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Alves LMM, Campos TMB, Bergamo ETP, Benalcazar Jalkh EB, Gierthmuehlen PC, Sailer I, Thim GP, Strazzi-Sahyon HB, Celestrino M, Guimarães CCL, Bonfante EA. Hydrofluoric acid concentration and etching time affect differently the microstructure and surface properties of pressed lithium disilicate glass ceramics. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:47-55. [PMID: 37772362 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of different hydrofluoric acid concentrations and etching times on the surface, chemical composition and microstructure of lithium disilicate. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety specimens of pressed lithium disilicate (LDS) were obtained (IPS e.max Press, Rosetta SP and LiSi Press). The specimens of each material were divided in two groups according to the hydrofluoric acid concentration: 5% and 10% (n = 15/group), and subdivided according to the etching time: 20, 40 and 60 s (n = 5/group). Crystalline evaluations and chemical composition were performed through x-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. Microstructural analyses were performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), surface roughness (Ra), and material thickness removal evaluation. Thickness removal and Ra data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). RESULTS XRD demonstrated characteristic peaks of lithium disilicate crystals, lithium phosphate and of a vitreous phase for all materials. EDS identified different compositions and SEM confirmed different surface responses to acid etching protocols. Material and etching time influenced Ra and material thickness removal (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Hydrofluoric acid concentration and etching time affect the surface characteristics of LDS differently. LiSi Press presented higher resistance to hydrofluoric acid etching compared to e.max Press and Rosetta SP. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Applying the appropriate etching protocol is pivotal to avoid excessive material removal and to prevent jeopardize the mechanical and optical properties of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa M M Alves
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo - Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago M B Campos
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo - Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Edmara T P Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo - Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Biomaterials Division, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ernesto B Benalcazar Jalkh
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo - Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Petra C Gierthmuehlen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Irena Sailer
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gilmar P Thim
- Department of Physics, Aeronautics Technological Institute, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrico B Strazzi-Sahyon
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo - Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina C L Guimarães
- Department of Physics, Aeronautics Technological Institute, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Estevam A Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo - Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Park S, Kim S, Lee JA, Ue M, Choi NS. Liquid electrolyte chemistries for solid electrolyte interphase construction on silicon and lithium-metal anodes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9996-10024. [PMID: 37772127 PMCID: PMC10530773 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03514j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation battery development necessitates the coevolution of liquid electrolyte and electrode chemistries, as their erroneous combinations lead to battery failure. In this regard, priority should be given to the alleviation of the volumetric stress experienced by silicon and lithium-metal anodes during cycling and the mitigation of other problems hindering their commercialization. This review summarizes the advances in sacrificial compound-based volumetric stress-adaptable interfacial engineering, which has primarily driven the development of liquid electrolytes for high-performance lithium batteries. Besides, we discuss how the regulation of lithium-ion solvation structures helps expand the range of electrolyte formulations and thus enhance the quality of solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs), improve lithium-ion desolvation kinetics, and realize longer-lasting SEIs on high-capacity anodes. The presented insights are expected to inspire the design and synthesis of next-generation electrolyte materials and accelerate the development of advanced electrode materials for industrial battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Saehun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-A Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Makoto Ue
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University 513 Waseda-tsurumaki-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-0041 Japan
