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Liao M, He X, Zhou Y, Peng W, Zhao XM, Jiang M. Coenzyme Q10 in atherosclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 970:176481. [PMID: 38493916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic disease is a chronic disease that predominantly affects the elderly and is the most common cause of cardiovascular death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is closely related to processes such as abnormal lipid transport and metabolism, impaired endothelial function, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a key component of complex Ⅰ in the electron transport chain and an important endogenous antioxidant that may play a role in decelerating the progression of atherosclerosis. Here, the different forms of CoQ10 presence in the electron transport chain are reviewed, as well as its physiological role in regulating processes such as oxidative stress, inflammatory response, lipid metabolism and cellular autophagy. It was also found that CoQ10 plays beneficial effects in atherosclerosis by mitigating lipid transportation, endothelial inflammation, metabolic abnormalities, and thrombotic processes from the perspectives of molecular mechanisms, animal experiments, and clinical evidence. Besides, the combined use of CoQ10 with other drugs has better synergistic therapeutic effects. It seems reasonable to suggest that CoQ10 could be used in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases while more basic and clinical studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Liao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xueke He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Yangyang Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Weiqiang Peng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhao
- College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Miao Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China.
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Domingo E, Marques P, Francisco V, Piqueras L, Sanz MJ. Targeting systemic inflammation in metabolic disorders. A therapeutic candidate for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases? Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107058. [PMID: 38218355 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. While many factors can contribute to CVD, atherosclerosis is the cardinal underlying pathology, and its development is associated with several metabolic risk factors including dyslipidemia and obesity. Recent studies have definitively demonstrated a link between low-grade systemic inflammation and two relevant metabolic abnormalities: hypercholesterolemia and obesity. Interestingly, both metabolic disorders are also associated with endothelial dysfunction/activation, a proinflammatory and prothrombotic phenotype of the endothelium that involves leukocyte infiltration into the arterial wall, one of the earliest stages of atherogenesis. This article reviews the current literature on the intricate relationship between hypercholesterolemia and obesity and the associated systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and discusses the effectiveness of present, emerging and in-development pharmacological therapies used to treat these metabolic disorders with a focus on their effects on the associated systemic inflammatory state and cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domingo
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patrice Marques
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vera Francisco
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Piqueras
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Maria-Jesus Sanz
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Spain.
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3
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Christensen IB, Blom I, Dohlmann TL, Finger F, Helge JW, Gerhart-Hines Z, Dela F, Larsen S. Effect of Simvastatin Treatment on Mitochondrial Function and Inflammatory Status of Human White Adipose Tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e916-e922. [PMID: 37161534 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statin therapy has shown pleiotropic effects affecting both mitochondrial function and inflammatory status. However, few studies have investigated the concurrent effects of statin exposure on mitochondrial function and inflammatory status in human subcutaneous white adipose tissue. OBJECTIVES In a cross-sectional study, we investigated the effects of simvastatin on mitochondrial function and inflammatory status in subcutaneous white adipose tissue of 55 human participants: 38 patients (19 females/19 males) in primary prevention with simvastatin (> 40 mg/d, > 3 mo) and 17 controls (9 females/8 males) with elevated plasma cholesterol. The 2 groups were matched on age, body mass index, and maximal oxygen consumption. METHODS Anthropometrics and fasting biochemical characteristics were measured. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity was assessed in white adipose tissue by high-resolution respirometry. Subcutaneous white adipose tissue expression of the inflammatory markers IL-6, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL-5, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-10, and IL-4 was analyzed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS Simvastatin-treated patients showed lower plasma cholesterol (P < .0001), low-density lipoprotein (P < .0001), and triglyceride levels (P = .0116) than controls. Simvastatin-treated patients had a lower oxidative phosphorylation capacity of mitochondrial complex II (P = .0001 when normalized to wet weight, P < .0001 when normalized to citrate synthase activity [intrinsic]), and a lower intrinsic mitochondrial electron transport system capacity (P = .0004). Simvastatin-treated patients showed higher IL-6 expression than controls (P = .0202). CONCLUSION Simvastatin treatment was linked to mitochondrial respiratory capacity in human subcutaneous white adipose tissue, but no clear link was found between statin exposure, respiratory changes, and inflammatory status of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Bager Christensen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ida Blom
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Tine Lovsø Dohlmann
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Fabian Finger
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Zachary Gerhart-Hines
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
