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Estevam MV, Toniollo GH, Apparicio M. The most common congenital malformations in dogs: Literature review and practical guide. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105230. [PMID: 38492280 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Congenital malformations can affect almost 7% of canine newborns. The increase of commercial dog breeding and inbreeding used to maintain the striking characteristics of each breed, the appearance of malformations has become increasingly common, especially in brachycephalic dogs. The causes are diverse, and include genetic, nutritional, iatrogenic, and infectious factors, often making it difficult to establish a cause-consequence relationship. The high mortality associated with malformations comes not only from the fact that some are incompatible with life, but also because even if many undergo surgical treatment or correction, they require specific management, monitoring, and clinical treatment for an indefinite period of time. The most common malformations such as cleft lip and palate, hydrocephalus and anasarca have been studied for a long time, and it is currently known that brachycephalic dogs have a greater predisposition, however, for other less common conditions as gastroschisis and hypospadias, there is only a few case reports. The appearance of congenital defects in a litter leads to financial losses for the breeder, emotional losses for the owner and the veterinarian and harms the well-being of that individual. For this reason, the aim of this review article is to gather relevant information on the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of the main malformations in puppies. It is essential that the veterinarian is prepared to diagnose and treat these conditions, reducing negative impacts on animals and owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vilela Estevam
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University - FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilson Helio Toniollo
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University - FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Maricy Apparicio
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University - FMVZ Unesp, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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2
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De Decker S, Rohdin C, Gutierrez-Quintana R. Vertebral and spinal malformations in small brachycephalic dog breeds: Current knowledge and remaining questions. Vet J 2024; 304:106095. [PMID: 38458418 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Small brachycephalic dog breeds, such as the French bulldog, English bulldog and pug have become increasingly popular. These breeds are predisposed to a variety of vertebral and spinal malformations, including hemivertebra, caudal articular process dysplasia, transitional vertebra, cranial thoracic vertebral canal stenosis, spinal arachnoid diverticulum and meningeal fibrosis. Recent studies have provided new insights into the prevalence, anatomical characteristics, pathophysiology and treatment of these conditions. Thoracic hemivertebra, caudal articular process dysplasia, transitional vertebra, and cranial thoracic vertebral canal stenosis occur commonly in neurologically normal dogs. Although the clinical relevance of these vertebral anomalies has therefore been questioned, severe kyphosis and hemivertebra in pugs have been associated with an increased likelihood of neurological signs. Meningeal fibrosis is characterised by the formation of dense intradural fibrotic adhesions, constricting the spinal cord. This condition has been heavily associated with the pug breed. It is in pugs further common to observe multiple concurrent spinal disorder in association with chronic progressive pelvic limb gait abnormalities. This clinical presentation has been referred to as 'pug dog thoracolumbar myelopathy' and potential genetic risk factors have recently been identified. Despite our increased knowledge, many questions remain currently unanswered. This review discusses our current understanding and controversies surrounding vertebral and spinal malformations in small brachycephalic dog breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Cecilia Rohdin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, University Animal Hospital, Uppsala 75007, Sweden; Anicura Albano Small Animal Hospital, Danderyd 18236, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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3
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Guan T, Tatu R, Wima K, Oria M, Peiro JL, Lin CY, Rao MB. Profile of a Multivariate Observation under Destructive Sampling-A Monte Carlo Approach to a Case of Spina Bifida. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:249. [PMID: 38534523 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A biodegradable hybrid polymer patch was invented at the University of Cincinnati to cover gaps on the skin over the spinal column of a growing fetus, characterized by the medical condition spina bifida. The inserted patch faces amniotic fluid (AF) on one side and cerebrospinal fluid on the other side. The goal is to provide a profile of the roughness of a patch over time at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks with a 95% confidence band. The patch is soaked in a test tube filled with either amniotic fluid (AF) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in the lab. If roughness is measured at any time point for a patch, the patch is destroyed. Thus, it is impossible to measure roughness at all weeks of interest for any patch. It is important to assess the roughness of a patch because the rougher the patch is, the faster the skin grows under the patch. We use a model-based approach with Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the profile over time with a 95% confidence band. The roughness profiles are similar with both liquids. The profile can be used as a template for future experiments on the composition of patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Guan
