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Ghani SMA, Hassan MIA, Abdullah AH, Ghani ARA, Izra'ai SI, Aregawi W, Chew HP, Fok A. Linear and volumetric shrinkage displacements of resin composite restorations with and without debonding. Dent Mater J 2023; 42:659-668. [PMID: 37612060 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to compare shrinkage displacements of fully and partially bonded resin composite restorations (RCRs). Two groups (n=5) Class-I RCR evaluated: Group 1 (G1) fully bonded and Group 2 (G2) debonded at the floor. Experimental results were compared with predictions from simple theory and finite element analysis (FEA). The experimental linear surface displacement (LSD) was G1 62.5±5.2 µm and G2 32.8±4.0 µm. Theoretically-predicted LSD for G1 60.1±7.4 µm and G2 31.3±7.5 µm. FEA-predicted LSD were G1 65.2 µm and G2 34.6 µm. The experimental volumetric surface displacement (VSD) was G1 1.22±0.2 mm3 and G2 0.63±0.2 mm3. Theoretically-predicted VSD for G1 1.36±0.2 mm3 and G2 0.67±0.2 mm3. No significant difference (p>0.05) was found in LSD and VSD among the experimental, theoretical and FEA in the same group. Significant differences (p<0.05) were noted between the two groups, with LSD and VSD of G2 values being almost half of G1. This pattern gave an insight of a debond restoration characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Mariam Ab Ghani
- Center for Restorative Dentistry Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA
| | | | | | | | | | - Wondwosen Aregawi
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota
| | - Hooi Pin Chew
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota
| | - Alex Fok
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota
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Overviews on the Progress of Flowable Dental Polymeric Composites: Their Composition, Polymerization Process, Flowability and Radiopacity Aspects. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194182. [PMID: 36236127 PMCID: PMC9570751 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A review article has been conducted including the main research results and comments referring to flowable dental polymeric materials. To begin with, the synthesis and composition of this category of composites is discussed, revealing the major components of the commercial products in terms of chemistry and proportion. Later, the polymerization characteristics are unfolded regarding the reaction time and rate, volumetric shrinkage and depth of cure for both photocurable and self-curable composites. To continue, some perspectives of the pre-treatment or accompanying processes that a clinician may follow to enhance the materials' performance are described. Fluidity is certainly associated with the progress of polymerization and the in-depth conversion of monomers to a polymeric network. Last, the aspects of radiopacity and translucency are commented on, showing that all flowable polymeric composites satisfy the radiography rule, while the masking ability depends on the fillers' properties and specimen thickness. The reviewing article is addressed to all field scientists and practitioners dealing with flowable dental composites studies or applications.
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Taylor R, Fuentealba R, Brackett WW, Roberts HW. 24 hour polymerization shrinkage of resin composite core materials. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2021; 33:775-785. [PMID: 34060198 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study's purpose was to evaluate the 24-hour polymerization shrinkage of resin composite core materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eleven resin composite core material samples (n = 12) were evaluated using a non-contact imaging device with measurements obtained over 24 h. Shrinkage values were determined corresponding to proposed times involved with CAD/CAM same-day treatment and at 24 h. Shrinkage data was statistically compared using Friedman/Dunn's test for intragroup analysis and Kruskal Wallis/Dunn's test for intergroup analysis, all at a 95% level of confidence (α = 0.05). RESULTS Mean results identified a wide volumetric shrinkage range with considerable similarity overlap. Inconsistent shrinkage behavior was evident and all materials reached maximum values before 24 h. No significant difference was observed during proposed digital same day all ceramic crown procedures, but some differences were noted at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Under this study's conditions results were material specific, at times inconsistent, with wide variation. Shrinkage consistently increased for all products and it is not known if the continued shrinkage magnitude may compromise the stability and fit of all-ceramic crowns at 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Taylor
- Division of Comprehensive Care, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rodrigo Fuentealba