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Hou S, Tian Z, Zhao D, Liang Y, Dai S, Ji Q, Fan Z, Liu Z, Liu M, Yang Y. Efficacy and Optimal Dose of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Inflammation-Related Biomarkers: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200800. [PMID: 37118903 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has become a popular nutritional supplement due to its wide range of beneficial biological effects. Previous meta-analyses show that the attenuation of CoQ10 on inflammatory biomarkers remains controversial. This meta-analysis aims to assess the efficacy and optimal dose of CoQ10 supplementation on inflammatory indicators in the general population. METHODS AND RESULTS Databases are searched up to December 2022 resulting in 6713 articles, of which 31 are retrieved for full-text assessment and included 1517 subjects. Double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of CoQ10 supplementation are eligible if they contain C reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). CoQ10 supplementation can significantly reduce the levels of circulating CRP (SMD: -0.40, 95% CI: [-0.67 to -0.13], p = 0.003), IL-6 (SMD: -0.67, 95% CI: [-1.01 to -0.33], p < 0.001), and TNF-α (SMD: -1.06, 95% CI: [-1.59 to -0.52], p < 0.001) and increase the concentration of circulating CoQ10. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis provides evidence for CoQ10 supplementation to reduce the level of inflammatory mediators in the general population and proposes that daily supplementation of 300-400 mg CoQ10 show superior inhibition of inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518107, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Zezhong Tian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518107, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518107, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518107, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Suming Dai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518107, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhua Ji
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518107, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Zhiying Fan
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014040, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518107, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Meitong Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518107, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518107, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, P. R. China
- China-DRIs Expert Committee, Beijing, P. R. China
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Liu Z, Tian Z, Zhao D, Liang Y, Dai S, Liu M, Hou S, Dong X, Zhaxinima, Yang Y. Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Lipid Profiles in Adults: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 108:232-249. [PMID: 36337001 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous meta-analyses have suggested that the effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on lipid profiles remain debatable. Additionally, no meta-analysis has explored the optimal intake of CoQ10 for attenuating lipid profiles in adults. OBJECTIVE This study conducted a meta-analysis to determine the effects of CoQ10 on lipid profiles and assess their dose-response relationships in adults. METHODS Databases (Web of Science, PubMed/Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library) were systematically searched until August 10, 2022. The random effects model was used to calculate the mean differences (MDs) and 95% CI for changes in circulating lipid profiles. The novel single-stage restricted cubic spline regression model was applied to explore nonlinear dose-response relationships. RESULTS Fifty randomized controlled trials with a total of 2794 participants were included in the qualitative synthesis. The pooled analysis revealed that CoQ10 supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) (MD -5.53 mg/dL; 95% CI -8.40, -2.66; I2 = 70%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (MD -3.03 mg/dL; 95% CI -5.25, -0.81; I2 = 54%), and triglycerides (TGs) (MD -9.06 mg/dL; 95% CI -14.04, -4.08; I2 = 65%) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (MD 0.83 mg/dL; 95% CI 0.01, 1.65; I2 = 82%). The dose-response analysis showed an inverse J-shaped nonlinear pattern between CoQ10 supplementation and TC in which 400-500 mg/day CoQ10 largely reduced TC (χ2 = 48.54, P < .01). CONCLUSION CoQ10 supplementation decreased the TC, LDL-C, and TG levels, and increased HDL-C levels in adults, and the dosage of 400 to 500 mg/day achieved the greatest effect on TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zezhong Tian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ying Liang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Suming Dai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Meitong Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shanshan Hou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaoxi Dong
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhaxinima
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- China-DRIs Expert Committee on Other Food Substances, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation in Statin Treated Patients: A Double-Blinded Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091698. [PMID: 36139772 PMCID: PMC9495827 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgia and new-onset of type 2 diabetes have been associated with statin treatment, which both could be linked to reduced coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in skeletal muscle and impaired mitochondrial function. Supplementation with CoQ10 focusing on levels of CoQ10 in skeletal muscle and mitochondrial function has not been investigated in patients treated with statins. To investigate whether concomitant administration of CoQ10 with statins increases the muscle CoQ10 levels and improves the mitochondrial function, and if changes in muscle CoQ10 levels correlate with changes in the intensity of myalgia. 37 men and women in simvastatin therapy with and without myalgia were randomized to receive 400 mg CoQ10 daily or matched placebo tablets for eight weeks. Muscle CoQ10 levels, mitochondrial respiratory capacity, mitochondrial content (using citrate synthase activity as a biomarker), and production of reactive oxygen species were measured before and after CoQ10 supplementation, and intensity of myalgia was determined using the 10 cm visual analogue scale. Muscle CoQ10 content and mitochondrial function were unaltered by CoQ10 supplementation. Individual changes in muscle CoQ10 levels were not correlated with changes in intensity of myalgia. CoQ10 supplementation had no effect on muscle CoQ10 levels or mitochondrial function and did not affect symptoms of myalgia.