- College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Rigwed Tatu
- The Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Koffi Wima
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Marc Oria
- The Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jose L Peiro
- The Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chia-Ying Lin
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Marepalli B Rao
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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4
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Ferreira CD, Filho JLS, Elbabaa SK, Brandão MFH, de Almeida Holanda MM, de Souza MS, Fernandes MP, de Sousa EAG, Lyra M. The role of a new anatomical simulator for meningomyelocele in the training of neurosurgeons. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:2433-2438. [PMID: 36609511 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-022-05804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcos Lyra
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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5
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Dell'Apa D, Fumeo M, Volta A, Bernardini M, Fidanzio F, Buffagni V, Christen M, Jagannathan V, Leeb T, Bianchi E. Case report: Sacral agenesis in two boxer dogs: clinical presentation, diagnostic investigations, and outcome. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1201484. [PMID: 37303726 PMCID: PMC10248164 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Two boxer dogs from the same litter were presented at 3 months of age for urinary and fecal incontinence. Both dogs had an abnormal tail consisting of a small stump, an atonic anal sphincter, and absent perineal reflex and sensation. Neurological evaluation was indicative of a lesion of the cauda equina or sacral spinal cord. Radiology and CT scan of the spine displayed similar findings in the two dogs that were indicative of sacral agenesis. Indeed, they had 6 lumbar vertebrae followed by a lumbosacral transitional vertebra, lacking a complete spinous process, and a hypoplastic vertebra carrying 2 hypoplastic sacral transverse processes as the only remnant of the sacral bone. Caudal vertebrae were absent in one of the dogs. On MRI, one dog had a dural sac occupying the entire spinal canal and ending in a subfascial fat structure. In the other dog, the dural sac finished in an extracanalar, subfascial, well-defined cystic structure, communicating with the subarachnoid space, and consistent with a meningocele. Sacral agenesis-that is the partial or complete absence of the sacral bones-is a neural tube defect occasionally reported in humans with spina bifida occulta. Sacral agenesis has been described in human and veterinary medicine in association with conditions such as caudal regression syndrome, perosomus elumbis, and Currarino syndrome. These neural tube defects are caused by genetic and/or environmental factors. Despite thorough genetic investigation, no candidate variants in genes with known functional impact on bone development or sacral development could be found in the affected dogs. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing similar sacral agenesis in two related boxer dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Dell'Apa
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Fumeo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonella Volta
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Bernardini
- Neurodiagnostic Unit, Anicura Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Clinical Section, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Matthias Christen
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ezio Bianchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Acosta-Medina E, Zorro-Guío OF, Abdala-Vargas NJ, Jacomussi-Alzate L, Figueredo LF, Johnson JM, Patiño-Gómez JG, Ordóñez-Rubiano EG. Postnatal Surgical Correction of Myelomeningoceles: Preoperative and Intraoperative Risk Factors Associated with Postoperative Neurologic Outcomes. World Neurosurg 2023; 170:e629-e638. [PMID: 36410703 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Open spina bifida or myelomeningocele (MMC) is a congenital defect that results from failure of caudal neurulation. We present a case series of patients who were treated with postnatal surgical correction for MMC, evaluating the possible preoperative and intraoperative risk factors associated with neurologic outcomes. METHODS A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent postnatal surgical correction for MMCs over 11 years at our institution was performed. MMCs were classified based on their morphologic configuration into 3 types. Type I includes defects without a sac and there is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Type II includes where there is a sac ≤4 cm, with or without CSF leak. Type III includes defects with a sac that are greater than 4 cm. RESULTS Fifty patients were included. The median age of gestation at surgery was 37.4 weeks. There were 30 females (60%). All mothers received adequate folate supplementation. All patients