- Division of Prosthodontics, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - William W Brackett
- Operative Dentistry and Fixed Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Howard W Roberts
- Director of Graduate Studies, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Comprehensive Dentistry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Postgraduate Dental School, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Effect of pulse width modulation-controlled LED light on the polymerization of dental composites. Dent Mater 2018; 34:1836-1845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Oliveira LRS, Braga SSL, Bicalho AA, Ribeiro MTH, Price RB, Soares CJ. Molar cusp deformation evaluated by micro-CT and enamel crack formation to compare incremental and bulk-filling techniques. J Dent 2018; 74:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Nitta K, Nomoto R, Tsubota Y, Tsuchikawa M, Hayakawa T. Characteristics of low polymerization shrinkage flowable resin composites in newly-developed cavity base materials for bulk filling technique. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:740-746. [PMID: 28652556 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate polymerization shrinkage and other physical properties of newly-developed cavity base materials for bulk filling technique, with the brand name BULK BASE (BBS). Polymerization shrinkage was measured according to ISO/FDIS 17304. BBS showed the significantly lowest polymerization shrinkage and significantly higher depth of cure than conventional flowable resin composites (p<0.05). The Knoop hardness, flexural strength and elastic modulus of that were significantly lower than conventional flowable resin composites (p<0.05). BBS had the significantly greatest filler content (p<0.05). SEM images of the surface showed failure of fillers. The lowest polymerization shrinkage was due to the incorporation of a new type of low shrinkage monomer, which has urethane moieties. There were no clear correlations between inorganic filler contents and polymerization shrinkage, flexural strength and elastic modulus. In conclusion, the low polymerization shrinkage of BBS will be useful for cavity treatment in dental clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nitta
- Department of Dental Engineering, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine
| | - Rie Nomoto
- Department of Dental Engineering, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine
| | - Yuji Tsubota
- Department of Dental Engineering, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine.,Tsubota Dental Clinic
| | - Masuji Tsuchikawa
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine.,Sun Medical
| | - Tohru Hayakawa
- Department of Dental Engineering, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine
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Algamaiah H, Sampaio CS, Rigo LC, Janal MN, Giannini M, Bonfante EA, Coelho PG, Reis AF, Hirata R. Microcomputed Tomography Evaluation of Volumetric Shrinkage of Bulk-Fill Composites in Class II Cavities. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2016; 29:118-127. [PMID: 27925387 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to quantify polymerization shrinkage of one conventional and three bulk-fill composites, under bonded and unbonded conditions, in Class II preparations using 3D microcomputed tomography (μCT) and report its location. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparations (2.5 mm occlusal depth × 4 mm wide × 4 mm mesial box and 1 mm beyond the CEJ distal box depth) were made in 48 human extracted molars (n = 6). Four composites were tested, one regular (Vitalescence/VIT) and three bulk-fill: SureFil SDR Flow (SDR), Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (TET), and Filtek flowable Bulk Fill (FIL). Teeth were divided into four groups according to restorative material used and subdivided into two subgroups, according to the presence of an adhesive system (XP Bond) application (bonded [-B]) or its absence (unbonded [-U]). Each tooth was scanned three times: (1) after cavity preparation, (2) before and (3) after composite light-curing. Acquired μCT images were imported into 2D and 3D software for analysis. RESULTS Significantly different volumetric shrinkage between bonded and unbonded conditions was observed only for TET group (p < 0.05), unbonded presenting significantly higher volumetric shrinkage. Among the bonded groups, TET-B presented significantly lower shrinkage than both SDR-B and FIL-B but not significantly different from VIT-B. Generally, shrinkage occurred at occlusal and distal surfaces. CONCLUSIONS When applied to bonded Class II cavities, TET exhibited significantly lower volumetric shrinkage compared to the other bulk-fill composites. However, it also exhibited the highest difference of volumetric shrinkage values between unbonded and bonded cavities. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Volumetric polymerization shrinkage occurred with all composites tested, regardless of material type (conventional or bulk-fill) or presence or absence of bonding. However, volumetric shrinkage has been reduced or at least maintained when bulk-fill composites were used compared to a conventional composite resin, which makes them a potential time saving alternative for clinicians. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:118-127, 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Algamaiah