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Kadoglou NPE, Velidakis N, Khattab E, Kassimis G, Patsourakos N. The interplay between statins and adipokines. Is this another explanation of statins' 'pleiotropic' effects? Cytokine 2021; 148:155698. [PMID: 34537488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Statin therapy comprises an integral part of secondary and to a lesser extent of primary cardiovascular disease prevention. This is attributed not only to their lipid-lowering properties, but as well to a plethora of pleiotropic actions. Recently, the cytokines secreted by adipose tissue, the so-called adipokines, have been proved to play a critical role in various pathophysiological functions, among which inflammation and atherosclerosis development and vulnerability. The aim of this literature review was to summarize the effects of statins and the underlying mechanisms on the circulating levels of the most common adipokines regulating atherosclerosis process, as a part of their pleiotropic function. Up to now, robust evidence implicates a significant statin-induced reduction of pro-inflammatory adipokines IL-6, TNF-a and visfatin. Weak evidence from limited, small and mostly non-randomized studies suggest increased levels of anti-inflammatory adipokines apelin, vaspin and omentin-1 after statin therapy. In the rest of most known adipokines, statins have shown either controversial (adiponectin, retinol binding protein-4 and fetuin-A) or negligible effects (leptin and resistin) on their circulating levels. Therefore, statins may favourably alter the balance of inflammatory/anti-inflammatory adipokines, implicating a novel atheroprotective mechanism. However, the interplay between statins and adipokines is still not fully elucidated and its potential clinical relevance is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - George Kassimis
- Second Cardiology Department, "Hippokration" Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Primary hypercholesterolemia and development of cardiovascular disorders: Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in low-grade systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 139:106066. [PMID: 34438057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary hypercholesterolemia, a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated circulating levels of cholesterol products, mainly low-density lipoproteins, is associated with arteriosclerosis development. Cardiovascular disease, predominantly myocardial infarction and stroke, remains the main cause of death worldwide, with atherosclerosis considered to be the most common underlying pathology. In addition to elevated plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins, low-grade systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction seem to be the main drivers of premature atherosclerosis. Here we review current knowledge related to cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in low-grade systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction associated with primary hypercholesterolemia. We also discuss the contribution of different inflammatory mediators, immune players and signaling pathways implicated in leukocyte adhesion to the dysfunctional endothelium, a key feature of atherogenesis development. A better understanding of these processes linked to primary hypercholesterolemia should shed new light on cardiovascular disease development and might guide novel and effective therapeutic strategies to impair its progression.
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9
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Collado A, Domingo E, Marques P, Perello E, Martínez-Hervás S, Piqueras L, Ascaso JF, Real JT, Sanz MJ. Oral Unsaturated Fat Load Impairs Postprandial Systemic Inflammation in Primary Hypercholesterolemia Patients. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:656244. [PMID: 33959024 PMCID: PMC8093814 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.656244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Primary hypercholesterolemia (PH) is a lipid disorder characterized by elevated levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Low-grade systemic inflammation is associated with PH, which might explain the higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases in this setting. Objective: To evaluate the effect of an oral unsaturated fat load (OUFL) on different immune parameters and functional consequences in patients with PH in postprandial state. Design: A commercial liquid preparation of long-chain triglycerides (Supracal®; ω6/ω3 ratio >20/1, OUFL) was administered to 20 patients and 10 age-matched controls. Whole blood was collected before (fasting state) and 4 h after administration (postprandial state). Flow cytometry was employed to determine platelet and leukocyte activation, and the levels of circulating platelet-leukocyte aggregates. Soluble markers were determined by ELISA, and the parallel-plate flow chamber was employed to study leukocyte adhesion to the dysfunctional arterial endothelium. Results: The PH group had a lower percentage of activated platelets and circulating type 1 monocytes, and blunted neutrophil activation after the OUFL, accompanied by a significant increase in the percentage of regulatory T lymphocytes. In this group, the OUFL led to a significant impairment of leukocyte adhesion to the dysfunctional [tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-stimulated] endothelium and reduced the plasma levels of soluble P-selectin, platelet factor-4 (PF-4)/CXCL4, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL5, and TNFα. Conclusion: The OUFL has a beneficial impact on the pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory state of PH patients and might be a promising macronutrient approach to dampen the systemic inflammation associated with PH and the development of further cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Collado
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Domingo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patrice Marques
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Perello
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Hervás
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Piqueras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F Ascaso
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José T Real
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria-Jesus Sanz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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10