underwent surgical correction in the first 48 hours. Lower extremity motor function at the last clinical follow-up was normal in 34 patients (68%). CSF leak, infection, and mortality were 8%, 2%, and 0%, respectively. Twenty-one patients (42%) underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus. CONCLUSIONS Despite there being no statistically significant associations with a timely closure, all cases were treated within the first 48 hours and this could influence the low complication rate. Individuals of Hispanic background who received appropriate folate supplementation still had high rates of MMC and we posit that this may be caused in part by a genetic/molecular predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Acosta-Medina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital de San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar F Zorro-Guío
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital de San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nadin J Abdala-Vargas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital de San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lorena Jacomussi-Alzate
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital de San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luisa F Figueredo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Stem Cell Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jason M Johnson
- Neuroradiology, Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Javier G Patiño-Gómez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital de San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Edgar G Ordóñez-Rubiano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital de San José, Bogotá, Colombia; Research Institute, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital de San José, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Akar M, Çetin G, İnal M, Helvaci M, Dündar NO, Ergin F, Uygur Ö, Akbay S, Özdemir N, Arslan MK, Öncel MY. Postnatal surgery for myelomeningocele in neonates: neurodevelopmental outcomes. Turk J Med Sci 2023; 53:88-93. [PMID: 36945937 PMCID: PMC10388020 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to evaluate the neurodevelopmental outcomes of neonates with myelomeningocele (MMC) operated in the postnatal period. METHODS This is a prospective follow-up study in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of term neonates operated for MMC and healthy term newborns were compared with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development -Third Edition (BSID III) at 12-18 months. RESULTS A total of 57 cases were included in the study (patient group = 27; control group = 30). Demographic data between the groups were similar. Cognitive, linguistic, and motor composite scores of the patient group were lower than those of the control group (p < 0.001). In the patient group, those who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt had lower cognitive, language and motor scores than those without shunt (p < 0.05). The cognitive, linguistic, and motor composite scores in the patient group who underwent surgery before 72 h were better than those who underwent surgery after 72 h. DISCUSSION In our study, it was found that the neurodevelopmental prognosis of MMC cases requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunt in the postnatal period was significantly worse than those without shunt. It is the first study in which the neurodevelopment of patients with MMC who were operated in the postnatal period was evaluated with BSID III evaluated and delays in all areas were shown in cases with MMC compared to normal cases. Better neurodevelopmental outcomes in patients operated in the first 72 h suggest that early surgery will improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in patients with MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Akar
- Division of Neonatology, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, İzmir Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Çetin
- Division of Neonatology, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mine İnal
- Division of Child Development, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Helvaci
- Division of Pediatrics, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey ; Division of Pediatrics, İzmir Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nihal Olgaç Dündar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Firat Ergin
- Division of Neonatology, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Özgün Uygur
- Division of Neonatology, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sinem Akbay
- Division of Neonatology, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nail Özdemir
- Department of Neurosurgery, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Meltem Koyuncu Arslan
- Division of Neonatology, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yekta Öncel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
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Wang A, Clark K, Amador A. Convergence of human and veterinary medicine: leveraging canine naturally occurring neurological disorders to develop regenerative treatments. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:541-542. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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9
