in replicating complex clinical conditions associated with smoke inhalation injury in humans. Therefore, for a correct interpretation of the results and to avoid bias, a precise understanding of similarities and differences of lungs between different animal species and humans is critical. We have reviewed and presented comprehensive comparison of different animal models and their clinical relevance. We presented an overview of methods utilized to induce smoke inhalation injuries, airway micro-/macrostructure, advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used small and large animal models.
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Abstract
There has been a recent trend towards keeping non-traditional companion animals, also known as exotic pets. These pets include parrots, reptiles, amphibians and rabbits, as well as small species of rodent such as degus and guinea pigs. Many of these exotic pet species are not domesticated, and often have special requirements in captivity, which many owners do not have the facilities or knowledge to provide. Keeping animals in settings to which they are poorly adapted is a threat to their welfare. Additionally, owner satisfaction with the animal may be poor due to a misalignment of expectations, which further impacts on welfare, as it may lead to repeated rehoming or neglect. We investigate a range of commonly kept exotic species in terms of their suitability as companion animals from the point of view of animal welfare and owner satisfaction, and make recommendations on the suitability of various species as pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Grant
- Animal Behavior and Welfare Research Group, Department of Animal and Agriculture, University Centre, Hartpury, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK.
| | - V Tamara Montrose
- Animal Behavior and Welfare Research Group, Department of Animal and Agriculture, University Centre, Hartpury, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK.
| | - Alison P Wills
- Animal Health Research Group, Department of Animal and Agriculture, University Centre, Hartpury, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK.
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13
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Minarikova A, Hauptman K, Knotek Z, Jekl V. Microbial flora of odontogenic abscesses in pet guinea pigs. Vet Rec 2016; 179:331. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Minarikova
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackého tř. 1946/1 Brno 61242 Czech Republic
| | - K. Hauptman
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackého tř. 1946/1 Brno 61242 Czech Republic
| | - Z. Knotek
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackého tř. 1946/1 Brno 61242 Czech Republic
| | - V. Jekl
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackého tř. 1946/1 Brno 61242 Czech Republic
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Mancinelli E, Capello V. Anatomy and Disorders of the Oral Cavity of Rat-like and Squirrel-like Rodents. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2016; 19:871-900. [PMID: 27497210 PMCID: PMC7110795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The order Rodentia comprises more than 2000 species divided into 3 groups based on anatomic and functional differences of the masseter muscle. Myomorph and sciuromorph species have elodont incisors and anelodont cheek teeth, unlike hystrichomorph species which have full anelodont dentition. Diseases of incisors and cheek teeth of rat-like and squirrel-like rodents result in a wide variety of symptoms and clinical signs. Appropriate diagnostic testing and imaging techniques are required to obtain a definitive diagnosis, formulate a prognosis, and develop a treatment plan. A thorough review of elodontoma, odontoma, and pseudo-odontoma is provided, including treatment of pseudo-odontomas in prairie dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mancinelli
- Bath Referrals, Rosemary Lodge Veterinary Hospital, Bath, Wellsway, Somerset BA2 5RL, UK.
| | - Vittorio Capello
- Clinica Veterinaria S.Siro, Via Lampugnano, 99, Milano 20151, Italy; Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Via Donatello, 26, Milano 20134, Italy
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15
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Jekl V, Zikmund T, Hauptman K. Dyspnea in a Degu (Octodon degu) Associated with Maxillary Cheek Teeth Elongation. J Exot Pet Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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DeCubellis J. Common Emergencies in Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, and Chinchillas. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2016; 19:411-29. [PMID: 26948264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rabbits, guinea pigs, and chinchillas are some of the more common exotic pets seen in emergency clinics. They frequently present with acute illnesses that are the result of several chronic conditions, most related to inadequate diet and husbandry. This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of some of the more common acute illnesses. It also discusses the predisposing factors that culminate in acute presentations, so that emergency providers can recognize and be mindful of underlying causes of disease before treatment of acute illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie DeCubellis
- Calgary Avian & Exotic Pet Clinic, Bay 1, 2308-24th Street Southwest, Calgary, Alberta T2T 5H8, Canada.
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17
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Minarikova A, Hauptman K, Jeklova E, Knotek Z, Jekl V. Diseases in pet guinea pigs: a retrospective study in 1000 animals. Vet Rec 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Minarikova
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackého 1-3 Brno 61242 Czech Republic
| | - K. Hauptman
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackého 1-3 Brno 61242 Czech Republic
| | - E. Jeklova
- The Department of Immunology; Veterinary Research Institute, v.v.i.; Hudcova 296/70 Brno 62100 Czech Republic
| | - Z. Knotek
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackého 1-3 Brno 61242 Czech Republic
| | - V. Jekl
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackého 1-3 Brno 61242 Czech Republic
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19
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Johnson DH. Emergency Presentations of the Exotic Small Mammalian Herbivore Trauma Patient. J Exot Pet Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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