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Estevam MV, Toniollo GH, Apparicio M. The most common congenital malformations in dogs: Literature review and practical guide. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105230. [PMID: 38492280 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Congenital malformations can affect almost 7% of canine newborns. The increase of commercial dog breeding and inbreeding used to maintain the striking characteristics of each breed, the appearance of malformations has become increasingly common, especially in brachycephalic dogs. The causes are diverse, and include genetic, nutritional, iatrogenic, and infectious factors, often making it difficult to establish a cause-consequence relationship. The high mortality associated with malformations comes not only from the fact that some are incompatible with life, but also because even if many undergo surgical treatment or correction, they require specific management, monitoring, and clinical treatment for an indefinite period of time. The most common malformations such as cleft lip and palate, hydrocephalus and anasarca have been studied for a long time, and it is currently known that brachycephalic dogs have a greater predisposition, however, for other less common conditions as gastroschisis and hypospadias, there is only a few case reports. The appearance of congenital defects in a litter leads to financial losses for the breeder, emotional losses for the owner and the veterinarian and harms the well-being of that individual. For this reason, the aim of this review article is to gather relevant information on the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of the main malformations in puppies. It is essential that the veterinarian is prepared to diagnose and treat these conditions, reducing negative impacts on animals and owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vilela Estevam
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University - FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilson Helio Toniollo
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University - FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Maricy Apparicio
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University - FMVZ Unesp, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Dall'Olio A, Matias G, Carvalho H, Carreira ACO, Campanelli T, Batista V, Dantas J, Fratini P, Miglino MA. Utilization of a Decellularized Skin Scaffold for Repair of a Cleft Palate in a Dog: A Case Report. J Vet Dent 2024; 41:225-234. [PMID: 37644824 DOI: 10.1177/08987564231197146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Cleft palates are oral deformities that mostly affect puppies. They are frequently extensive and characterized by bone and palatal mucosa malformation. This deformity is a serious condition that may result in the death of the dog, therefore surgical treatment is recommended. Tissue bioengineering has emerged as a valuable option to treat cleft palates by applying acellular biological scaffolds as grafts. This case report proposed a new approach for surgical correction of canine cleft palate through a grafting technique using a decellularized scaffold. A decellularized portion of skin was implanted to correct a large cleft palate in a 3-month-old female Pug dog. The skin fragment was obtained from a dog cadaver and a decellularization protocol was performed. Under general anesthesia, a bilateral mucoperiosteal separation of the entire length of cleft margins was performed, and the scaffold was then positioned between the tissue and the bone palate. The interaction of the grafted scaffold with the oral mucosa and palatine layers resulted in total cleft closure, without postsurgical rejection or infection, indicating the applicability of this technique in dog's cleft palate correction. This is the first reported case demonstrating this new technique, which resulted in full cleft closure and healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Dall'Olio
- Department of Surgery, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Matias
- Department of Surgery, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hianka Carvalho
- Department of Surgery, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia O Carreira
- Department of Surgery, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Campanelli
- Department of Surgery, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitoria Batista
- Department of Surgery, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Dantas
- Department of Surgery, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Fratini
- Department of Surgery, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Miglino
- Department of Surgery, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Ruszkowski JJ, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Nowak T, Rozynek J, Serwanska-Leja K, Gogulski M, Kolodziejski P, Switonski M, Zdun M, Szczerbal I. Cleft Lip and Palate in Four Full-Sib Puppies from a Single Litter of Staffordshire Bull Terrier Dogs: An Anatomical and Genetic Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2749. [PMID: 37685013 PMCID: PMC10486559 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is a well-known congenital defect in dogs, characterized by abnormal communication between the oral and nasal cavities. Its incidence rate is high and affects all dog breeds. The etiology of CLP is thought to be multifactorial, caused by both genetic and environmental factors. In this study, four puppies out of seven from a single litter of Staffordshire Bull Terrier dogs with craniofacial abnormalities were anatomically and genetically examined. Classical anatomical preparation, dyed-latex-injection of the arterial vessels, and cone-beam computed tomography were used. The puppies showed variations in their observable abnormalities: three of them had a complete cleft of the palate on both sides, while one puppy had a cleft on the right side only. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal diploid chromosome number (2n = 78,XX or 78,XY) in the studied animals. Known genomic variants of CLP were examined in the ADAMTS20, DLX6, and MYH3 genes, but no mutations were identified. Further studies are needed to identify the breed-specific genetic variants associated with canine CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub J. Ruszkowski
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland; (J.J.R.); (K.S.-L.)
| | - Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (J.N.-W.); (T.N.); (J.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (J.N.-W.); (T.N.); (J.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Jedrzej Rozynek
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (J.N.-W.); (T.N.); (J.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Serwanska-Leja
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland; (J.J.R.); (K.S.-L.)
| | - Maciej Gogulski
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
- University Centre for Veterinary Medicine, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Szydłowska 43, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel Kolodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (J.N.-W.); (T.N.); (J.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Maciej Zdun
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland; (J.J.R.); (K.S.-L.)
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (J.N.-W.); (T.N.); (J.R.); (M.S.)
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Dead or Alive? A Review of Perinatal Factors That Determine Canine Neonatal Viability. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111402. [PMID: 35681866 PMCID: PMC9179255 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The article summarizes the current knowledge on factors related to pregnancy, parturition, and newborns that affect the health status of a puppy and determine its chances for survival and development. The detailed information is provided in terms of breed predispositions, objectives of pregnancy monitoring, potential sources of complications, and veterinary advances in care and treatment of perinatal conditions. Successful pregnancy outcomes still pose challenges in veterinary neonatology; thus, publications presenting the current state of knowledge in this field are in demand. Abstract The perinatal period has a critical impact on viability of the newborns. The variety of factors that can potentially affect the health of a litter during pregnancy, birth, and the first weeks of life requires proper attention from both the breeder and the veterinarian. The health status of puppies can be influenced by various maternal factors, including breed characteristics, anatomy, quality of nutrition, delivery assistance, neonatal care, and environmental or infectious agents encountered during pregnancy. Regular examinations and pregnancy monitoring are key tools for early detection of signals that can indicate disorders even before clinical signs occur. Early detection significantly increases the chances of puppies’ survival and proper development. The purpose of the review was to summarize and discuss the complex interactions between all elements that, throughout pregnancy and the first days of life, have a tangible impact on the subsequent fate of the offspring. Many of these components continue to pose challenges in veterinary neonatology; thus, publications presenting the current state of knowledge in this field are in demand.
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Garnier P, Viateau V, Manassero M, Maurice E. Surgically treated congenital cleft palate in a 4-month-old kitten: medium-term clinical and CT assessment. JFMS Open Rep 2022; 8:20551169221082556. [PMID: 35342638 PMCID: PMC8943469 DOI: 10.1177/20551169221082556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 4-month-old female domestic shorthair kitten was presented for a congenital cleft
palate causing nasal discharge and sneezing episodes. CT revealed a palatal bone defect
involving 20% of the palatal area. Surgical correction of both the hard and soft palate
defects was performed using the overlapping and medially positioned flap techniques,
respectively. Complete healing of the wound and full resolution of the clinical signs
occurred within a 1-month period. At 2 months postoperatively, two punctiform oronasal
fistulae were observed rostrally without associated clinical signs. Control CT,
performed 6 months postoperatively, revealed a 50% enlargement of the palatal bone
defect. At 12 months postoperatively, the cat was still in good general condition
without any clinical signs. Relevance and novel information To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the treatment of a
congenital cleft palate in a kitten using the overlapping flap technique with a
successful medium-term clinical outcome, despite the formation of two oronasal fistulae.