| | - Nam-Soon Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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Liao Y, Lombardo SJ, Yu Q. Argon Plasma Treatment Effects on the Micro-Shear Bond Strength of Lithium Disilicate with Dental Resin Cements. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5376. [PMID: 37570079 PMCID: PMC10419607 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The low bond strength of lithium disilicate (LD) ceramics to dental resin cements remains a critical issue for dental applications because it leads to frequent replacement and causes tooth tissue destruction and consumption. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of atmospheric non-thermal argon plasma (NTP) treatment on LD to improve its micro-shear bond strength (μSBS) with dental resin cements because LD mostly experiences shear stress for its commonly used dental applications as crowns or veneers. Argon plasma treatment was performed on hydrofluoric (HF) acid-etched LD surfaces, and then commercial resin cements were subsequently applied to the treated LD surfaces. The plasma treatment significantly reduced the water contact angle of the LD surface to less than 10° without changing the surface morphology. The μSBS test was performed with cement-bonded LD samples after 24 h and 30 days, as well as after 1000 cycles of thermal cycling. The test results show that, as compared with the untreated controls, 300 s of plasma treatment significantly improved the LD-resin cement bond strength by 59.1%. After 30 days of storage in DI water and 1000 cycles of thermal cycling, the plasma-treated LD samples show 84.2% and 44.8% higher bond strengths as compared to the control samples, respectively. The plasma treatment effect on LD surfaces diminished rapidly as the bond strength decreased to 25.5 MPa after aging in the air for 1 day prior to primer and cement application, suggesting that primers should be applied to the LD surfaces immediately after the plasma treatment. These results demonstrate that, when applied with caution, plasma treatment can activate LD surfaces and significantly improve the SBS of LD with dental resin cements in both short-term and long-term periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Liao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, E3411 Lafferre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (Y.L.); (S.J.L.)
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Stephen J. Lombardo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, E3411 Lafferre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (Y.L.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Qingsong Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, E3411 Lafferre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (Y.L.); (S.J.L.)
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Pilecco RO, Machry RV, Ribeiro VF, Moraes RR, Pereira GKR. Evaluation paste removal method and bond strength between resin cement and lithium disilicate ceramic: An in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00346-3. [PMID: 37357087 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM After the use of evaluation paste, residue can remain on the bonding surface. However, how adhesion to lithium disilicate ceramic is affected is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effectiveness of lithium disilicate cleaning after contamination with an evaluation paste and before the application of a resin cement. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rectangular lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD) specimens were obtained with a simulated milled surface, crystallized, etched with 5% hydrofluoric (HF) acid, and contaminated with an evaluation paste. The cleaning methods tested were air-water spray (SPRAY), 37% phosphoric acid (HPO), ultrasonic bath (ULT), cleaning paste (IVOC), and a conventional surface treatment (HF + silane-HF+SIL). The control (CTRL) group was not contaminated. After silane had been applied, resin cement cylinders were fabricated and light polymerized. Half of the cylinders (n=56) were tested for microshear bond strength at baseline (24 hours), and the other half after 210 days of water storage and 25 000 thermal cycles. Surface roughness, failure analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were performed. Statistical analysis was performed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests for surface roughness and the 2-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests for bond strength (α=.05). RESULTS At baseline, only SPRAY did not restore the bond strength compared with CTRL. After aging, the bond strengths of SPRAY and IVOC were lower than of CTRL (P<.05); no significant difference was found between CTRL, HPO, ULT, and HF+SIL (P>.05). EDS demonstrated the presence of carbon in the SPRAY and ULT groups, probably remnants of the evaluation paste. SEM analysis identified such remnants in the SPRAY group only. CONCLUSIONS For optimal bond strength between lithium disilicate and resin cement after evaluation paste use, cleaning the ceramic surface with 37% phosphoric acid, ultrasonic bath, or with hydrofluoric acid worked best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Oliveira Pilecco
- Postgraduate student, Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences (Prosthodontics Units), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renan Vaz Machry