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Restorative Dental Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Camila S Sampaio
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA.,Research Professor, Department of Biomaterials, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lindiane C Rigo
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Malvin N Janal
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Estevam A Bonfante
- Assistant Professor, Department of Phosthodontics, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andre F Reis
- Associate Professor, Department of Operative Dentistry, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Hirata
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
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Sampaio CS, Chiu KJ, Farrokhmanesh E, Janal M, Puppin-Rontani RM, Giannini M, Bonfante EA, Coelho PG, Hirata R. Microcomputed Tomography Evaluation of Polymerization Shrinkage of Class I Flowable Resin Composite Restorations. Oper Dent 2016; 42:E16-E23. [PMID: 27689769 DOI: 10.2341/15-296-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to characterize the pattern and volume of polymerization shrinkage of flowable resin composites, including one conventional, two bulk fill, and one self-adhesive. Standardized class I preparations (2.5 mm depth × 4 mm length × 4 mm wide) were performed in 24 caries-free human third molars that were randomly divided in four groups, according to the resin composite and adhesive system used: group 1 = Permaflo + Peak Universal Bond (PP); group 2 = Filtek Bulk Fill + Scotchbond Universal (FS); group 3 = Surefil SDR + XP Bond (SX); and group 4 = Vertise flow self-adhering (VE) (n=6). Each tooth was scanned three times using a microcomputed tomography (μCT) apparatus. The first scan was done after the cavity preparation, the second after cavity filling with the flowable resin composite before curing, and the third after it was cured. The μCT images were imported into three-dimensional rendering software, and volumetric polymerization shrinkage percentage was calculated for each sample. Data were submitted to one-way analysis of variance and post hoc comparisons. No significant difference was observed among PP, FS, and VE. SX bulk fill resin composite presented the lowest values of volumetric shrinkage. Shrinkage was mostly observed along the occlusal surface and part of the pulpal floor. In conclusion, polymerization shrinkage outcomes in a 2.5-mm deep class I cavity were material dependent, although most materials did not differ. The location of shrinkage was mainly at the occlusal surface.
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Polymerization shrinkage assessment of dental resin composites: a literature review. Odontology 2016; 104:257-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-016-0264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Guo J, Holmes B, Yang B, Li Y, Heo YC, Chen J, Fok A. Determining the temporal development of dentin-composite bond strength during curing. Dent Mater 2016; 32:1007-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kostylev I, Winters T, Labrie D, Price RBT. Role of the beam profile and sample geometry in the bonded-disk method on the shrinkage kinetics of two dental resins. Dent Mater 2016; 32:1026-35. [PMID: 27316433 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the time evolution of the two dimensional axial shrinkage field for two dental resins in the bonded disk geometry and further test the bonded-disk method. METHODS An interferometric technique employing a camera was used to image the 2D axial shrinkage field when polymerizing dental resins in real time both during and after light exposure. Four different beam profiles from two light curing units and three sample geometries were utilized to investigate their roles on the 2D axial shrinkage field. RESULTS The 2D axial shrinkage field correlates qualitatively with the beam profile shortly after the start of light exposure but takes on distinct shapes caused by the rigidity of the coverslip, beam profile, and the resin viscoelasticity. SIGNIFICANCE Using the conventional bonded disk geometry and uniform beam profile from a light curing unit, the axial 2D shrinkage field was uniform to within 4% in the central part of bonded disk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kostylev
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - T Winters
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - D Labrie
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2.