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Gernone F, Uva A, Cavalera MA, Zatelli A. Neurogenic Bladder in Dogs, Cats and Humans: A Comparative Review of Neurological Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3233. [PMID: 36496754 PMCID: PMC9739254 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) includes abnormalities in the structure and function of the bladder and the urethra. LUTD caused by neurological disease is defined neurogenic bladder (NB). The integrity of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) is required to explicate normal micturition, maintaining the proper function of bladder and urethra. The location and type of neurological lesions influence the pattern of clinical manifestations, potential treatment, and prognosis. Though, in dogs and cats, spinal cord injury is considered mainly responsible for bladder and/or urethra incompetence, other disorders, congenital or acquired, involving CNS or PNS, could play a role in NB. In veterinary medicine, the information about the epidemiology, prevalence, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of NB are scattered. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the epidemiology, prevalence, clinical findings, diagnosis and prognosis for NB in dogs and cats compared with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Gernone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
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10
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Takahashi K, Kimura S, Chambers JK, Nakano Y, Ishikawa T, Maeda S, Kamishina H. Case Report: Surgical Treatment of Type IV Spinal Dermoid Sinus in a Shiba Inu. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:849025. [PMID: 35400090 PMCID: PMC8985408 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.849025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old spayed female Shiba Inu was presented with progressive non-ambulatory bilateral paraparesis, back pain, and urinary incontinence. CT and MRI revealed multiple vertebral malformations and type IV dermoid sinus. Hemilaminectomy was performed in T1–T5 to remove the dermoid sinus and granulomatous lesion that infiltrated into the spinal cord parenchyma. Histopathological examination of the excised tissue revealed type IV dermoid sinus with granulomatous meningomyelitis. After surgery, back pain was resolved, and the dog recovered ambulation and voluntary urination at the time of follow-up 4 months after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Takahashi
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kimura
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - James K. Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakano
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroaki Kamishina
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11
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Gutierrez‐Quintana R, Decker S. Tail end of the brachycephalic problem: diagnostic and treatment options for spinal malformations. IN PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Zarzycki A, Thomas ZM, Mazrier H. Comparison of inherited neural tube defects in companion animals and livestock. Birth Defects Res 2020; 113:319-348. [PMID: 33615733 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are congenital malformations resulting from the improper or incomplete closure of the neural tube during embryonic development. A number of similar malformations of the protective coverings surrounding the central nervous system are also often included under this umbrella term, which may not strictly fit this definition. A range of NTD phenotypes exist and have been reported in humans and a wide range of domestic and livestock species. In the veterinary literature, these include cases of anencephaly, encephalocele, dermoid sinus, spina bifida, and craniorachischisis. While environmental factors have a role, genetic predisposition may account for a significant part of the risk of NTDs in these animal cases. Studies of laboratory model species (fish, birds, amphibians, and rodents) have been instrumental in improving our understanding of the neurulation process. In mice, over 200 genes that may be involved in this process have been identified and variant phenotypes investigated. Like laboratory mouse models, domestic animals and livestock species display a wide range of NTD phenotypes. They remain, however, a largely underutilized population and could complement already established laboratory models. Here we review reports of NTDs in companion animals and livestock, and compare these to other animal species and human cases. We aim to highlight the potential of nonlaboratory animal models for mutation discovery as well as general insights into the mechanisms of neurulation and the development of NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Zarzycki
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zoe M Thomas
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hamutal Mazrier
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Butterfield S, Garcia-Gonzalez B, Driver CJ, Rusbridge C. Limited dorsal myeloschisis in three cats: a distinctive form of neural tube defect. JFMS Open Rep 2020; 6:2055116920924307. [PMID: 32655875 PMCID: PMC7328493 DOI: 10.1177/2055116920924307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Case series summary The aim of this case series was to describe the clinical presentation,
imaging findings and histopathology of three cats with limited dorsal
myeloschisis (LDM). The history, examination and MRI sequences were reviewed
in three cases presented to a single referral hospital. The surgery report
and histopathology were described in two cases. All cats were young (10
weeks old, 5 months old, 4 years old), presenting with varying degrees of
progressive paraparesis. All had a midline skin defect overlying the spinal
column that was either sunken or saccular, containing fluid thought to be
