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Ahmadi M, Ehrmann K, Koch T, Liska R, Stampfl J. From Unregulated Networks to Designed Microstructures: Introducing Heterogeneity at Different Length Scales in Photopolymers for Additive Manufacturing. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3978-4020. [PMID: 38546847 PMCID: PMC11009961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Photopolymers have been optimized as protective and decorative coating materials for decades. However, with the rise of additive manufacturing technologies, vat photopolymerization has unlocked the use of photopolymers for three-dimensional objects with new material requirements. Thus, the originally highly cross-linked, amorphous architecture of photopolymers cannot match the expectations for modern materials anymore, revealing the largely unanswered question of how diverse properties can be achieved in photopolymers. Herein, we review how microstructural features in soft matter materials should be designed and implemented to obtain high performance materials. We then translate these findings into chemical design suggestions for enhanced printable photopolymers. Based on this analysis, we have found microstructural heterogenization to be the most powerful tool to tune photopolymer performance. By combining the chemical toolbox for photopolymerization and the analytical toolbox for microstructural characterization, we examine current strategies for physical heterogenization (fillers, inkjet printing) and chemical heterogenization (semicrystalline polymers, block copolymers, interpenetrating networks, photopolymerization induced phase separation) of photopolymers and put them into a material scientific context to develop a roadmap for improving and diversifying photopolymers' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ahmadi
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Zhang X, Wang Z, Yao S, Zhou C, Wu J. Development and Dental Applications of Spiro Expanding Monomers as Antishrinkage Additives. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan 250012 China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan 250012 China
| | - Shuo Yao
- Department of Prosthodontics School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan 250012 China
| | - Chuanjian Zhou
- Research Institute of Polymer Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Junling Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan 250012 China
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Larsen EKU, Larsen NB, Almdal K, Larsen EKU, Larsen NB, Almdal K. Multimaterial hydrogel with widely tunable elasticity by selective photopolymerization of PEG diacrylate and epoxy monomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Esben Kjaer Unmack Larsen
- DTU Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby 2800 Kgs Denmark
| | - Niels B. Larsen
- DTU Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby 2800 Kgs Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Almdal
- DTU Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby 2800 Kgs Denmark
| | - E. K. U. Larsen
- DTU Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby 2800 Kgs Denmark
| | - N. B. Larsen
- DTU Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby 2800 Kgs Denmark
| | - K. Almdal
- DTU Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby 2800 Kgs Denmark
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Hoshika T, Nishitani Y, Yoshiyama M, Key WO, Brantley W, Agee KA, Breschi L, Cadenaro M, Tay FR, Rueggeberg F, Pashley DH. Effects of quaternary ammonium-methacrylates on the mechanical properties of unfilled resins. Dent Mater 2014; 30:1213-23. [PMID: 25199439 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adding antimicrobial/anti-MMP quaternary ammonium methacrylates (QAMs) to comonomer blends should not weaken the mechanical properties of dental resins. This work evaluated the degree conversion and mechanical properties of BisGMA/TEGDMA/HEMA (60:30:10) containing 0-15 mass% QAMs A-E (A: 2-acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride; B: [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride; C: [2-(methacryloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride; D: diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride; E: 2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate. METHODS Unfilled resins with and without QAM were placed on ATR-FTIR and light-polymerized for 20s in a thin film at 30°C. Unfilled resin beams were casted from square hollow glass tubings. Half of the beams were tested after 3 days of drying (control); the other half were tested wet after 3 days of water storage. RESULTS Addition of QAMs in control resins significantly increased conversion 600 s after light termination, with the exception of 5% MAPTAC (p<0.05). Increase of QAM content within a formulation significantly increased conversion. Control beams gave dry Young's moduli of ∼700 MPa. Addition of 5, 10 or 15 mass% QAMs produced significant reductions in dry Young's moduli except for 5% B or C. 15 mass% A, B and C lowered the wet Young's moduli of the resin beams by more than 30%. The ultimate tensile stress (UTS) of control dry resin was 89±11 MPa. Addition of 5-10 mass% QAMs had no adverse effect on the dry UTS. After water storage, the UTS of all resin blends fell significantly (p<0.05), especially when 15 wt% QAMs was added. Control dry beams gave fracture toughness (KIC) values of 0.88±0.1 MPa m(1/2). Wet values were significantly higher at 1.02±0.06 (p<0.05). KIC of dry beams varied from 0.85±0.08 at 5% QAMs to 0.49±0.05 at 15% QAMs. Wet beams gave KIC values of 1.02±0.06 MPa m(1/2) that fell to 0.23±0.01 at 15% QAMs. SIGNIFICANCE Addition of 10% QAMs increased the degree of conversion of unfilled resins, but lowered wet toughness and UTS; addition of 15% QAMs lowered the mechanical properties of wet resins below acceptable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Hoshika