- Postdoctoral student, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Fogliato Ribeiro
- Graduate student, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Moraes
- Associate Professor, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira
- Adjunct Professor, Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences (Prosthodontics Unit), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Dimitriadi M, Petropoulou A, Vakou D, Zinelis S, Eliades G. In vitro evaluation of a silane containing self-adhesive resin luting agent. Dent Mater 2023; 39:181-191. [PMID: 36642688 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the setting characteristics, wettability and bonding capacity with a lithium disilicate ceramic of a silane containing self-adhesive resin luting agent (Panavia SA Universal-PU). METHODS The degree of conversion (DC %) and extent of acid neutralization (SY %) of PU were measured on dual- (DC) and self-cured (SC) specimens after 10, 30 and 60 min storage by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, whereas the presence of silanols was traced by curve-fitting the 60 min spectra, using the silane-free analog (Panavia SA Plus-PS) as a control. The role of a dedicated adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick-CU) in assisting the early DC % in PU-SC was investigated on 10 min-stored specimens. The water contact angles on polished and HF acid-etched lithium disilicate surfaces (IPS e.max Press), were assessed before and after silanization by unset PU or a silane primer (Ultradent Silane-SL). Finally, the shear strength of PU-DC specimens bonded to the acid-etched ceramic surfaces was determined before and after SL treatment. RESULTS The DC % was higher in DC than SC (PU, PS; all time intervals), in PU-SC than PS-SC (30, 60 min) and in the CU assisted PU-SC group. The SY % was lower in DC than SC (PU, PS) and higher in PS-SC than PU-SC groups. Silanols were found only in unset PU and PU-DC groups. SL treatment provided higher water contact angles on polished and acid-etched ceramic surfaces and higher shear bond strength on acid-etched ceramic surfaces than PU (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). SIGNIFICANCE Although the degree of conversion of the silane containing luting agent was improved in the self-curing mode, especially in the adhesive assisted group, it was still inferior to light-curing. Acid-neutralization and presence of silanols were affected by the setting modes. The use of a silane primer enhanced the hydrophobicity and bond strength of the silane containing luting agent with the etched ceramic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dimitriadi
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Petropoulou
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Vakou
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Eliades
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Thadathil Varghese J, Cho K, Raju, Farrar P, Prentice L, Prusty BG. Influence of silane coupling agent on the mechanical performance of flowable fibre-reinforced dental composites. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1173-1183. [PMID: 35691728 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This experimental investigation explored the optimisation of silane treatment of surface-modified S-2 Glass fibres in restorative dental composites for improved mechanical performance. The influence of optimum amount of silane to improve the interfacial adhesion at the fibre-matrix interfaces and its effect on the mechanical properties of the restorative composites were explored. METHODS S-2 Glass fibres of 5 μm diameter and 250 μm length were surface modified using the acid etching technique. The etched fibres were then treated with either 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (3-MPS), 3-Glycidoxipropyltrimethoxysilane (3-GPS) or 8-methacryloxyoctyltrimethoxysilane (8-MOTS) at varying molar % / wt% concentrations. Fibres that were not silanised with any silane coupling agents were used as the control sample. The silanol content of each mixed silane was observed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis. Fibres (5 wt%) with optimised molar% / wt% silane coupling concentration were added to UDMA/TEGDMA dental resin. Mechanical properties such as flexural strength, flexural modulus, and the breaking energy of the materials were evaluated using a comprehensive experimental programme. RESULTS FTIR spectrum of glass fibre silanised with each silane coupling agent revealed many peaks from 3800 to 1400 cm-1, indicative of -CH3, -CH2, and CO bonding, suggesting the proper silanization of the fibre. The contact angle test revealed that optimum wt% concentration of 3-MPS, 3-GPS and 8-MOTS were 0.5%, 0.8% and 1.4% respectively. The flexural strength of the fibre-reinforced with optimum concentration of 3-MPS (DC-3-MPS_0.5%) increased by 7.0% compared to those of the 2 wt% concentration of 3-MPS fibre-reinforced composite (DC-3-MPS_2.0%). While the flexural strength of optimum concentration 8-MOTS grafted dental resin composites (DC-8-MOTS_1.4%) were 9.9% higher than that of 2 wt% concentration 8-MOTS grafted dental resin composite (DC-8-MOTS_2.0%) and the flexural strength of