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Coq Germanicus R, Mercier D, Agrebi F, FÈbvre M, Mariolle D, Descamps P, LeclÈre P. Quantitative mapping of high modulus materials at the nanoscale: comparative study between atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation. J Microsc 2020; 280:51-62. [PMID: 32515496 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Local mechanical properties of submicron features are of particular interest due to their influence on macroscopic material performance and behaviour. This study is focused on local nanomechanical measurements, based on the latest Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) mode, where the peak force set point is finely controlled at each pixel. After probe calibration, we evaluate the impact of spring constant of two AFM hand-crafted natural full diamond tips with steel cantilevers, used for mapping. Based on the fast capture of the cantilever deflection at each pixel and real time force curve analysis in the elastic region, AFM local measured contact moduli mappings of the silica beads (>50 GPa) incorporated in an epoxy resin matrix, are compared with those determined using classical instrumented nanoindentation tests. Our analyses show that with the two AFM probes, without local residual deformation, the high moduli of the silica beads measured with this advanced AFM mode are within the standard deviation of the values determined by classical nanoindentation. LAY DESCRIPTION: The knowledge of material properties at the nanometer scale is a key parameter for well understanding and determining the behavior of material at macroscopic scale. In this paper, we compare two methods (an advanced mode and a classical one) based on the analysis of probes in interaction with the surface of studied material. We focus on a latest developed mode for determining local mechanical properties with a very high spatial resolution. For the advanced mode, we also consider two different hand-crafted probes. Our analyses show that with the high spatial resolution advanced mode, local mechanical properties are well determined. We also highlight the impact of the properties of the used probes for this advanced mode. In a final step, the power of the presented investigation lies in the fact that it does not modify the topography of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Coq Germanicus
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ENSICAEN, IUT, CNRS, CRISMAT, Caen, 14000, France
| | | | - F Agrebi
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ENSICAEN, IUT, CNRS, CRISMAT, Caen, 14000, France
| | - M FÈbvre
- Bruker, Nano Surfaces, Palaiseau, France
| | - D Mariolle
- CEA, LETI, UNIV, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Ph Descamps
- UNIROUEN, ESIGELEC, IRSEEM, Normandie UNIV, Rouen, France
| | - Ph LeclÈre
- CIRMAP, Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
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Alrahlah A. Diametral Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, and Surface Microhardness of Bioactive Bulk Fill Restorative. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018; 19:13-19. [PMID: 29358529 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim was to perform comparative analysis of bioactive, contemporary bulk-fill resin-based composites (RBCs) and conventional glass-ionomer materials for flexural strength (FS), diametral tensile strength (DTS), and Vickers hardness number (VHN) in the presence of thermocycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five restorative materials [Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill; smart dentin replacement (SDR) Flowable Material; Bioactive restorative material (ACTIVA Bulk Fill); Ketac Universal Aplicap; and GC Fuji II] were evaluated for DTS, FS, and VHN. Half the samples in each material group were ther-mocycled. The DTS was performed under compressive load at a cross-head speed of 1.0 mm/min. The FS was assessed by three-point bending test at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. The VHN was determined using a Vickers diamond indenter at 50 gf load for 15 seconds. Differences in FS, DTS, and VHN were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc tests at a = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS N-Ceram, ACTIVA, and SDR demonstrated the highest and comparable (p > 0.05) FS. The SDR had the highest DTS value (141.28 ± 0.94), followed by N-Ceram (136.61 ± 1.56) and ACTIVA (129.05 ± 1.78). Ketac had the highest VHN value before and after thermocycling. CONCLUSION ACTIVA showed mechanical properties (FS and DTS) comparable with bulk-fill resin composite materials. ACTIVA showed potential for durability, as VHN was comparable post-thermocycling. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Bioactive materials showed acceptable DTS and FS values. However, hardness was compromised compared with included materials. ACTIVA Bulk Fill shows potential for dentin replacement but it needs to be covered with a surface-resistant restorative material. Further studies to improve surface characteristics of ACTIVA Bulk Fill are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alrahlah
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, King Saud University Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Phone: +00966114678304, e-mail:
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Stoleru Paslaru E, Tsekov Y, Kotsilkova R, Ivanov E, Vasile C. Mechanical behavior at nanoscale of chitosan-coated PE surface. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stoleru Paslaru
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Physical Chemistry Department; 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley 700487 Iasi Romania
| | - Yuliy Tsekov
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Mechanics, Open Laboratory for Experimental Micro and Nano Mechanics; Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Block 4 1113 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Rumiana Kotsilkova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Mechanics, Open Laboratory for Experimental Micro and Nano Mechanics; Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Block 4 1113 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Evgeni Ivanov
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Mechanics, Open Laboratory for Experimental Micro and Nano Mechanics; Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Block 4 1113 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Cornelia Vasile
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Physical Chemistry Department; 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley 700487 Iasi Romania
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Hirayama S, Iwai H, Tanimoto Y. Mechanical evaluation of five flowable resin composites by the dynamic micro-indentation method. JOURNAL OF DENTAL BIOMECHANICS 2014; 5:1758736014533983. [PMID: 25342983 PMCID: PMC4206663 DOI: 10.1177/1758736014533983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of the strength of brittle materials, such as resin composites, is extremely difficult. Micro-indentation hardness testing is a convenient way of investigating the mechanical properties of a small volume of material. In this study, the mechanical properties of five commercially available flowable resin composites were investigated by the dynamic micro-indentation method. Additionally, the effects of inorganic-filler content on the dynamic hardness and elastic modulus of flowable composites obtained by this method were investigated. The weight percentages of the inorganic fillers in the resin composites were determined by the ashing technique. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of flowable composites are affected by not only the filler content but also the properties of the resin matrix. In conclusion, the dynamic micro-indentation method is a useful technique for determining the mechanical behavior of dental resin composites as brittle material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirayama
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Nihon University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Iwai
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Nihon University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tanimoto
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Nihon University, Matsudo, Japan
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Cisneros-Pineda OG, Herrera Kao W, Loría-Bastarrachea MI, Veranes-Pantoja Y, Cauich-Rodríguez JV, Cervantes-Uc JM. Towards optimization of the silanization process of hydroxyapatite for its use in bone cement formulations. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 40:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Khaled SMZ, Charpentier PA, Rizkalla AS. Synthesis and characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate)-based experimental bone cements reinforced with TiO2-SrO nanotubes. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3178-86. [PMID: 20170759 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to overcome existing limitations of experimental bone cements we here demonstrate a simple approach to synthesizing strontium-modified titania nanotubes (n-SrO-TiO(2) tubes) and functionalize them using the bifunctional monomer methacrylic acid. Then, using 'grafting from' polymerization with methyl methacrylate, experimental bone cements were produced with excellent mechanical properties, radiopacity and biocompatibility. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy mapping and backscattered SEM micrographs revealed a uniform distribution of SrO throughout the titanium matrix, with retention of the nanotubular morphology. Nanocomposites were then reinforced with 1, 2, 4 and 6 wt.% of the functionalized metal oxide nanotubes. Under the mixing and dispersion regime employed in this study, 2 wt.% appeared optimal, exhibiting a more uniform dispersion and stronger adhesion of the nanotubes in the poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix, as shown by TEM and SEM. Moreover, this optimum loading provided a significant increase in the fracture toughness (K(IC)) (20%) and flexural strength (40%) in comparison with the control matrix (unfilled) at P<0.05. Examination of the fracture surfaces by SEM showed that toughening was provided by the nanotubes interlocking with the acrylic matrix and crack bridging during fracture. On modifying the n-TiO(2) tubes with strontium oxide the nanocomposites exhibited a similar radiopacity to a commercial bone cement (CMW 1), while exhibiting a significant enhancement of osteoblast cell proliferation (242%) in vitro compared with the control at P<0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Z Khaled
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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Tham WL, Chow WS, Ishak ZAM. The effect of 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/hydroxyapatite composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tewari P, Rajagopalan R, Furman E, Lanagan MT. Control of interfaces on electrical properties of SiO2–Parylene-C laminar composite dielectrics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 332:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lewis G, Nyman JS. The use of nanoindentation for characterizing the properties of mineralized hard tissues: state-of-the art review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 87:286-301. [PMID: 18395829 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoindentation to determine nanomechanical properties of mineralized tissues has been investigated extensively. A detailed, critical, and comprehensive review of this literature is the subject of the present work. After stating the motivation for the review, a succinct presentation of the challenges, advantages, and disadvantages of the various quasi-static nanoindentation test methods (to obtain elastic modulus, E, and hardness, H) and dynamic test methods (to obtain storage and loss moduli and/or loss/damping factor) is given in the form of a primer. Explicative summaries of literature reports on various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that significantly influence E and H, followed by 15 suggested topics for future research, are included additionally. This review is designed to present a compact guide to the principles of the nanoindentation technique and to emphasize considerations when determining material properties of mineralized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladius Lewis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA.
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Lewis G, Xu J, Dunne N, Daly C, Orr J. Evaluation of an accelerated aging medium for acrylic bone cement based on analysis of nanoindentation measurements on laboratory-prepared and retrieved specimens. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 81:544-50. [PMID: 17041926 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The thrust of the study was a critical evaluation of the efficacy of a medium (30% v/v H(2)O(2), at 60 degrees C) that has been suggested in a literature report as being suitable for simulating the oxidative aging process, seen in vivo, in the acrylic bone cement mantles of total hip and knee joint replacements. For this purpose, quasi-static and dynamic nanoindentation measurements were used to obtain material properties--elastic modulus, E; hardness, H; and the variation of the storage and loss moduli with the frequency of the applied indenting force--of PalacosR acrylic bone cement specimens after various periods of immersion (7, 14, 21, and 28 days) in the aging solution, and of specimens prepared from cement mantles retrieved from cemented total hip joint replacements after various times in vivo (0.92-21 years). Also, best-fit relationships were obtained between E and time in the H(2)O(2) solution (t), H and t, E and in vivo time (T), and H and T. This body of results points to the possibility that the aging solution is effective, although the evidence is not conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladius Lewis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA.
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Ho E, Marcolongo M. The Role of Interfacial Mechanics in the Prediction of Global Mechanical Behavior of a Bioactive Composite: An In Vitro Study. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2006; 32:63-71. [PMID: 16704107 DOI: 10.1563/769.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A bioactive bone-tissue substitute, hydroxyapatite (HA)-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) with the addition of a copolymer coupling agent, was examined in vitro to determine the influence of the coupling agent on the local mechanical properties of the system before and after simulated biologic conditions. Nano-indentation of the cross-sectional interface between the HA and PMMA of the composite was studied. The fracture mechanism and position of each indent mark were analyzed at up to 5000× magnification under field-emission, environmental-scanning electron microscopy. The local interfacial results were compared with global quasistatic compression test results. It was found that nano-indentation of the interface could predict changes in global mechanical behavior of the composite. Both interfacial and global Young's moduli were reduced after immersion in the simulated biologic media. Although the coupling agent improved the interfacial and global mechanical properties before and after 24 hours in in vitro immersion, it did not affect the surface bioactivity of the system, as shown in the measurement of calcium and phosphate concentration uptake. Thus, nano-indentation is a sensitive technique for examining interfacial mechanics and mechanical consequences of biologic reactivity of composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ho
- Materials Science and Engineering Department at Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pa, USA
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