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishitani
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoshiyama
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - William O Key
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, College of Dental Medicine, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - William Brantley
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, College of Dental Medicine, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kelli A Agee
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, College of Dental Medicine, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Breschi
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Trieste and IGM-CNR, Unit of Bologna, c/o IOR, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Cadenaro
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Dental Sciences and Biomaterials, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, Georgia Regents University, College of Dental Medicine, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Frederick Rueggeberg
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, College of Dental Medicine, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David H Pashley
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, College of Dental Medicine, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Lamichhane A, Xu C, Zhang FQ. Dental fiber-post resin base material: a review. J Adv Prosthodont 2014; 6:60-5. [PMID: 24605208 PMCID: PMC3942529 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2014.6.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth that have short clinical crown, which are not alone enough to support the definitive restoration can be best treated using the post and core system. The advantages of fiber post over conventional metallic post materials have led to its wide acceptance. In addition to that the combination of aesthetic and mechanical benefits of fiber post has provided it with a rise in the field of dentistry. Also the results obtained from some clinical trials have encouraged the clinicians to use the fiber posts confidently. Fiber posts are manufactured from pre-stretched fibers impregnated within a resin matrix. The fibers could that be of carbon, glass/silica, and quartz, whereas Epoxy and bis-GMA are the most widely used resin bases. But recently studies are also found to be going on for polyimide as possible material for the fiber post resin base as a substitute for the conventional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashwini Lamichhane
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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Acosta Ortiz R, Berlanga Duarte ML, Robles Olivares JL, Sangermano M. Synthesis of the fluorene spiroorthocarbonate and the evaluation of its antishrinking activity in the cationic photopolymerization of an epoxy resin. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2012.747148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Acosta Ortiz
- a Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada , Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo No. 140, Saltillo , Coahuila , CP 25253 , Mexico
| | - María Lydia Berlanga Duarte
- a Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada , Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo No. 140, Saltillo , Coahuila , CP 25253 , Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Robles Olivares
- a Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada , Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo No. 140, Saltillo , Coahuila , CP 25253 , Mexico
| | - Marco Sangermano
- b Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia , Politecnico di Torino , Cso. Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino , 10129 , Italy
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Ortiz RA, Berlanga Duarte ML, Gómez AGS, Sangermano M, García Valdez AE, Ramírez MP. Novel Tetraspiroorthocarbonates as Successful Anti-shrinking Agents for the Photopolymerization of Epoxy Monomers. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2012.662082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Acosta Ortiz
- a Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada , , Blvd. Enrique Reyna, Saltillo , Coahuila , México
| | | | - Amy Grace Savage Gómez
- a Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada , , Blvd. Enrique Reyna, Saltillo , Coahuila , México
| | - Marco Sangermano
- b Politecnico di Torino , , Cso. Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino , Italia
| | - Aida E. García Valdez
- a Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada , , Blvd. Enrique Reyna, Saltillo , Coahuila , México
| | - Marissa Perez Ramírez
- a Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada , , Blvd. Enrique Reyna, Saltillo , Coahuila , México
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Rüttermann S, Dluzhevskaya I, Großsteinbeck C, Raab WHM, Janda R. Impact of replacing Bis-GMA and TEGDMA by other commercially available monomers on the properties of resin-based composites. Dent Mater 2010; 26:353-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
The leading cause of oral pain and tooth loss is from caries and their treatment include restoration using amalgam, resin, porcelain and gold, endodontic therapy and extraction. Resin composite restorations have grown popular over the last half a century because it can take shades more similar to enamel. Here, we discuss the history and use of resin, comparison between amalgam and resin, clinical procedures involved and finishing and polishing techniques for resin restoration. Although resin composite has aesthetic advantages over amalgam, one of the major disadvantage include polymerization shrinkage and future research is needed on reaction kinetics and viscoelastic behaviour to minimize shrinkage stress.