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López-Lluch G. Coenzyme Q homeostasis in aging: Response to non-genetic interventions. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:285-302. [PMID: 33454314 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a key component for many essential metabolic and antioxidant activities in cells in mitochondria and cell membranes. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the hallmarks of aging and age-related diseases. Deprivation of CoQ during aging can be the cause or the consequence of this mitochondrial dysfunction. In any case, it seems clear that aging-associated CoQ deprivation accelerates mitochondrial dysfunction in these diseases. Non-genetic prolongevity interventions, including CoQ dietary supplementation, can increase CoQ levels in mitochondria and cell membranes improving mitochondrial activity and delaying cell and tissue deterioration by oxidative damage. In this review, we discuss the importance of CoQ deprivation in aging and age-related diseases and the effect of prolongevity interventions on CoQ levels and synthesis and CoQ-dependent antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo López-Lluch
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Centro Andaluz de Biología Del Desarrollo, CABD-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Utrera Km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
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11
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Simvastatin improves mitochondrial respiration in peripheral blood cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17012. [PMID: 33046789 PMCID: PMC7550337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are prescribed to treat hypercholesterolemia and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, statin users frequently report myalgia, which can discourage physical activity or cause patients to discontinue statin use, negating the potential benefit of the treatment. Although a proposed mechanism responsible for Statin-Associated Myopathy (SAM) suggests a correlation with impairment of mitochondrial function, the relationship is still poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that long-term treatment of hypercholesterolemic patients with Simvastatin at a therapeutic dose significantly display increased mitochondrial respiration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and platelets compared to untreated controls. Furthermore, the amount of superoxide is higher in mitochondria in PBMCs, and platelets from Simvastatin-treated patients than in untreated controls, and the abundance of mitochondrial superoxide, but not mitochondrial respiration trends with patient-reported myalgia. Ubiquinone (also known as coenzyme Q10) has been suggested as a potential treatment for SAM; however, an 8-week course of oral ubiquinone had no impact on mitochondrial functions or the abundance of superoxide in mitochondria from PBMCs, and platelets. These results demonstrate that long-term treatment with Simvastatin increases respiration and the production of superoxide in mitochondria of PBMCs and platelets.
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12
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Statin Therapy and Survival among Women with Ovarian Cancer: how much of it Is True? Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1365-1366. [PMID: 31420840 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Targeting Early Atherosclerosis: A Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8563845. [PMID: 31354915 PMCID: PMC6636482 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8563845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease associated to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is one of the key factors for the development of atherosclerosis. Nonoxidized LDL have a low affinity for macrophages, so they are not themselves a risk factor. However, lowering LDL levels is a common clinical practice to reduce oxidation and the risk of major events in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. The atherosclerotic process is accelerated by a myriad of factors, such as the release of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), growth factors, and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Inflammation and immunity are key factors for the development and complications of atherosclerosis, and therefore, the whole atherosclerotic process is a target for diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we focus on early stages of the disease and we address both biomarkers and therapeutic approaches currently available and under research.
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Novel Immune Features of the Systemic Inflammation Associated with Primary Hypercholesterolemia: Changes in Cytokine/Chemokine Profile, Increased Platelet and Leukocyte Activation. J Clin Med 2018; 8:jcm8010018. [PMID: 30583563 PMCID: PMC6352074 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hypercholesterolemia (PH) is associated with a low grade systemic inflammation that is likely the main driver of premature atherosclerosis. Accordingly, we characterized the immune cell behaviour in PH and its potential consequences. Whole blood from 22 PH patients and 21 age-matched controls was analysed by flow cytometry to determine the percentage of leukocyte immunophenotypes, activation, and platelet-leukocyte aggregates. Plasma markers were determined by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). The adhesion of platelet-leukocyte aggregates to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-stimulated arterial endothelium was investigated using the dynamic model of the parallel-plate flow chamber. PH patients presented greater percentage of Mon 3 monocytes, Th2 and Th17 lymphocytes, activated platelets, and leukocytes than controls. The higher percentages of circulating platelet-neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte aggregates in patients caused increased platelet-leukocyte adhesion to dysfunctional arterial endothelium. Circulating CXCL8, CCL2, CX3CL1, and IL-6 levels positively correlated with key lipid features of PH, whereas negative correlations were found for IL-4 and IL-10. We provide the first evidence that increased platelet and leukocyte activation leads to elevated platelet-leukocyte aggregates in PH and augmented arterial leukocyte adhesiveness, a key event in atherogenesis. Accordingly, modulation of immune system behavior might be a powerful target in the control of further cardiovascular disease in PH.
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