optimum concentration of 3-GPS (DC-3-GPS_0.8%) was 7.5% higher when compared to that of 2 wt% concentration 3-GPS grafted dental resin composites (DC-3-GPS_2.0%). A concurrent trend was found while investigating the fracture behaviour of the dental composite with optimum wt% concentration of each silane coupling agent against its corresponding higher wt% concentrations. The ANOVA results showed that the optimum fibre-reinforced dental composites grafted with 8-MOTS showed better mechanical behaviour when compared to 3-GPS and 3-MPS. SIGNIFICANCE The interfacial adhesion between the fibre and the resin due to silane coupling agents has helped to improve the mechanical properties of the fibre-reinforced dental composite. This is the first experimental study to provide a thorough investigation into the significance of the optimal use of silane coupling agents to treat the S-2 Glass fibres and subsequently the influence on the mechanical performance of the fibre-reinforced flowable dental composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrin Thadathil Varghese
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Kiho Cho
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia; Division of Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raju
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Automated Manufacture of Advanced Composites, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | - B Gangadhara Prusty
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Automated Manufacture of Advanced Composites, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Almiro M, Marinho B, Delgado AHS, Rua J, Monteiro P, Santos IC, Proença L, Mendes JJ, Gresnigt MMM. Increasing Acid Concentration, Time and Using a Two-Part Silane Potentiates Bond Strength of Lithium Disilicate-Reinforced Glass Ceramic to Resin Composite: An Exploratory Laboratory Study. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062045. [PMID: 35329495 PMCID: PMC8950098 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is still a lack of consensus concerning the recommended etching concentration, application time and type of silane when bonding lithium disilicate-reinforced glass ceramics manufactured by CAD/CAM. The purpose of this study was thus to conduct an in vitro study which investigates the influence of hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentration, etching time and silane type on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of lithium disilicate to resin composites. Thirty-nine IPS e.max CAD blocks were randomly divided between thirteen groups (n = 3). The variables were HF concentration (9.5 or 4.9%), etching time (20 or 60 s) and silane type (Bis-Silane, Monobond Plus and ESPE Sil Silane). The blocks were cut into beams, aged for 10,000 cycles in a thermocycler and submitted to tensile stress to determine μTBS. A control group featuring the Monobond Etch & Prime (MEP) agent that combines etching/silanisation into a simultaneous process was also added. This group was discarded from the analysis due to only having pre-test failures. The data were analysed using a three-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). The HF concentration, etching time and silane type significantly influenced μTBS (p < 0.001). Significant interactions between time and silane type (p = 0.004), HF concentration and silane type (p < 0.001) and among the three factors (p < 0.001) were noted. Etching lithium disilicate with 9.5% HF (60 s), followed by the application of Bis-Silane, resulted in the highest μTBS (16.6 ± 9.0 MPa). The highest concentration and etching time under study, combined with a two-part silane, resulted in the highest bond strength, while the application of MEP showed a complete pre-test failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Almiro
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (M.A.); (B.M.)
| | - Beatriz Marinho
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (M.A.); (B.M.)
| | - António H. S. Delgado
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (A.H.S.D.); (J.R.); (P.M.); (I.C.S.); (L.P.); (J.J.M.)
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London (UCL), London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - João Rua
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (A.H.S.D.); (J.R.); (P.M.); (I.C.S.); (L.P.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Paulo Monteiro
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (A.H.S.D.); (J.R.); (P.M.); (I.C.S.); (L.P.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Inês Caetano Santos
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (A.H.S.D.); (J.R.); (P.M.); (I.C.S.); (L.P.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Luís Proença
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (A.H.S.D.); (J.R.); (P.M.); (I.C.S.); (L.P.); (J.J.M.)
| | - José João Mendes
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (A.H.S.D.); (J.R.); (P.M.); (I.C.S.); (L.P.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Marco M. M. Gresnigt
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Special Dental Care, Martini Hospital, 9728 NT Groningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Arthuro Prat, Iquique 2120, Chile
- Correspondence:
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