This suggests that, as in dogs, full restoration of oronasal compartmentation is not
mandatory to achieve functional outcome. The increase of the palatal bone defect over
time may play a role in late oronasal fistulae formation and should be considered for
surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Garnier
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Véronique Viateau
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathieu Manassero
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emeline Maurice
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Goldschmidt S, Hoyer N. Management of Dental and Oral Developmental Conditions in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 52:139-158. [PMID: 34838248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dental and oral disorders are present in juvenile patients less than 12 months of age. The conditions are diverse ranging from cosmetic only to requiring advanced surgical intervention to alleviate pain and secondary complications. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and appropriate treatment of dental abnormalities including abnormalities in the number, structure, size, and shape of teeth, as well as oral abnormalities including malocclusions, congenital cleft lip and palate, developmental abnormalities resulting in bony proliferation, and soft-tissue abnormalities of the lip and tongue are discussed throughout the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Goldschmidt
- Dentistry & Oral Surgery, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, C309 Veterinary Medical Center South, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Naomi Hoyer
- Dentistry & Oral Surgery, Colorado State University, 300 W Drake, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Roman N, Carney PC, Fiani N, Peralta S. Incidence patterns of orofacial clefts in purebred dogs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224574. [PMID: 31682628 PMCID: PMC6827884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP) and cleft lip and palate (CLP) are the most common types of orofacial clefts in dogs. Orofacial clefts in dogs are clinically relevant because of the associated morbidity and high newborn mortality rate and are of interest as comparative models of disease. However, the incidence of CL, CP and CLP has not been investigated in purebred dogs, and the financial impact on breeders is unknown. The aims of this study were to document the incidence patterns of CL, CP and CLP in different breeds of dogs, determine whether defect phenotype is associated with skull type, genetic cluster and geographic location, and estimate the financial impact in breeding programs in the United States by means of an anonymous online survey. A total of 228 orofacial clefts were reported among 7,429 puppies whelped in the 12 preceding months. Breeds in the mastiff/terrier genetic cluster and brachycephalic breeds were predisposed to orofacial clefts. Certain breeds in the ancient genetic cluster were at increased odds of orofacial clefts. Male purebred dogs were at increased odds of CPs. Results confirm that brachycephalic breeds are overrepresented among cases of orofacial clefts. Furthermore, geographic region appeared to be a relevant risk factor and orofacial clefts represented a considerable financial loss to breeders. Improved understanding of the epidemiology of orofacial clefts (frequency, causes, predictors and risk factors) may help in identifying ways to minimize their occurrence. Information gained may potentially help veterinarians and researchers to diagnose, treat and prevent orofacial clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Roman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Patrick C. Carney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Nadine Fiani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Santiago Peralta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Peralta S, Campbell RD, Fiani N, Kan-Rohrer KH, Verstraete FJM. Outcomes of surgical repair of congenital palatal defects in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:1445-1451. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.11.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Management of Cleft Palate in Puppies Using A Temporary Prosthesis: A Report of Three Cases. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5030061. [PMID: 29937523 PMCID: PMC6164439 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate in dogs is a congenital defect that mostly leads to euthanasia of the affected puppy. If an attempt is made to raise the puppy, it is generally fed via an orogastric tube. Here, we describe the management of cleft palate in three puppies (two Boxers, one Collie) using a customised temporary prosthesis, which allowed the puppies to be bottle-fed and successfully raised by their owners (Cases 2 and 3) and the author (Case 1). The temporary palatal prosthesis was manufactured from a mouthguard intended for human children, which is made of thermoplastic silicone. The preparation procedure was simple and cost-effective. All puppies underwent corrective surgery at 5–6 months of age. After surgery, one of the Boxer puppies showed mandibular mesioclusion, while the other two showed no aberrations. All puppies gained the same amount of weight as their littermates, although the weight gain of the two Boxers was slower than that of their littermates. In summary, this case report describes an easy and effective way to raise puppies with cleft palate until corrective surgery can be performed.
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Williams D. Cleft palate in boxer puppies. IN PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.k2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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