cerebrospinal fluid. MRI sequences demonstrated tissue extending from the
dura through an overlying bifid spinous process and attached to the dermis,
with associated spinal cord tethering, atrophy and syringomyelia. Lesions
were located at L2–L3, T8–T9 and L4. Histopathology described a fibroneural
stalk with a glio-ependymal lining, surrounded by glial nests and nerve
fibres. The youngest and most severely affected was euthanased, while the
other two underwent surgery. Both regained independent ambulation with
persistent paraparesis; however, one required ongoing management of urinary
incontinence. Relevance and novel information LDM is a primary neural tube defect that may result in neurological deficits,
including bladder dysfunction, and is characterised by a fibroneural stalk
between the dermis and the spinal cord. Distinct MRI features, such as a
visible intrathecal tract, dorsally tethered cord and syringomyelia, help
distinguish this condition from the clinically similar dermoid sinus. The
presence of progressive neurological signs, with a palpable midline defect
overlying the affected spinal cord segment, may raise suspicion for this
clinical entity in veterinary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Colin J Driver
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Orthopaedics and Neurology, Eashing, UK
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Orthopaedics and Neurology, Eashing, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Vet School Main Building (VSM), University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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14
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Martín Muñiz L, Del Magno S, Gandini G, Pisoni L, Menchetti M, Foglia A, Ródenas S. Surgical outcomes of six bulldogs with spinal lumbosacral meningomyelocele or meningocele. Vet Surg 2019; 49:200-206. [PMID: 31758707 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the surgical treatment and outcome of six bulldogs with spina bifida (SB) and meningocele (MC) or meningomyelocele (MMC). STUDY DESIGN Case series. ANIMALS Five French bulldogs and one English bulldog with MC or MMC. METHODS Medical records of dogs with spinal MC or MMC diagnosed by MRI at two institutions between 2013 and 2016 were reviewed for surgical treatment and outcomes. RESULTS Meningocele was diagnosed in two dogs, and MMC was diagnosed in four dogs. A lumbosacral dimple was noted in all dogs along with neurological deficits most commonly consisting of urinary and fecal incontinence (n = 6) and mild/moderate paraparesis (n = 3). Dorsal laminectomy was performed in all dogs to allow dissection of the meningeal sac to the vertebral column defect. In dogs with MMC, nerves were repositioned and protruded meninges were removed prior to suturing remaining meninges. Adhesions and filum terminale were resected in two dogs with suspected tethered cord syndrome. Urinary and fecal incontinence improved in two dogs and remained unchanged in four. Paraparesis improved in two dogs. CONCLUSION Surgical treatment resulted in partial improvement of the urinary and fecal incontinence (2/6 dogs) and paraparesis (2/3 dogs) or stable neurological condition (3/6 dogs), with only minor temporary complications. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In the absence of published data comparing surgical and conservative treatment of puppies affected by SB and MC or MMC, early surgical treatment can be considered to prevent deterioration of neurological signs and, eventually, facilitate improvement of neurological signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martín Muñiz
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara Del Magno
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Gandini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Luciano Pisoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Marika Menchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Armando Foglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
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15
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Musso C, Bismuth C, Cauzinille L. Thoracic meningomyelocele associated with spina bifida in a Malinois dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Kopke MA, Jack MW, Baltzer WI, Wightman PF, Gal A. Dermoid sinus type VI associated with spina bifida and tethered cord syndrome in a French Bulldog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:294-297. [PMID: 30734666 PMCID: PMC6838840 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719827626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-mo-old French bulldog was presented with acute onset pain and reluctance to move. A tubular structure arising in the dorsal thoracic midline and extending from a cutaneous orifice into deeper tissues was palpated on physical examination. Computed tomography with sinography revealed a dermoid sinus associated with spina bifida at the level of T3-T4. On surgical exploration, the dermoid sinus was found to communicate with the dura. Histology confirmed the diagnosis and classification as a type VI dermoid sinus. The pain response and hyperesthesia were suspected to be the result of tethered cord syndrome. Complete resolution of clinical signs was appreciated post-surgery, with the patient still free of clinical signs 3 mo later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Kopke
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Malcolm W. Jack
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wendy I. Baltzer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul F. Wightman