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Pfeifer CS, Silva LR, Kawano Y, Braga RR. Bis-GMA co-polymerizations: influence on conversion, flexural properties, fracture toughness and susceptibility to ethanol degradation of experimental composites. Dent Mater 2009; 25:1136-41. [PMID: 19395016 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of monomer content on fracture toughness (K(Ic)) before and after ethanol solution storage, flexural properties and degree of conversion (DC) of bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) co-polymers. METHODS Five formulations were tested, containing Bis-GMA (B) combined with TEGDMA (T), UDMA (U) or Bis-EMA (E), as follows (in mol%): 30B:70T; 30B:35T:35U; 30B:70U; 30B:35T:35E; 30B:70E. Bimodal filler was introduced at 80 wt%. Single-edge notched beams for fracture toughness (FT, 25 mm x 5 mm x 2.5 mm, a/w=0.5, n=20) and 10 mm x 2 mm x 1 mm beams for flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM) determination (10 mm x 2 mm x 1 mm, n=10) were built and then stored in distilled water for 24 h at 37 degrees C. All FS/FM beams and half of the FT specimens were immediately submitted to three-point bending test. The remaining FT specimens were stored in a 75%ethanol/25%water (v/v) solution for 3 months prior to testing. DC was determined with FT-Raman spectroscopy in fragments of both FT and FS/FM specimens at 24 h. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA/Tukey test (alpha=5%). RESULTS The 30B:70T composite presented the highest K(Ic) value (in MPa m(1/2)) at 24 h (1.3+/-0.4), statistically similar to 30B:35T:35U and 30B:70U, while 30B:70E presented the lowest value (0.5+/-0.1). After ethanol storage, reductions in K(Ic) ranged from 33 to 72%. The 30B:70E material presented the lowest reduction in FT and 30B:70U, the highest. DC was similar among groups (69-73%), except for 30B:70U (52+/-4%, p<0.001). 30B:70U and 30B:35T:35U presented the highest FS (125+/-21 and 122+/-14 MPa, respectively), statistically different from 30B:70T or 30B:70E (92+/-20 and 94+/-16 MPa, respectively). Composites containing UDMA or Bis-EMA associated with Bis-GMA presented similar FM, statistically lower than 30B:35T:35U. SIGNIFICANCE Composites formulated with Bis-GMA:TEGDMA:UDMA presented the best compromise between conversion and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmem S Pfeifer
- Biomaterials and Oral Biochemistry Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Sao Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
Composite dental restorative materials have advanced considerably over the past 10 years. Although composites have not totally replaced amalgam, they have become a viable substitute in many situations. Problems still exist with polymerization contraction stress, large differences in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of composites compared with tooth structure, and with some technique sensitivity; however, new expanding resins, nanofiller technology, and improved bonding systems have the potential to reduce these problems. With increased patient demands for esthetic restorations, the use of direct filling composite materials will continue to grow. The one major caveat to this prediction is that clinicians must continue to use sound judgment on when, where, and how to use composite restoratives in their practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Puckett
- Care Planning and Restorative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Dentistry, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Influence of airborne-particle abrasion on mechanical properties and bond strength of carbon/epoxy and glass/bis-gma fiber-reinforced resin posts. J Prosthet Dent 2008; 99:444-54. [PMID: 18514666 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3913(08)60106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Shi S, Nie J. Dimethacrylate based on cycloaliphatic epoxide for dental composite. Dent Mater 2007; 24:530-5. [PMID: 17673283 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the kinetics and mechanical properties of dimethacrylate monomer based on cycloaliphatic epoxide for dental restorative composite. METHODS Dimethacrylate based on cycloaliphatic epoxide (EPCDMA) was copolymeirzed with TEGDMA by varying the curing conditions: monomer composition and light intensity. A real-time near FTIR technique was employed to monitor the double bond conversion and the rate of polymerization. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed on a dynamic mechanical analyzer, and volume shrinkage of the cured samples was determined by pycnometric method. RESULTS The results of kinetics showed that, two peaks of maximum rate of polymerization (Rpmax) occurred when the amount of TEGDMA was more than 30wt%. Increasing the amount of TEGDMA, the final double bond conversion and polymerization shrinkage both increased, while the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased. All EPCDMA/TEGDMA mixtures had slightly higher storage modulus at body temperature (37 degrees C). When compared with Bis-GMA/TEGDMA (70/30), the EPCDMA/TEGDMA (70/30) system assumed similar reactivity and volume shrinkage but higher Tg. SIGNIFICANCE EPCDMA had comparable mechanical properties to those of Bis-GMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Ge J, Trujillo-Lemon M, Stansbury JW. A Mechanistic and Kinetic Study of the Photoinitiated Cationic Double Ring-opening Polymerization of 2-Methylene-7-phenyl-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-spiro[4.4]nonane. Macromolecules 2006; 39:8968-8976. [PMID: 19079782 DOI: 10.1021/ma061284w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efficient photopolymerization of a potentially expandable monomer is of practical importance for a variety of polymeric applications demanding dimensional stability, particularly if the polymerization process is well controlled based on a detailed investigation of the reaction. In the current study, photoinitiated polymerization kinetics of 2-methylene-7-phenyl-1,4,6,9-tetraoxaspiro[4.4]nonane (MPN) either with cationic initiation alone or with combined cationic/free radical initiation was examined using real-time FT-IR. A proposed mechanism based on the simplified propagation steps of the cationic double ring-opening polymerization of MPN was confirmed by both computer modeling and NMR spectroscopic analysis of resulting polymers as well as the experimentally observed apparent activation energy. According to this mechanism, alpha-position attack is the predominant mode for the second ring opening during cationic polymerization of MPN. Further, cationic photopolymerization was performed along with a free radical co-initiator or with exposure to moisture to get an improved understanding of the complex cationic double ring-opening polymerization. As a result, free radical-promoted cationic polymerization helps increase the polymerization rate of MPN while even a trace amount of moisture was found to significantly impact both the reaction kinetics and the polymerization course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Ge
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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