| | - R B T Price
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
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Villa J, Meier R, Ruiz P, Halabí D. Comparison of marginal adaptation between a monoincremental resin with sonic activation and a conventional resin. JOURNAL OF ORAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2015.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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13
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Evaluation of polymerization shrinkage of dental composites by an optical method. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 47:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bond strength of restorative materials to hydroxyapatite inserts and dimensional changes of insert-containing restorations during polymerization. Dent Mater 2015; 31:171-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dejak B, Młotkowski A. A comparison of stresses in molar teeth restored with inlays and direct restorations, including polymerization shrinkage of composite resin and tooth loading during mastication. Dent Mater 2014; 31:e77-87. [PMID: 25544104 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Polymerization shrinkage of composites is one of the main causes of leakage around dental restorations. Despite the large numbers of studies there is no consensus, what kind of teeth reconstruction--direct or indirect composite restorations are the most beneficial and the most durable. OBJECTIVE The aim was to compare equivalent stresses and contact adhesive stresses in molar teeth with class II MOD cavities, which were restored with inlays and direct restorations (taking into account polymerization shrinkage of composite resin) during simulated mastication. METHOD The study was conducted using the finite elements method with the application of contact elements. Three 3D models of first molars were created: model A was an intact tooth; model B--a tooth with a composite inlay, and model C--a tooth with a direct composite restoration. Polymerization linear shrinkage 0.7% of a direct composite restoration and resin luting cement was simulated (load 1). A computer simulation of mastication was performed (load 2). In these 2 situations, equivalent stresses according to the modified von Mises criterion (mvM) in the materials of mandibular first molar models with different restorations were calculated and compared. Contact stresses in the luting cement-tooth tissue adhesive interface around the restorations were also assessed and analyzed. RESULTS Equivalent stresses in a tooth with a direct composite restoration (the entire volume of which was affected by polymerization shrinkage) were many times higher than in the tooth restored with a composite inlay (where shrinkage was present only in a thin layer of the luting cement). In dentin and enamel the stress values were 8-14 times higher, and were 13 times higher in the direct restoration than in the inlay. Likewise, contact stresses in the adhesive bond around the direct restoration were 6.5-7.7 times higher compared to an extraorally cured restoration. In the masticatory simulation, shear contact stresses in the adhesive bond around the direct composite restoration reached the highest values 32.8 MPa and significantly exceeded the shear strength of the connection between the resin luting cement and the tooth structure. SIGNIFICANCE Equivalent stresses in the tooth structures restored with inlays and in the restoration material itself and contact stresses at the tooth-luting cement adhesive interface are many times lower compared to teeth with direct composite restorations. Teeth with indirect restorations are potentially less susceptible to damage compared to those with direct restorations. Composite inlays also ensure a better seal compared to direct restorations. Polymerization shrinkage determines stress levels in teeth with direct restorations, while its impact on adhesion in indirectly restored teeth is insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Dejak
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Młotkowski
- Department of Strength of Materials and Structures, Technical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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Hirata R, Clozza E, Giannini M, Farrokhmanesh E, Janal M, Tovar N, Bonfante EA, Coelho PG. Shrinkage assessment of low shrinkage composites using micro-computed tomography. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:798-806. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Hirata
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics; New York University College of Dentistry; New York
| | - Emanuele Clozza
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry; New York University College of Dentistry; New York
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; State University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School; Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - Ehsan Farrokhmanesh
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics; New York University College of Dentistry; New York
| | - Malvin Janal
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics; New York University College of Dentistry; New York
| | - Nick Tovar
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics; New York University College of Dentistry; New York
| | - Estevam A. Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics; University of Sao Paulo - Bauru College of Dentistry; Bauru SP Brazil
| | - Paulo G. Coelho
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics; New York University College of Dentistry; New York
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry; New York University College of Dentistry; New York
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Schmidt M, Dige I, Kirkevang LL, Vaeth M, Hørsted-Bindslev P. Five-year evaluation of a low-shrinkage Silorane resin composite material: A randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:245-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Spatio-temporal analysis of shrinkage vectors during photo-polymerization of composite. Dent Mater 2013; 29:1236-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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