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Arnon Gal
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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17
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Fawcett A, Barrs V, Awad M, Child G, Brunel L, Mooney E, Martinez-Taboada F, McDonald B, McGreevy P. Consequences and Management of Canine Brachycephaly in Veterinary Practice: Perspectives from Australian Veterinarians and Veterinary Specialists. Animals (Basel) 2018; 9:E3. [PMID: 30577619 PMCID: PMC6356869 DOI: 10.3390/ani9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article, written by veterinarians whose caseloads include brachycephalic dogs, argues that there is now widespread evidence documenting a link between extreme brachycephalic phenotypes and chronic disease, which compromises canine welfare. This paper is divided into nine sections exploring the breadth of the impact of brachycephaly on the incidence of disease, as indicated by pet insurance claims data from an Australian pet insurance provider, the stabilization of respiratory distress associated with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), challenges associated with sedation and the anaesthesia of patients with BOAS; effects of brachycephaly on the brain and associated neurological conditions, dermatological conditions associated with brachycephalic breeds, and other conditions, including ophthalmic and orthopedic conditions, and behavioural consequences of brachycephaly. In the light of this information, we discuss the ethical challenges that are associated with brachycephalic breeds, and the role of the veterinarian. In summary, dogs with BOAS do not enjoy freedom from discomfort, nor freedom from pain, injury, and disease, and they do not enjoy the freedom to express normal behaviour. According to both deontological and utilitarian ethical frameworks, the breeding of dogs with BOAS cannot be justified, and further, cannot be recommended, and indeed, should be discouraged by veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fawcett
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Vanessa Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Magdoline Awad
- PetSure, 465 Victoria Avenue, Chatswood, NSW 2067, Australia.
| | - Georgina Child
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Laurencie Brunel
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Erin Mooney
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Fernando Martinez-Taboada
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Beth McDonald
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Paul McGreevy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
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18
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Guo S, Fan XF, Jin JY, Fan LL, Zeng L, Zhou ZB, Xiang R, Tang JY. A novel proximal 3q29 chromosome microdeletion in a Chinese patient with Chiari malformation type II and Sprengel's deformity. Mol Cytogenet 2018; 11:8. [PMID: 29410707 PMCID: PMC5781338 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-018-0358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chiari malformation type II (CM-II) is mainly characterized by elongation and descent of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum into the spinal canal. Moreover, CM-II is uniquely associated with myelomeningocele. Sprengel’s deformity refers to the malposition of the scapula, i.e. scapular elevation which is sometimes accompanied with scapula dysplasia. Although few familial cases of CM-II and Sprengel’s deformity have been previously reported, both of these defects are considered to be sporadic, thus the exact etiology and causative genes have largely remained unknown. Case presentation The patient was diagnosed with CM-II accompanied with Sprengel’s deformity. Further genetic investigation revealed a novel 666 kb microdeletion located in 3q29 (chr3:194,532,035–195,198,585; Hg19). Subsequently, genes within the affected region were summarized, and XXYLT1 and ACAP2 were identified as the candidate genes. Conclusion We reported a case of a patient with CM-II and Sprengel’s deformity harboring a microdeletion in 3q29. This case highlights the importance of 3q29 in early neural and skeletal development, as well as expands the phenotype spectrum of this rare disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Guo
- 1Department of orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410078 People's Republic of China.,2School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Feng Fan
- 1Department of orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Yuan Jin
- 2School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Liang Fan
- 2School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zeng
- 1Department of orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Bing Zhou
- 1Department of orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiang
- 1Department of orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410078 People's Republic of China.,2School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 People's Republic of China
| | - Ju-Yu Tang
- 1Department of orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410078 People's Republic of China
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Ryan R, Gutierrez-Quintana R, ter Haar G, De Decker S. Prevalence of thoracic vertebral malformations in French bulldogs, Pugs and English bulldogs with and without associated neurological deficits. Vet J 2017; 221:25-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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