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Dewi CMS, Dhamayanti Y, Fikri F, Purnomo A, Khairani S, Chhetri S, Purnama MTE. An investigation of syrinx morphometry and sound frequency association during the chirping period in lovebirds ( Agapornis fischeri). F1000Res 2023; 11:354. [PMID: 38779459 PMCID: PMC11109576 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.108884.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: In the issue of biodiversity, the domestication of birds as pets and trade animals requires special attention as a conservation effort. Lovebirds ( Agapornis fischeri) are popular birds worldwide, due to their varied ornamentation and melodic chirping sound. Syrinx structure is suspected to be the main source of sound production during the chirping period. This study aimed to investigate syrinx morphometry and its correlation with sound frequency produced in lovebirds. Methods: A total of 24 lovebirds of different ages and gender were investigated. Polymerase chain reaction method was performed to determine lovebird gender, meanwhile bird age was identified based on post-hatch recordings at the breeding farm. Thus, we enrolled male (n=12) and female (n=12) lovebirds aged 2 (n=4), 3 (n=4), and 4 (n=4) months in the investigation group, respectively. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was performed to evaluate sound frequency during chirping period. Then, syrinx morphometry was identified using a topographic approach and methylene blue staining. Each variable was evaluated with Image J software and vernier caliper. Results: Based on a topographical approach, we reported the general cartilage structure of the tracheosyringeal, bronchosyringeal, paired protrusions, tracheolateral muscles, sternotracheal muscles, and syringeal muscles in lovebird syrinx. In particular, the tympaniform membranes lateral lead a crucial role in modulating the frequency of male lovebirds more significantly (p=0,009) compared to female. On the other hand, the tympaniform membranes lateral dexter (p=0,02) and sinister (p=0,05) in females showed wider compared to male. We also reported a negative correlation between sound frequency compared to tympaniform membranes lateral dexter (y = -913,56x + 6770,8) and sinister (y = -706,16x + 5736). Conclusions: It can be concluded that the tympaniform membranes lateral produced the lovebirds' primary sound. The sound frequency of male lovebirds was higher compared to female, however negatively correlated with the area of tympaniform membranes lateral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cytra Meyliana Surya Dewi
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Yeni Dhamayanti
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Faisal Fikri
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Pathology and Physiology, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Agus Purnomo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Shafia Khairani
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Shekhar Chhetri
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Lobesa, Punakha, 13001, Bhutan
| | - Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
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Marques GN, Cota JB, Leal MO, Silva NU, Flanagan CA, Crosta L, Tavares L, Oliveira M. First Documentation of Exophiala spp. Isolation in Psittaciformes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131699. [PMID: 35804598 PMCID: PMC9264867 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several fungi species are reported to act as opportunistic agents of infection in avian species. After the isolation of Exophiala spp., a dematiaceous fungal pathogen associated with a mucosal lesion in a military macaw (Ara militar), samples were collected from another 24 birds of the order Psittaciformes to study the possibility of Exophiala spp. being part of the commensal microbiota of these animals or its possible association with other clinical conditions. Swab samples were collected from the trachea and/or choanae of the birds and inoculated in Sabouraud chloramphenicol agar for fungal isolation. After incubation, fungal species were identified through their macroscopic and microscopic morphology. The presence of Exophiala spp. was identified in 15 of the 25 birds sampled and no statistical association was found between the clinical record of the birds and the fungal isolation. Our results suggest that Exophiala spp. can colonize the upper respiratory airways of psittaciform birds and has a low pathogenic potential in these animals. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of Exophiala spp. isolation from samples of the upper respiratory tract of Psittaciformes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo N. Marques
- Zoomarine Portugal, E.N. 125, Km 65, 8201-864 Guia, Portugal; (G.N.M.); (M.O.L.); (N.U.S.); (C.A.F.)
| | - João B. Cota
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.B.C.); (L.T.)
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miriam O. Leal
- Zoomarine Portugal, E.N. 125, Km 65, 8201-864 Guia, Portugal; (G.N.M.); (M.O.L.); (N.U.S.); (C.A.F.)
| | - Nuno U. Silva
- Zoomarine Portugal, E.N. 125, Km 65, 8201-864 Guia, Portugal; (G.N.M.); (M.O.L.); (N.U.S.); (C.A.F.)
| | - Carla A. Flanagan
- Zoomarine Portugal, E.N. 125, Km 65, 8201-864 Guia, Portugal; (G.N.M.); (M.O.L.); (N.U.S.); (C.A.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Crosta
- AEZAVEC (Avian, Exotic and Zoo Animal Veterinary Consultants), 22040 Tirol, Italy;
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.B.C.); (L.T.)
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.B.C.); (L.T.)
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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